Effects of the city of Moscow on the atmospheric aerosol characteristics in the environs

Absract  On the data of 13-year (1994–2006) measurements, during January to June, of the atmospheric aerosol characteristics in Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, effects of the city of Moscow on aerosol contamination of the surface air is analyzed. A relative increase is estimated of concentrations of particles of various sizes within the diameter range of 0.01 to 10 μm under conditions of airflow from the city of Moscow, along with changes in concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei in the air. It is shown that percentage of the aerosol particles from Moscow in the total aerosol concentration within certain size ranges reaches 30% in winter months and 45% in summer ones. The aerosol transported from the city contains a significant amount of hygroscopic particles. The cloud nuclei concentration in June increases by a factor of 2 in the cases of airflow from the city. Original Russian Text ? N.O. Plaude, E.A. Stulov, N.A. Monakhova, M.V. Vychuzhanina, E.V. Sosnikova, N.P. Grishina, 2007, published in Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 2007, No. 12, pp. 35–43.     

Atmospheric aerosol characterization in 2010 anomalous summer season in the Moscow region

Daily measurements of atmospheric aerosol characteristics were carried out in Dolgoprudny (Moscow region) in June–August 2010. The particle concentrations at 11 size gradations within the range of 0.01–10 μm and the concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei active at water vapor supersaturation of 0.2–1% were determined. It is shown that the long anticyclonic conditions and the burning of forests and peat bogs resulted in the increase in total aerosol concentration in surface air by more than 1.5 times and in concentrations of particles with the diameter of 0.1–1 μm and > 1 μm by 5 and 10 times, respectively. The fire smoke mainly consisted of the particles with the size of 0.1–3 μm. The particles with the size of more than 5 μm were not observed. The recurrent visibility decrease up to hundreds of meters was caused by the increase in the concentration of particles with the diameter of more than 0.32μm in the air. During the smoke blanketing, the concentration of active condensation nuclei in aerosol increased almost by 20 times that created an opportunity for watering of aerosol particles and formation of the acid smog.     

沙尘气溶胶对云和降水影响的模拟研究

采用二维分档云模式,对比背景大气气溶胶分布,讨论了扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下矿物气溶胶对云微物理结构、光学特性以及降水形成的影响.结果表明:扬沙和沙尘暴天气增加大气中大核和巨核的浓度,促进云中水汽的活化,使降水提前出现,暖云和冷云降水量均大幅增加,但可忽略巨核增加对云光学厚度和反照率的作用;当矿物沙尘粒子同时作为有效的云凝结核和冰核参与云的发展时,冰核浓度增加使水成物有效半径减小,抑制了暖云和冷云降水,云内存留的大量冰晶增强云的光学厚度和反照率.     

不同水汽条件下气溶胶对雷暴云电过程影响的数值模拟研究

为全面了解水汽在气溶胶影响雷暴云电过程中的作用,本研究在已有的二维雷暴云起、放电模式基础上,通过改变相对湿度和气溶胶初始浓度(文中气溶胶浓度均指气溶胶数浓度)进行敏感性数值模拟试验.结果表明:(1)随着气溶胶浓度升高,雷暴云产生更多的小云滴,降水过程受到抑制.而当水汽含量升高时,云滴数浓度的增长速度更快,雨滴数浓度升高...     

Airborne Observations of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Spectra and Aerosols over East Inner Mongolia

A set of vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations, size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)spectra was observed using a passive cloud and aerosol spectrometer(PCASP) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, over the Tongliao area, East Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that the average aerosol number concentration in this region was much lower than that in heavily polluted areas. Monthly average aerosol number concentrations within the boundary layer reached a maximum in May and a minimum in September, and the variations in CCN number concentrations at different supersaturations showed the same trend. The parameters c and k of the empirical function N = c S~kwere 539 and1.477 under clean conditions, and their counterparts under polluted conditions were 1615 and 1.42. Measurements from the airborne probe mounted on a Yun-12(Y12) aircraft, together with Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model backward trajectories indicated that the air mass from the south of Tongliao contained a high concentration of aerosol particles(1000–2500 cm~(-3)) in the middle and lower parts of the troposphere. Moreover, detailed intercomparison of data obtained on two days in 2010 indicated that the activation efficiency in terms of the ratio of NCCNto N_a(aerosols measured from PCASP) was 0.74(0.4 supersaturations) when the air mass mainly came from south of Tongliao, and this value increased to 0.83 on the relatively cleaner day. Thus, long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from heavily polluted mega cities,such as Beijing and Tianjin, may result in slightly decreasing activation efficiencies.     

沙尘气溶胶作为冰核对阿克苏地区一次多单体型强对流风暴降水及其微物理过程影响的数值模拟研究

将DeMott冰核浓度参数化方案引入到WRF中尺度数值模式中,模拟了新疆阿克苏地区一次多单体型强对流风暴,并对背景大气条件和沙尘条件下气溶胶作为冰核,对云中微物理结构和降水变化的影响进行了敏感性试验和对比分析,结果显示:在背景大气条件和沙尘条件下增加冰核浓度对降水中心强度影响较小,并且总体上看降水分布变化不大,但是降水局部的变化量较明显;不同背景条件下IN（Ice Nuclei）浓度的增加使得冰晶和雪的质量混合比和数浓度均有较大幅度的增加,其中雪的主要源项为凝华增长过程,而霰增长主要来源于冰相粒子碰并过冷云滴,并且在背景大气和沙尘条件下增加IN都使得霰的数浓度增加,尺度减少。     

The influence of the organic aerosol component on CCN supersaturation spectra for different aerosol types

Abstract This paper describes the effect of the presence of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in aerosol particles on the aerosol critical supersaturation as defined by the Köhler theory and on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration. Taking into account both the soluble mass increase and the surface tension depression due to WSOC, we calculated a substantial decrease of the aerosol critical supersaturation, which results in a large increase in CCN number concentration. CCN supersaturation spectra were computed for three different aerosol types: marine, rural and urban. The increase of CCN number concentration in the presence of WSOC (with respect to the case when only the inorganic aerosol compounds are considered) varies with aerosol type, with an increase up to 13% in the marine case, up to 97% in the rural case, and up to 110% in the urban case, for the supersaturation range typical of atmospheric conditions.     

基于航测的云底气溶胶活化率与过饱和度估算

2016年11月13日在北京地区上空存在持续稳定的层状云天气背景下,利用飞机开展气溶胶粒径谱、化学组成、云滴谱等参量的垂直观测,研究该个例云底气溶胶的活化能力。结果表明:探测期间北京地区为轻度污染天气,地面气溶胶浓度(0.11~3 μm)达到4600 cm-3。云层高度为800~1200 m,云底气溶胶数浓度相对于近地面大幅度降低,有效粒径显著增大(0.3~0.6 μm)。同时,近地面气溶胶中疏水性的一次有机气溶胶贡献显著,而云底气溶胶中一次有机气溶胶的贡献大幅降低,无机组分和二次有机气溶胶的贡献明显增大,造成吸湿性参数κ由0.25(地面)增大至0.32(云底)。云中气溶胶和云滴的谱分布衔接较好,且两者的数浓度之和与云底气溶胶浓度一致,可分别代表未活化和已活化的粒子。基于云底气溶胶粒径谱和吸湿性参数计算得到不同过饱和比下云凝结核的活化率,通过与云中观测结果对比,反推得到云底过饱和度约为0.048%。     

气溶胶影响混合相对流云降水的数值模拟研究

利用一种新的异质冰相核化参数化方案,研究了当气溶胶同时作为云凝结核和冰核时,在不同高度输送对混合相对流云和降水的影响。结果发现,对于本文研究的理想混合相对流云,气溶胶在边界层的输送导致液滴数浓度明显增加,有效半径减小,霰粒的生长受到抑制,引起霰粒质量浓度降低;而气溶胶在对流层中层4～6km输送时,导致冰晶和霰粒数浓度明显增加。由于较多的冰晶引起更加快速的贝吉隆过程,使霰粒的质量浓度增加;气溶胶在对流层中层2～4km高度输送时冰相形成作用相对较弱,并引起霰粒的数浓度略微增加,由于霰粒的有效半径减小导致其质量浓度下降。气溶胶在不同高度的输送都导致液态和固态降水率降低,随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加,气溶胶在0～2km、2～4km以及4～6km的输送分别导致累积降水量减少28％～64％、4％～44％和3％～46％,并且对降水的抑制效应及所在高度不同引起的降水差异随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加而减小。     

巨盐核对云滴活化影响的数值模拟研究

利用包含云凝结核(CCN)与巨核(GCCN)的核化,云滴凝结和碰并增长的分档气块模式模拟研究了不同的CCN数浓度、上升气流速度、CCN中值半径以及云底温度等情况下GCCN对CCN活化的影响,结果表明,在水汽供应相对充足的情况下GCCN对云滴活化数浓度的影响并不明显;而当水汽供应相对不充足时,增加GCCN至1 cm-3的量级以上可以有效减少CCN的活化数浓度.在水汽供应不充分且其他条件相同的情况下,增大CCN的平均直径或是增加云底温度都可以使GCCN对云滴活化的抑制作用增强.对比分析不同的GCCN数浓度对清洁大气和污染大气云底以上300 m高度处粒子谱型的影响可以看出,在水汽供应不充分的条件下加入GCCN,初始时刻CCN的数浓度对GCCN产生的大云滴数目及云滴谱宽的影响较小.在水汽供应相对充足的情况下,GCCN对CCN活化基本没有抑制作用,但此时在高过饱和度峰值下生成的大量小云滴争食水汽,反而导致云滴群凝结增长速度小于水汽供应相对不充足的情况,此时加入的GCCN可以先活化形成大云滴.     

北京和邢台新粒子生成的差别及其对CCN活性的影响

基于2016年冬季和2017年夏季在北京、2016年夏季在邢台的三次气溶胶外场观测实验,选取三次观测期间典型的新粒子生成事件,分析其对气溶胶吸湿和云凝结核（CCN）活化特性的影响。两地分别位于华北平原北部超大城市区域和中南部工业化区域,两地不同季节新粒子形成机制不同,对应的凝结汇、生长速率以及气溶胶化学组分也不同。北京站点新粒子生成事件的发生以有机物的生成主导,而邢台站点新粒子生成事件的发生则以硫酸盐和有机物的生成共同主导。邢台站点新粒子生成过程中气溶胶吸湿性及云凝结核活化能力明显强于北京站点,此特点在核模态尺度粒子中表现尤为明显。以上结果表明,在估算新粒子生成对CCN数浓度的影响时,应充分考虑气溶胶吸湿和活化特性的差异。     

The effect of aerosol representation on cloud microphysical properties in Northeast Asia

This study performed a three-dimensional regional-scale simulation of aerosol and cloud fields using a meso-scale non-hydrostatic model with a bin-based cloud microphysics. The representation of aerosols in the model has been improved to account for more realistic multi-modal size distribution and multiple chemical compositions. Two case studies for shallow stratocumulus over Northeast Asia in March 2005 were conducted with different aerosol conditions to evaluate model performance. Improved condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are attributable to the newly constructed aerosol size distribution. The simulated results of cloud microphysical properties (cloud droplet effective radius, liquid water path, and optical thickness) with improved CN/CCN number are close to the retrievals from satellite-based observation. The effects of aerosol on the microphysical properties of shallow stratocumulus are investigated by model simulation, in terms of columnar aerosol number concentration. Enhanced aerosol number concentration results in increased liquid water path in humid case, but invariant liquid water path in dry case primarily due to precipitation occurrence. The changes of cloud microphysical properties are more predominant for small aerosol burden than for large aerosol burden with the retarded changes in cloud mass and size due to inactive condensation and collision-coalescence processes. Quantitative evaluation of sensitivity factor between aerosol and cloud microphysical properties indicates a strong aerosol-cloud interaction in Northeast Asian region.     

华北中部夏季气溶胶垂直分布及其与云凝结核和云滴转化关系的飞机观测研究

气溶胶的时空分布及其核化成云的转化过程是云降水物理研究的重点,也是气候变化中气溶胶间接效应关注的热点问题。利用2013～2014年期间在华北中部山西地区开展的9架次夏季晴天和积云天气情况下的气溶胶、云凝结核（CCN）及云滴数浓度观测资料,分析研究了气溶胶的垂直分布、谱分布、来源特征及其与云凝结核、云滴数浓度的转化关系。研究结果表明,大气边界层逆温层结对气溶胶、CCN垂直分布有重要影响,不同天气条件下气溶胶谱型在低层差异较大而高层基本一致;垂直方向上CCN数浓度与气溶胶数浓度有较好的相关性,过饱和度0.3%条件下CCN比率（云凝结核/凝结核）与气溶胶有效直径呈线性关系;积云云下气溶胶与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.3x?616.3,拟合相关系数为0.96,气溶胶转化为云滴的比率可达到47%。在过饱和度0.3%条件下,云下CCN与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.6x?473.8,拟合相关系数也为0.96,CCN转化为云滴的比率可达到69%。     

Latent ice-forming nuclei in the Pacific Northwest

Some cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) constitute a reservoir of latent ice-forming nuclei (IFN) active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption. Evaporated droplets occasionally left aerosol particles that acted as sorption IFN at temperatures as high as −5°C and water vapor supersaturation over ice of 0.2%. The newly formed aerosol particles (residues of evaporated droplets) are all mixed particles. The discovery of IFN produced from CCN promotes new insights into the process of ice formation in clouds; in an evaporating parcel of a cloud the rate of formation of ice particles will be enhanced by continuous production of IFN. Aerosol particles left behind after evaporation of a cloud may provide a source of IFN for formation of some of the cirrus clouds.     

The Characteristics of Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Measured at Different Altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China简

The concentration of ice nuclei （IN） and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature （Ta） of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water （Sw） and with respect to ice （Si） were set to 5％,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.     

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration in the Brazilian northeast semi-arid region: the influence of local circulation

Ground-based aerosol instrumentation covering particle size diameters from 25 nm to 32 µm was deployed to determine aerosol concentration and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)-activation properties at water vapor supersaturations in the range of S = 0.20–1.50 % in the remote Brazilian northeast semi-arid region (NEB) in coastal (maritime) and continental (inland) regimes. The instruments measured aerosol number concentration and activation spectra for CCN and revealed that aerosol properties are sensitive with respect to the sources as a function of the local wind circulation system. The observations show that coastal aerosol total number concentrations are above 3,000 cm^?3 on average, exhibiting concentration peaks depending on the time of the day in a consistent daily pattern. The variation on aerosol concentration has also influences on the fraction of particles active as CCN. At 1.0 % water vapor supersaturation, the fraction can reach as high as 80 %. Inland aerosol total concentrations were about 1,800–1,900 cm^?3 and did not show much diurnal variation. The fraction of particles active as CCN observed inland depend on the history of the air masses, and was much higher when air masses were originated over the sea. It was found that (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NaCl are the major soluble inorganic fraction of the aerosols at the coast. The major fraction of NaCl was present in the coarse mode, while ammonium sulfate dominates the inorganic fraction at the submicron range, with about 10 % of the total aerosol mass at 0.32 µm. Inorganic compounds are almost absent in particles with sizes around 0.1 μm. The study suggests that the air masses with high concentration of CCN originate at the sea. The feasible explanation lies in the fact that the NEB’s beaches have a particular morphology that produces a wide surf zone and creates a large load of aerosols when combined with strong and permanent winds of the region.     

Effect of Aerosol Particles on Orographic Clouds:Sensitivity to Autoconversion Schemes

Aerosol particles can serve as cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)to influence orographic clouds.Autoconversion,which describes the initial formation of raindrops from the collision of cloud droplets,is an important process for aerosol-cloud-precipitation systems.In this study,seven autoconversion schemes are used to investigate the impact of CCN on orographic warm-phase clouds.As the initial cloud droplet concentration is increased from 100 cm^-3to 1000 cm^-3(to represent an increase in CCN),the cloud water increases and then the rainwater is suppressed due to a decrease in the autoconversion rate,leading to a spatial shift in surface precipitation.Intercomparison of the results from the autoconversion schemes show that the sensitivity of cloud water,rainwater,and surface precipitation to a change in the concentration of CCN is different from scheme to scheme.In particular,the decrease in orographic precipitation due to increasing CCN is found to range from-87%to-10%depending on the autoconversion scheme.Moreover,the surface precipitation distribution also changes significantly by scheme or CCN concentration,and the increase in the spillover(ratio of precipitation on the leeward side to total precipitation)induced by increased CCN ranges from 10%to 55%under different autoconversion schemes.The simulations suggest that autoconversion parameterization schemes should not be ignored in the interaction of aerosol and orographic cloud.     

气溶胶影响云和降水的机理和观测研究进展

气溶胶对云和降水的影响,对于气候系统、大气环境以及水循环至关重要。气溶胶粒子作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云的微物理过程,进而影响雨、雪、雹和其他形式的降水。近年来,在理解气溶胶的化学成分,气溶胶微物理特性以及气溶胶作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云降水等方面已取得重大进展。本文对于气溶胶的概念、来源以及气溶胶的直接和间接效应进行了简要概述,重点总结了国内外在气溶胶影响云和降水的机理研究方面的成果,回顾了近年来利用卫星、地面观测设备、机载探测设备等对气溶胶和云进行遥感观测和直接观测所获得的观测事实并讨论了其可能的物理机制,在总结前人研究成果的基础上对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

Impacts of Aerosol Loading on Surface Precipitation from Deep Convective Systems over North Central Mongolia

The impacts of aerosol loading on surface precipitation from mid-latitude deep convective systems are examined using a bin microphysics model. For this, a precipitation case over north central Mongolia, which is a high-altitude inland region, on 21 August 2014 is simulated with aerosol number concentrations of 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and 4800 cm^?3. The surface precipitation amount slightly decreases with increasing aerosol number concentration in the range of 150–600 cm^?3, while it notably increases in the range of 600–4800 cm^?3 (22% increase with eightfold aerosol loading). We attempt to explain why the surface precipitation amount increases with increasing aerosol number concentration in the range of 600–4800 cm^?3. A higher aerosol number concentration results in more drops of small sizes. More drops of small sizes grow through condensation while being transported upward and some of them freeze, thus increasing the mass content of ice crystals. The increased ice crystal mass content leads to an increase in the mass content of small-sized snow particles largely through deposition, and the increased mass content of small-sized snow particles leads to an increase in the mass content of large-sized snow particles largely through riming. In addition, more drops of small sizes increase the mass content of supercooled drops, which also leads to an increase in the mass content of large-sized snow particles through riming. The increased mass content of large-sized snow particles resulting from these pathways contributes to a larger surface precipitation amount through melting and collision-coalescence.     

青藏高原中东部气溶胶特征的飞机观测

利用2011年和2013年夏秋季在青藏高原中东部开展的11架次气溶胶特征飞机观测数据,分析气溶胶数浓度、数谱及核化相关特征。结果表明:受天气系统、地形和地表影响,观测区内气溶胶数浓度（N_a）和体积直径（D_v）的垂直和水平分布差异较大,N_a呈西北高、东南低,D_v低层大、高层小,局地中高层有沙尘。格尔木盛行东风时,云降水对低层气溶胶有清除作用,N_a和D_v明显降低,6.2 km高度和7.2~7.4 km高度的中高空受高原大风或对流影响形成沙尘;盛行西风时,低层D_v以0.5~0.8 μm为主,随高度升高和风速增大N_a升高,D_v变幅较小,6.2 km高度也有沙尘;不同天气系统影响下6.5 km高度以上均输入亚微米颗粒,N_a达5×103 cm-3,8.0 km高度盛行东风时比西风时N_a更高,D_v更小,谱垂直分布也有以上特征,整层输入以偏北或偏西路径为主。不同过饱和度测量云凝结核数浓度（N_ccn）表明,除格尔木6.0 km高度以下核化率（N_ccn/N_a）在21%~47%外,其他观测区平均核化率介于1%~16%,6.0~8.5 km高度的核化率总体偏低;当N_a增加时核化率明显下降,且过饱和度1%~2%,-15~-5℃层或粒径1~3 μm时的核化率相对偏高。