A numerical interpretation of load tests on vibro-piles

The finite element interpretation is discussed of two load tests carried out on instrumented vibro-piles in a granular deposit. A first back analysis, aimed at assessing the improvement of the mechanical characteristics of soil induced by the vibratory construction process, highlights an apparent contradiction between the experimental variation of the axial load along the pile and the numerical results. This suggests introducing as a free variable, in addition to the elastic and shear strength parameters of the granular soil, also the increase of the nominal diameter of pile caused by vibrations. The second back analysis provides some insight into the variation of the diameter with depth and leads to an acceptable interpretation, from the engineering standpoint, of the load tests. On these bases a quantitative comparison is presented between the calculated load–settlement diagram of the vibro-pile and that of a “standard” pile constructed without vibrations in the same granular deposit.     

Design charts for elastic pile shortening in the equivalent top–down load–settlement curve from a bidirectional load test

With a rigid pile assumption, the equivalent top–down load–settlement curve constructed from the results of a bidirectional or bottom–up pile load test does not fully consider the total elastic shortening when all the load components from skin-friction and end-bearing are applied downward at the pile head. In effect, the equivalent curve constructed by the original method suggested from the Osterberg test showed a much stiffer curve compared to the top–down curve. Design charts are provided in this paper from the results of a parametric study on bored piles in order to approximately evaluate the λ-factor that is used to estimate the top–down pile shortening from the bottom–up shortening due to the skin-friction component of the load. It has been shown that the λ-factor varies with the distribution of the undrained shear strength profile, pile slenderness ratio, and mobilization of the skin-friction resistance. In addition, the pile shortening due to the end-bearing load component is added to the top settlements by treating the pile as an elastic column. A modified method for the construction of the equivalent top–down load–settlement curve is presented that considers the elastic pile shortening and validated with the measured top–down load–settlement curve from pile load tests.     

桥头粉喷桩复合地基工后沉降原因分析

为了研究引起搅拌桩复合地基工后沉降的原因,针对粉喷桩加固桥头软基沉降进行Biot固结有限元正反分析。有限元分析时的土体本构模型采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性模型,反分析时的土体本构模型分别采用Duncan-Chang非线性 弹性模型和Merchant黏弹性模型。计算分析表明,引起粉喷桩加固地基工后沉降的主要因素：早期时是交通荷载引,而后期土体蠕变的影响则占主导地位。     

碎石桩复合地基现场试验及数值模拟分析

依托某储油罐的碎石桩复合地基处理实例,进行了复合地基现场变形、荷载传递及固结速率的长期监测。参照工程实际建立了碎石桩复合地基三维有限元水土耦合分析模型,讨论了碎石桩桩长以及复合地基置换率对碎石桩复合地基工程性状的影响。监测结果和有限元数值分析结果表明：碎石桩复合地基对于沉降和水平位移的控制效果较好,保证了施工过程中地基的稳定性;随着上部荷载的增加,桩土应力比逐渐增大。碎石桩给地基提供了良好的排水通道,有效加快了地基的固结速率;碎石桩复合地基沉降随着桩长和置换率的增加而减小,但达到一定程度时,置换率和桩长对沉降的减少效果有限;复合地基桩土应力比随着桩长的增加而增大,随着置换率的增大而减小;置换率和桩长的增加都能加快碎石桩复合地基的固结速率,但是置换率对固结速率的影响更大一些。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应发挥过程研究

通过三维模型试验对桩承式路堤中土拱效应发挥过程进行了研究,重点分析了不同桩顶盖板尺寸、不同加筋方式下应力折减系数与差异沉降之间的关系。结果表明,土拱效应随变形的增加而发挥;加筋材料的设置减小了差异沉降,削弱了填土中的土拱效应,荷载向桩顶的传递是土拱效应和拉膜效应共同作用的结果。采用有限元法对桩间距、填土高度等未能在模型试验中考虑的关键因素进行了参数敏感性分析,总结了土拱效应发挥过程的相关规律。根据有限元计算结果、试验数据和文献中收集到的实测资料,提出用土拱效应发挥系数和归一化位移来描述土拱效应的发挥过程,建议二者之间采用双曲线方程模拟,从而在设计中体现土拱效应随位移的发展,并满足路堤填土、加筋材料和地基之间的变形协调要求。     

Load–settlement behavior of rock-socketed drilled shafts using Osterberg-Cell tests

Osterberg-Cell (O-Cell) tests are widely used to predict the load–settlement behavior of large-diameter drilled shafts socketed in rock. The loading direction of O-Cell tests for shaft resistance is opposite to that of conventional downward load tests, meaning that the equivalent top load–settlement curve determined by the summation of the mobilized shaft resistance and end bearing at the same deflection neglects the pile-toe settlement caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled shaft resistance, which is closely related to the ratios of pile diameter to soil modulus (D/E_s) and total shaft resistance to total applied load (R_s/Q) in rock-socketed drilled shafts, using the coupled load-transfer method. The proposed analytical method, which takes into account the effect of coupled shaft resistance, was developed using a modified Mindlin’s point load solution. Through comparisons with field case studies, it was found that the proposed method reasonably estimated the load-transfer behavior of piles and coupling effects due to the transfer of shaft shear loading. These results represent a significant improvement in the prediction of load–settlement behaviors of drilled shafts subjected to bi-directional loading from the O-Cell test.     

Load transfer analysis of rock-socketed drilled shafts by coupled soil resistance

The load distribution and deformation of rock-socketed drilled shafts subjected to axial loads are evaluated by a load transfer method. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled soil resistance in rock-socketed drilled shafts using 2D elasto-plastic finite element analysis. Slippage and shear-load transfer behavior at the pile–soil interface are investigated by using a user-subroutine interface model (FRIC). It is shown that the coupled soil resistance acts as pile-toe settlement as the shaft resistance is increased to its ultimate limit state. Based on the results obtained, the coupling effect is closely related to the ratio of the pile diameter to soil modulus (D/E_s) and the ratio of total shaft resistance against total applied load (R_s/Q). Through comparison with field case studies, the 2D numerical analysis reasonably estimated load transfer of pile and coupling effect, and thus represents a significant improvement in the prediction of load deflections of drilled shafts.     

群桩荷载位移特性研究

将杆系结构有限单元法与荷载传递迭代法相耦合,形成一桩基沉降分析计算的混合法。采用近似解析解中Randolph and Wroth’Model与双曲线模型相结合,模拟桩身与桩周介质边界上剪切滑移的非线性。桩间相互作用在采用弹性理论Mindlin方程解答计算,并考虑了桩间“加筋与遮帘”作用。桩周土介质非均质性特征,采用指数函数模拟。分析了刚性承台下群桩桩数、桩长、桩间距和桩土模量比等群桩工作特性的影响。尤其是桩台基础沉降对群桩相互作用影响机制的研究,对桥梁拼接等对桩基础沉降要求严格的工程有重要的借鉴意义。     

盾构法开挖隧道对桩基础影响的有限元分析

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用对隧道洞室周边及开挖面的土体施加由盾构机引起的各种荷载的方法模拟天津市地铁1号线盾构施工。计算结果表明,有限元模型能够很好地模拟盾构施工过程。利用此模型研究隧道开挖对桩基础的影响。隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降、桩身侧移主要发生在盾构机推进面逐渐接近桩的过程中,当盾构机推进面通过桩所在的位置后桩顶沉降、桩身侧移增加不明显;与隧道水平距离相同时,由于长桩能够充分发挥桩身下部的侧摩阻力,隧道开挖引起的长桩的桩顶沉降小于短桩的桩顶沉降;隧道开挖过程中12 m长桩的桩身发生了整体倾斜,16、19 m长桩的桩身出现了弯曲变形,16、19 m长桩的桩身最大弯矩发生在地面下12～13 m之间,即在隧道轴线附近;开挖过程中桩顶出现沿隧道推进方向的往复位移;桩顶作用的竖向荷载越大,由隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降越大     

柔性基础下群桩复合地基荷载传递规律及计算

复合地基沉降及荷载传递规律的研究是复合地基理论中一项非常重要的研究内容,然而对群桩复合地基的沉降及荷载传递规律的研究,在理论上很不成熟。在采用文[1]推荐的竖向变形模式及文[2]推荐的径向变形模式的基础上,利用弹性理论及桩-土位移协调条件建立了桩及桩周土的控制微分方程,并由此推导出了柔性基础下群桩复合地基加固区内桩及桩周土压缩量计算的解析式,同时得出了桩、桩周土中竖向应力及桩侧剪应力计算的解析式。通过算例将该方法所得结果与有限元结果进行了对比,同时也与模型实验结果进行了比较。算例及模型实验结果均表明：该方法对分析柔性基础下群桩复合地基的荷载传递规律及加固区的变形具有足够的精度,且该法计算工作量小,便于工程应用。     

桩-网复合地基承载及变形特性的有限元分析

采用ABAQUS有限元软件,通过有限元数值模拟的方法分析了路堤荷载作用下桩-网复合地基中土工合成材料刚度、垫层厚度、桩体模量以及桩间距对复合地基的荷载传递特性、桩-土应力比、路基的表面沉降及侧向位移的影响。总结、分析计算结果,获得了桩-网复合地基承载及变形的一些基本特性,如：增加土工合成材料刚度,可显著地减小桩-土差异沉降和路基侧向位移,并增加桩-土应力比;增加垫层厚度,可明地改善桩-土荷载分担比和桩-土应力比等力学性状。这些结果对桩-网复合地基的设计与施工具有一定的指导意义。     

An experimental study on static and dynamic bending behaviour of piles in soft clay

Static and dynamic lateral load tests were carried out on model aluminium single piles embedded in soft clay to study its bending behaviour. Model aluminium piles with length to diameter ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40 were used. Static lateral load tests were conducted on piles by rope and pulley arrangement upto failure and load–deflection curves were obtained. Dynamic lateral load tests were carried out for different magnitudes of load ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a Data Acquisition System. Safe static lateral load capacity for all piles is interpreted from load–deflection curves. Dynamic characteristics of the soil–pile system were arrived from the acquired experimental data. The soil–pile system behaves predominantly in nonlinear fashion even at low frequency under dynamic load. The displacement amplitude under dynamic load is magnified by 4.5–6.5 times the static deflection for all piles embedded in soft clay. But, the peak magnification factor reduces with an increase in the magnitude of lateral load mainly because of increase of hysteretic damping at very soft consistency. The maximum BM occurs at the fundamental frequency of the soil–pile system. Even the lower part of the pile affects the pile head response to the inertial load applied at the pile head. The maximum dynamic BM is magnified by about 1.5 times the maximum static BM for model piles in tested consistency of clay. The maximum dynamic BM occurs at a depth of about 1.5 times the depth of maximum static BM for model piles, which indicates an increase of active pile length under dynamic load.     

考虑桩-土-结构相互作用的桥梁桩基地震反应有限元分析

地震荷载作用下桩-土-结构相互作用问题在桥梁抗震研究中越来越受到重视。本文结合工程实例,利用有限元仿真软件ADINA,建立桩-土-结构相互作用的有限元实体分析模型。选取三种时程波作为地震荷载,对在地震作用下桩-土-结构相互作用对桩的沉降位移,桩侧摩阻力和有效应力的影响进行了分析研究,对桩基设计提出了较为合理的建议。     

复合地基承载特性的弹塑性分析

对桩及承台采用线弹性有限元模型,对承台下桩周土采用弹塑性有限元模型,对群桩以外的土体采用线弹性无限元模型,在桩土接触面上设置接触面单元,利用三维弹塑性有限元对桩%D土%D承台相互作用进行了分析。得出了如下结论 :承台下桩顶反力总体表现出角桩最大,边桩次之,中桩最小的分布规律,随着作用在承台上的荷载增大,桩顶反力趋于均匀分布,承台下桩侧摩阻力是由桩端向桩顶逐渐发展的,承台对桩上部侧摩擦阻力存在削弱作用。为了验证本文方法的可行性,对承台下有九桩的情况进行了静载试验,将试验结果与本文计算结果进行了比较。     

开挖条件下坑底工程桩工作性状及沉降计算分析

基坑开挖对坑内工程桩的影响不可忽视。基于工程试桩实测资料验证的有限元参数,对地面加套管试桩及基坑开挖条件下不同长度单桩进行有限元计算,研究了深厚软土地区在以常规试桩法得到的单桩极限承载力设计的桩基础的承载及变形性状。计算结果表明,基坑开挖条件下坑底工程桩侧阻和端阻异步发挥的现象明显。设计工作荷载下,长度超过40 m的桩的端阻比几乎为0。同时,桩身侧阻呈“R”形分布,长度大于80 m的单桩桩身下部甚至还存在一定的拉力,桩身下部存在较大范围的负摩阻区。考虑开挖条件下侧阻分布特点的沉降计算值要较Geddes假设分布模式下的沉降值更接近于实测结果。     

考虑桩-土非线性接触的自平衡桩基测试有限元分析

自平衡桩基测试由于不受场地限制,在桥梁桩基检测和水上试桩领域得到较为广泛应用,但由于自身承受荷载机理、桩土相互作用与传统桩基静载测试不同,目前其实际应用仍然存在一些问题,因此需要在自平衡加载方式下建立合理数值模型来为进一步理论分析奠定模型基础。在考虑桩体非线性接触面基础上,研究了决定非线性接触性质的摩擦系数计算原则及相关模型参数取值,基于ANSYS接触面单元建立了自平衡桩基有限元模型,以武汉工程为依托,与实测结果进行对比,结果表明基于接触面单元建立的自平衡桩基模型具有更高的精确度,能够很好反映真实荷载作用下上下段桩位移曲线图。     

混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩的有限元研究

混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩是适用于软土地基处理的一种新型复合桩 , 具有施工方便 、造价低廉 、单桩承载力高等优点 。 在静试验的基础上, 采用弹塑性有限元方法研究了该桩在竖向荷载下的力学性状 ,包括桩土和桩内外芯应力比 , 荷载的传递, 桩侧塑性区分布以及沉降特性等 。     

高速公路拓宽工程沉降控制复合地基优化设计

按沉降控制设计理论,结合有关公路设计规范、路面功能性和结构性的要求以及有限元法分析路基差异沉降引起路面附加应力的计算结果,提出了采用工后路基路拱横坡度变化小于等于0.45 %作为软土地基上高速公路拓宽工程的容许新老路基差异沉降控制标准。采用有限元法对佛山-开平高速公路拓宽工程标准断面进行分析,采用不同参数计算出水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的新老路基差异沉降。根据沉降控制标准,优化出既满足新老路基差异沉降控制要求,又效益最优的高速公路拓宽工程软土路基水泥土搅拌桩处理的设计参数,即工程水泥土搅拌桩采用面积置换率为8.9 %(对应桩间距1.6 m),桩长8 m,桩径为0.5 m,水泥掺入比为15 %;实际使用时,考虑桩土存在一定的不协调,可适当提高桩体面积置换率达10.1 %（对应桩间距1.5 m）。     

Prediction of pile settlement in an elastic soil

This paper presents a simple regression to predict settlement of a single floating pile supported by a homogeneous elastic soil and subjected to a vertical load. The regression, which is calibrated by a finite element model, allows the direct computation of the pile length required for serviceability limit state design of deep foundations.     

局部倾斜桩竖向承载力的有限元研究

桩基会由于隧道或基坑开挖、打桩顺序不当等原因而倾斜。实际工程中经常遇到桩局部倾斜的情况,例如上段桩发生弯曲与倾斜,下段桩则仍然保持竖直。在已经完成的整体倾斜桩现场试验及有限元分析基础上,建立了桩身局部倾斜的有限元模型,对局部倾斜桩的承载力进行有限元分析。分析结果表明：算例条件下相同竖向荷载作用时,垂直度在5 %以内的局部倾斜桩的桩顶沉降均小于竖直桩的桩顶沉降;垂直度超过5 %时局部倾斜桩的桩顶沉降大于竖直桩的桩顶沉降。相同竖向荷载作用下垂直度为7 %以内局部倾斜桩的桩顶沉降均小于相同垂直度整体倾斜桩的桩顶沉降,超过7 %后局部倾斜桩的桩顶沉降大于整体倾斜桩的桩顶沉降。对于局部倾斜桩,由上段倾斜桩传递到垂直度转折点处的轴力将对下段竖直桩产生水平向推力。当垂直度转折点深度在反弯点以下时,水平向推力将导致下段竖直桩产生更大的反向挠曲变形和弯矩,使竖向荷载作用下桩顶水平位移增加,使桩更易于因为水平弯曲变形过大而破坏。