Multi-directional modeling for prediction of fabric anisotropy in sand liquefaction

Anisotropy in the onset of liquefaction and post liquefaction under cyclic loading condition causes the change in response behavior of the soil. The proposed model operates within the integration of sliding/opening/closing framework of 17 predefined planes as local deformation. This leads to the use of better stress/strain multilaminate histories with many directional effects on soil behavior specifically internal mechanism during pre and post-liquefaction. The ability of multilaminate model for fabric anisotropy has been proven by comparison with the experimental results under drain and undrained conditions and monotonic and cyclic loading. The effects of induced anisotropy was also investigated.     

粗粒土剪胀性大型三轴试验研究

剪胀性是土体显著区别于一般弹性材料的基本特性,与土体的强度和变形特性密切相关。通过4组不同初始密度的塔城砂砾石常规大型三轴试验,研究剪胀性对粗粒土强度和变形特性的影响。试验结果表明,（1）若体变速率（体变和轴向应变均以压缩为正）先从正值减小到负值并达到最小值,随后又有所增大但仍小于0,则应力-应变曲线为软化型,在比值为最小值时土体剪胀性最大,对应于峰值强度,若体变速率从某一正值单调减小并一直大于0,则应力-应变曲线为硬化型;（2）体变变化趋势取决于剪胀性和压缩性的大小,剪切后期若剪胀速率大于压缩速率,则体变先压缩后膨胀,应力-应变曲线呈软化型,反之若剪胀速率小于压缩速率,则体变一直是压缩的,应力-应变曲线呈硬化型。研究结果对于加深认识粗粒土的强度和变形特性具有重要意义。     

深基坑土钉支护的有限元数值模拟及稳定性分析

在平面应变条件下,对土钉支护的基坑进行了有限元数值模拟,在此基础上采用有限元稳定分析方法评价基坑的稳定性。研究了土钉拉力及基坑变形的变化规律,土钉长度及布置方式变化对基坑变形和稳定性的影响。结果表明,当土钉足够长时,基坑的潜在滑动面与最大拉力作用点连线位置通常是一致的     

二维饱和土体动态孔隙率及相关动力响应特性研究

饱和多孔介质的动力响应研究在众多工程领域具有重要意义。充分考虑孔隙率的变化规律与影响因素,有利于合理揭示饱和多孔介质的相关力学行为。为此,将动态孔隙率模型与用于表征饱和多孔介质动力特性的u-U-p型方程结合,构建相应的非线性力学模型,利用Comsol Multiphysis PDE求取相应的数值解,以此研究不同透水条件下,受谐波载荷激励的二维饱和土体的孔隙率、变形量及孔隙水压力的变化规律。结果表明：孔隙率的变化与土骨架的体应变及孔隙水压力直接相关,土体压缩过程中,孔隙率相应减小,土骨架与孔隙流体的相互作用增强,土体运动时所受阻力增大,其无量纲竖向位移小于孔隙率被视为常数时的情况,在此条件下,由于土体的变形量减小,其孔隙水压力也相对减小。故充分考虑动态孔隙率,有利于更加精确地研究等饱土体和多孔介质的相关力学行为。此外,土体上表面透水条件下,孔隙流体可以从土体表面自由排出,土骨架承受的载荷更大,与不透水条件相比,土体孔隙率、竖向位移、孔隙水压力等变化更为显著。     

平面应变状态下土体的软化特性与本构模拟

在平面应变状态下,由于土体在应力峰值状态出现了应变局部化现象,从而变形模式失去了原有的均匀性而呈现软化特性。为此,采用常规的弹塑性本构模型模拟土体峰值前的均匀变形,对应力峰值状态则采用非共轴的分叉理论进行预测,而土样在峰值后出现不均匀变形的宏观力学特性则通过复合体理论加以描述。理论预测表明,构建这样的软化本构模型能真实反映平面应变状态下的应力-应变特性。理论分析还表明,经典的变形分叉理论中引入非共轴弹塑性模型,才能准确地预测土体的应力峰值,这是构建平面应变状态下土体软化本构模型的关键所在。     

Centrifuge model testing on super-long rock-socketed bored piles under vertical loading

There are no appropriate theories and methods of computation yet which could quantitatively analyze the stress and strain of super-long rock-socketed bored piles and simulate the full process of pile deformation. The bearing behavior and settlement characteristics are complicated because of the construction techniques, characteristics of overlying deposit soil and rock, pile material, geometrical configuration and load in particular. In this paper, the authors introduce the case of the Tianxingzhou Bridge pile foundation, analyzed through the Centrifuge Model Test (CMT). The results indicate that, for large-diameter rock-socketed bored piles, sufficient pile–soil displacement is essential for the effect of pile lateral friction in overlying soil layers. It is also shown that the load is borne by pile lateral friction and end resistance, and that the load transfer behavior of the rock-socketed pile group foundation has similar characteristics to large-diameter rock-socketed single pile.     

Determination of soil properties for plane strain condition from the triaxial tests results

Significant difference in stress–strain behavior of dense cohesionless soil has been observed between plane strain and triaxial test conditions. At present, majority of geotechnical laboratories have no plane strain testing facility. Therefore, geotechnical professionals are more dependent on the conventional triaxial test for soil properties, whereas many geotechnical structures prevail close to plane strain condition. A method has been proposed to determine soil properties for plane strain condition from the conventional triaxial tests. This method can especially be used to determine the internal friction angle and stress–strain relationship for plane strain condition from triaxial tests results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of earthquake‐induced slope deformation using SPH method

This paper presents the development, calibration, and validation of a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model for the simulation of seismically induced slope deformation under undrained condition. A constitutive model that combines the isotropic strain softening viscoplasticity and the modified Kondner and Zelasko rule is developed and implemented into SPH formulations. The developed SPH model accounts for the effects of wave propagation in the sliding mass, cyclic nonlinear behavior of soil, and progressive reduction in shear strength during sliding, which are not explicitly considered in various Newmark‐type analyses widely used in the current research and practice in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Soil parameters needed for the developed model can be calibrated using typical laboratory shear strength tests, and experimental or empirical shear modulus reduction curve and damping curve. The strain‐rate effects on soil strength are considered. The developed SPH model is validated against a readily available and well‐documented model slope test on a shaking table. The model simulated slope failure mode, acceleration response spectra, and slope deformations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. It is thus suggested that the developed SPH model may be utilized to reliably simulate earthquake‐induced slope deformations. This paper also indicates that if implemented with appropriate constitutive models, SPH method can be used to model large‐deformation problems with high fidelity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of localization in soil systems

A numerical study of the mechanical behavior of heterogeneous soil systems, consisting of a bulk of sand with embedded stiff gravel inclusions or soft clay inclusions, is performed. A solution scheme using parallel computing is employed when analyzing two different categories of problems. First, a homogenization problem is studied, where use of a single representative volume element subjected to plane strain compression offers the possibility to investigate the coupling between the response at a local scale and at a global scale. Second, a plane strain footing problem with different heterogeneous soil systems is analyzed using a traditional finite element formulation. The material model utilized for the soil is a large deformation formulation of non-associated elasto-plasticity with an isotropic hardening law, able to represent dilation. It was found that the shape of the gravel or clay inclusions in the systems had no significant effect on the global responses, whereas the strain localizations in the two different soil systems, sand–gravel and sand–clay, were found to have different character. The effect of the initial density on the response was clearly observed in the localization patterns.     

典型基坑开挖卸荷路径下软土三轴流变特性研究

模拟基坑开挖下的卸荷路径,进行了不同卸荷条件下包括围压、卸荷路径和排水的卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明：软土在竖向卸荷试验中的回弹变形可分为瞬时回弹变形和滞后回弹变形;在应力控制式三轴试验中,围压和轴压同时卸荷时的初始变形速率较大;仅卸轴压时回弹滞后效应明显,而围压、轴压同时卸荷时由于土体产生剪切变形引起负孔压,使土体回弹滞后效应不明显;在相同卸荷路径下,排水剪切时由于土体吸水膨胀使得流变特性更明显些,且产生的负孔压最终会消散。根据试验成果,建立Merchant流变模型参数与卸荷条件的线性函数关系,并将函数关系代入Merchant模型,最终得到能考虑围压及卸荷路径影响的软土卸荷流变经验模型。研究结果为软土流变变形模型研究及卸荷后基坑变形研究提供了参考。     

EPS颗粒轻质混合土的蠕变模型研究

EPS颗粒轻质混合土是一种新型轻质填土材料,相比EPS泡沫块体,具有更广泛的应用前景。EPS颗粒轻质混合土的基本物理及力学性质已得到了较多的研究,但其蠕变特性研究较少。通过不同围压下EPS颗粒轻质混合土的三轴不排水蠕变试验,采用三种常用的经验模型：Singh & Mitchell模型、Mesri模型和Findley模型对EPS颗粒轻质混合土的蠕变变形进行模拟,结果表明：Singh & Mithcell模型和Mesri模型能反映蠕变趋势,但是不能拟合应变初始快速上升段,用来描述EPS泡沫块体的Findley模型在应力水平较高时,拟合效果最好,某种程度上说,EPS颗粒轻质混合土的蠕变性与EPS泡沫块体相似。推导出了一种新的半经验半理论蠕变模型,用元件模型描述弹性变形部分,用经验模型描述塑性变形部分,拟合结果表明,不管应力水平的高低,新推蠕变模型都不仅能够很好地反映EPS颗粒轻质混合土的初始快速上升段变形,也能够比较准确地拟合长期变形,即蠕变性。     

Multiscale modeling of large deformation in geomechanics

Large deformation soil behavior underpins the operation and performance for a wide range of key geotechnical structures and needs to be properly considered in their modeling, analysis, and design. The material point method (MPM) has gained increasing popularity recently over conventional numerical methods such as finite element method (FEM) in tackling large deformation problems. In this study, we present a novel hierarchical coupling scheme to integrate MPM with discrete element method (DEM) for multiscale modeling of large deformation in geomechanics. The MPM is employed to treat a typical boundary value problem that may experience large deformation, and the DEM is used to derive the nonlinear material response from small strain to finite strain required by MPM for each of its material points. The proposed coupling framework not only inherits the advantages of MPM in tackling large deformation engineering problems over the use of FEM (eg, no need for remeshing to avoid mesh distortion in FEM), but also helps avoid the need for complicated, phenomenological assumptions on constitutive material models for soil exhibiting high nonlinearity at finite strain. The proposed framework lends great convenience for us to relate rich grain-scale information and key micromechanical mechanisms to macroscopic observations of granular soils over all deformation levels, from initial small-strain stage en route to large deformation regime before failure. Several classic geomechanics examples are used to demonstrate the key features the new MPM/DEM framework can offer on large deformation simulations, including biaxial compression test, rigid footing, soil-pipe interaction, and soil column collapse.     

黏土大剪切变形中的渗透特性试验研究

利用改进的三轴渗透试验装置对某高堆石坝心墙黏土进行了一系列剪切过程中的渗透试验,揭示了黏性土发生大剪切变形过程中其渗透系数随轴向应变的变化规律,并分别对围压、渗透压力、渗透方向等因素对土体渗透性的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明,黏性土大剪切变形过程中其渗透性变化规律一般表现为：在剪切变形起始阶段,渗透系数迅速减小,随着轴向应变的增加,其变化越来越缓慢,最后基本上趋于稳定。轴向应变、围压、渗透压力等是影响渗透系数的主要因素。     

软土三轴剪切蠕变试验研究及模型分析

将数字图像测量技术运用于三轴剪切蠕变试验,试验结果表明,土粒间水膜厚度对土的蠕变有很大的影响,不排水时,试样土颗粒间水膜保持不变,土的黏滞系数基本为一定值,土的流变变形较大;排水时,随着水的排出土体发生固结硬化,土颗粒间水膜变薄,土的密度增大,黏滞性增强,流变变形较小。在排水条件下,加载瞬间孔隙水压力会持续上升产生Manadei-Cryer效应,整个过程历时约10 min。随着偏应力水平的增加,试样发生鼓胀变形,进而形成剪切面发生剪切破坏;受排水路径的影响,剪切面通常位于试样偏下部位。对比数字图像测量方法和试样排水体积换算法在获得剪切应变时的试验结果,表明试验过程中试样变形的不均匀会导致排水体积换算法在计算剪切应变时产生较大误差;Singh-Mitchell模型很好地描述土的剪切流变特性,确定参数时两种方法得到的参数相差不大,偏应力水平较低时可采用排水量换算法进行确定。     

路堤下深厚软土侧向变形的沉降影响研究

通过三轴蠕变试验和平面应变蠕变试验,研究路堤下深厚的海相沉积软土侧向变形对沉降的影响作用。试验结果表明,荷载作用下软土的瞬时沉降是非线性的,剪应力作用产生了不可恢复的侧向变形,侧向变形产生的附加沉降也是重要组成部分。软土的侧向变形在不排水条件下只有鼓胀变形,且持续发展;在排水条件下是鼓胀变形和收缩变形的迭加。在排水条件下软土的侧向变形发展过程和剪应力水平有关,在低剪应力水平下侧向变形对沉降的影响不显著,在高剪应力水平下则侧向变形对沉降的影响不能忽视,剪应力对沉降的影响贯穿于沉降全过程。     

复合土钉支护的有限元数值模拟及稳定性分析

在平面应变条件下,对采用水泥搅拌桩复合土钉支护的基坑进行了有限元数值模拟,在此基础上采用有限元稳定分析方法评价基坑的稳定性。通过对复合土钉工作机理的分析,并与普通土钉支护的基坑进行比较,分析二者的差异。通过分析不同支护参数的影响,研究基坑的变形以及稳定性变化规律,为设计和施工提供一定的参考依据。     

On the role of particle breakage in the shear failure behavior of granular soils by DEM

This article presents a fundamental study on the role of particle breakage on the shear behavior of granular soils using the three‐dimensional (3‐D) discrete element method. The effects of particle breakage on the stress ratio, volumetric strain, plastic deformation, and shear failure behavior of dense crushable specimens undergoing plane strain shearing conditions are thoroughly investigated through a variety of micromechanical analyses and mechanism demonstrations. The simulation of a granular specimen is based on the effective modeling of realistic fracture behavior of single soil particles, which is demonstrated by the qualitative agreement between the results from platen compression simulations and those from physical laboratory tests. The simulation results show that the major effects of particle breakage include the reduction of volumetric dilation and peak stress ratio and more importantly the plastic deformation mechanisms and the shear failure modes vary as a function of soil crushability. Consistent macro‐ and micromechanical evidence demonstrates that shear banding and massive volumetric contraction depict the two end failure modes of a dense specimen, which is dominated by particle rearrangement–induced dilation and particle crushing–induced compression, respectively, with a more general case being the combination and competition of the two failure modes in the medium range of soil crushability and confining stress. However, it is further shown that a highly crushable specimen will eventually develop a shear band at a large strain because of the continuous decay of particle breakage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional DEM modeling of the stress–strain behavior for the gap-graded soils subjected to internal erosion

In this work, 3D discrete element method modeling of drained shearing tests with gap-graded soils after internal erosion is carried out based on published experimental results. The erosion in the model is achieved by randomly deleting fine particles, mimicking the salt dissolving process in the experiments. The present model successfully simulates the stress–strain behavior of the physical test by employing the roll resistance and lateral membrane. The case without erosion shows a strain-softening and dilative response, while strain-hardening and contractive response starts to occur as the degree of erosion increases. The dilative to contractive transition is mainly caused by the increase in void ratio due to the loss of fine particles. The change from dilative behavior to contractive behavior is more abrupt for the specimen with larger fine particle percentage because the soil skeleton is mainly controlled by the fine particles instead of by the coarse soil particles. The transition from “fines in sand” to “sand in fines” might be associated with the rapid increasing in the contacts associated with fine particles in the specimen as the percentage of fine content increases. The erosion scenario based on the hydraulic gradient is also modeled by deleting the fine particles based on the ranking of the contact force. Compared with the scenario based on random deletion, the remaining fine particles for the erosion scenario based on the ranking of contact force are more dispersedly distributed, which might benefit the small strain stiffness but result in a smaller strength. This work provides some insights for better understanding the mechanism behind the internal erosion and the associated stress–strain behavior of soil. The gradient of the critical state line increases with more loss of fine particles denoting that the fine particles are helpful for holding the structure of the soils from larger deformation.

     

基于数字图像相关方法的裂隙砂岩应变场演化规律及前兆识别

目前数字图像相关方法在岩石力学领域的应用主要集中于获取变形场云图,缺乏结合一些指标对变形数据进行定量分析。采用数字图像相关方法对裂隙砂岩试件压缩加载过程进行非接触式、实时变形测量,结合方差量化描述应变场分异特征;而后对应变场方差变化曲线进行有限差分求导,量化描述应变场分异速率,分析应变场演化规律及前兆特征。研究结果表明:裂隙砂岩试件的变形破裂过程可划分为压密、弹性变形、裂纹稳定扩展、裂纹快速扩展及破坏等4个阶段。加载过程中裂隙砂岩试件的裂纹萌生和扩展行为,在应变场上表现为应变局部化带的产生与发展,进而导致应变场方差和分异速率发生变化。应变场方差-轴向应变曲线表现出阶段性特征,可划分为稳定分异、加速分异以及加加速分异等3个阶段。应变场分异速率-轴向应变曲线在张拉裂纹起裂时均出现第一个尖峰,可作为裂隙岩体失稳破坏前的前兆信号,对应的前兆应力与峰值应力之比为0.80～0.96。研究成果对工程岩体失稳预测具有较好的理论参考价值。