Numerical Modelling of the Effects of Ozone on the Summer Atmospheric Circulation

ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＯｚｏｎｅｏｎｔｈｅＳｕｍｍｅｒＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＣｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎＷａｎｇＱｉａｎｑｉａｎ（王谦谦）；ＷａｎｇＹｉｎｈｕｉ（汪迎辉）；ＳｏｎｇＹｕ（宋煜）（Ｎａｍｉｎｇｉｎｓｔ...     

青藏高原春季不同地区臭氧和大气温度变化趋势的差异性

利用1979—2018年太阳后向散射紫外辐射计SBUV(/2)星下点臭氧遥感资料,结合ERA-Interim和MERRA-2大气温度再分析资料,考察青藏高原区域内拉萨和共和两地春季臭氧和大气温度变化趋势的差异性。结果表明拉萨和共和两个地区的臭氧和大气温度逆转趋势均发生于1999年。对比2008年以来青藏高原整体臭氧总量变化速率（4.5 DU/(10 a)),拉萨臭氧总量变化更快,为5.9 DU/(10 a),共和相对较慢,仅为3.7 DU/(10 a);同时,1999年以来拉萨和共和春季下平流层（100~30 hPa）大气温度分别以0.5~1.4℃/(10 a)和0.01~0.9℃/(10 a)速率增加,上对流层(250~175 hPa)大气温度分别以0.2~1.5℃/(10 a)和0.2~1.2℃/(10 a)速率降低。与2008年以来高原整体大气温度变化相比较,均慢于高原下平流层（125~70 hPa) 1~2℃/(10 a)的增温速率,快于高原上对流层（225~175 hPa）0.4~1.1℃/(10 a)的降温速率。两地臭氧与大气温度的相关系数和回归系数计算结果表明,拉萨和共和两个地区1999年以来春季臭氧恢复速率的不同是导致两地同期下平流层-上对流层温度逆转速率差异的重要因子之一。     

Effect of methane emission increases in East Asia on atmospheric circulation and ozone

We used a fully coupled chemistry–climate model(version 3 of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model,WACCM3) to investigate the effect of methane(CH4) emission increases,especially in East Asia and North America,on atmospheric temperature,circulation and ozone(O3). We show that CH4 emission increases strengthen westerly winds in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes,accelerate the Brewer–Dobson(BD) circulation,and cause an increase in the mass flux across the tropopause. However,the BD circulation in the tropics between 10?S and 10?N at 100 h Pa weakens as CH4 emissions increase in East Asia and strengthens when CH4 emissions increase in North America. When CH4 emissions are increased by 50% in East Asia and 15% globally,the stratospheric temperature cools by up to 0.15 K,and the stratospheric O3 increases by 45 ppbv and 60 ppbv,respectively. A 50% increase of CH4 emissions in North America(with an amplitude of stratospheric O3 increases by 60 ppbv) has a greater influence on the stratospheric O3 than the same CH4 emissions increase in East Asia. CH4 emission increases in East Asia and North America reduce the concentration of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals(4% and 2%,respectively) and increase the concentration of mid-tropospheric O3(5% and 4%,respectively) in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. When CH4 emissions increase in East Asia,the increase in the tropospheric O3 concentration is largest in August. When CH4 emissions increase in North America,the increase in the O3 concentration is largest in July in the mid-troposphere,and in April in the upper troposphere.     

A numerical study of tropospheric ozone in the springtime in East Asia

The Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ)coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)is applied to East Asia to study the transport and photochemical transformation of tropospheric ozone in March 1998．The calculated mixing ratios of ozone and carbon monoxide are compared with ground 1evel observations at three remote sites in Japan and it is found that the model reproduces the observed features very well．Examination of several high episodes of ozone and carbon monoxide indicates that these elevated levels are found in association with continental outflow,demonstrating the critical role of the rapid transport of carbon monoxide and other ozone precursors from the continental boundary layer．In comparison with available ozonesonde data,it is found that the model-calculated ozone concentrations are generally in good agreement with the measurements,and the stratospheric contribution to surface ozone mixing ratios is quite limited．     

Impacts of the atmospheric apparent heat source over the Tibetan Plateau on summertime ozone vertical distributions over Lhasa

青藏高原(TP)是一个对气候变化敏感的地区,其上空的臭氧分布影响着青藏高原及其周边地区的大气环境,北半球夏季青藏高原上空臭氧柱总量相对较低的现象,及其时空变化受到广泛关注.本研究利用北半球夏季5年的拉萨上空臭氧的气球测量数据,研究高原上空大气视热源(Q1)对臭氧垂直分布的影响并探讨了该过程的机制.结果表明,当TP上空对流层整体的Q1相对较高时,拉萨上空对流层臭氧浓度下降.大气更强的上升运动伴随着TP主体区域上空的Q1的增大.因此,当夏季Q1较高时,由于近地表低浓度臭氧空气向上输送,拉萨上空的对流层臭氧浓度下降.     

夏季南亚高压对其邻近UTLS区域臭氧分布的影响

利用欧洲中期数值预报中心（ECMWF）提供的ERA5高分辨率月平均再分析资料,分析了1991—2020年共30 a夏季6—8月南亚高压对其邻近上对流层—下平流层区域臭氧（O₃）分布的影响。结果表明：ERA5资料能清晰地刻画出南亚高压夏季6—8月的月变化及振荡特征,同时能很好地反映出对应的臭氧低值这一现象。此外,ERA5高分辨率资料还能揭示出臭氧低值的范围和强度变化与南亚高压的范围和强度变化之间存在紧密联系。当南亚高压异常偏强（弱）时,邻近区域的臭氧低值增强（减弱）,当南亚高压中心位置发生振荡时,臭氧浓度纬向偏差的中心也随之发生变化,这种变化在南亚高压偏强年时更明显。但这种联系有一定复杂性,不同月份的相关性存在差异。南亚高压对臭氧浓度的这种影响主要与对流层的空气输送有关,臭氧低值中心位置和范围的变化与位涡低值、位温纬向偏差负值区域分布相对应。     

Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone with MOZART-2： An Evaluation Study over East Asia

Climate changes induced by human activities have attracted a great amount of attention. With this, a coupling system of an atmospheric chemistry model and a climate model is greatly needed in China for better understanding the interaction between atmospheric chemical components and the climate. As the first step to realize this coupling goal, the three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry transport model MOZART-2 (the global Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2) coupled with CAM2 (the Community Atmosphere Model, version 2) is set up and the model results are compared against observations obtained in East Asia in order to evaluate the model performance. Comparison of simulated ozone mixing ratios with ground level observations at Minamitorishima and Ryori and with ozonesonde data at Naha and Tateno in Japan shows that the observed ozone concentrations can be reproduced reasonably well at Minamitorishima but they tend to be slightly overestimated in winter and autumn while underestimated a little in summer at Ryori. The model also captures the general features of surface CO seasonal variations quite well, while it underestimates CO levels at both Minamitorishima and Ryori. The underestimation is primarily associated with the emission inventory adopted in this study. Compared with the ozonesonde data, the simulated vertical gradient and magnitude of ozone can be reasonably well simulated with a little overestimation in winter, especially in the upper troposphere. The model also generally captures the seasonal, latitudinal and altitudinal variations in ozone concentration. Analysis indicates that the underestimation of tropopause height in February contributes to the overestimation of winter ozone in the upper and middle troposphere at Tateno.     

Model analysis of seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide over East Asia

Temporal-spatial variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations over East Asia in the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2004 were simulated by using the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with meteorological fields calculated by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The simulated concentrations of ozone and carbon monoxide were compared with ground level observations at two remote sites, Ryori (39.03°N, 141.82°E) and Yonagunijima (24.47°N, 123.02°E). The co...     

云对中国区域卫星观测臭氧总量精度影响的检验分析

根据卫星和地基观测, 比较了我国香河、 昆明、 瓦里关和龙凤山四个站点臭氧总量自1979年以来的变化。卫星与地基观测的臭氧总量长期趋势比较一致, 表明臭氧总量均有下降趋势, 但是卫星与地基各自观测的结果仍存在着显著的差别。为研究卫星与地基臭氧总量的差别, 以地基观测臭氧总量为参考, 检验云对历史TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) 和GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) 臭氧总量精度的影响。结果显示: 云 (云量或云顶高度) 增加了卫星臭氧总量误差, 降低数据精度。随着地面云量的增加, TOMS、 GOME臭氧总量相对误差在上述四个地点呈现明显的上升趋势 (瓦里关最为明显), 但最大变化幅度没有超过2.0%。TOMS臭氧总量相对误差随地面云量变化呈现区域性特点, 香河与龙凤山 (代表着中纬度高臭氧总量区域)、 昆明与瓦里关 (代表中、 低纬度高原低臭氧总量区域) 分别为两个变化特点接近的区域。GOME臭氧总量相对误差与云之间关系的区域特征不明显。利用卫星遥测FRESCO (Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A\|band) 云信息检验GOME卫星臭氧总量精度的表明, 只有当云量大于5成后GOME臭氧总量才显示出相对误差增加的现象, 但无明显趋势; 随着FRESCO云顶高度的增加, GOME臭氧相对误差在香河、 瓦里关均呈现明显的上升趋势并有3%左右幅度的变化。TOMS臭氧总量相对误差随着地面有效反射率的增加而增大, 且误差幅度超过2%; TOMS\|N7臭氧总量比TOMS\|EP约高2.0%~3.0%。分析还表明, 云内和云以下臭氧柱浓度在反演的卫星臭氧总量中的贡献很可能被高估了。     

2008年以来青藏高原春季大气温度逆转趋势及其与臭氧总量变化之间的可能联系

利用ERA-Interim和MERRA-2再分析资料,考察1980—2017年青藏高原大气温度变化趋势和规律,年、季、月不同时间尺度分析结果均揭示2008年以来青藏高原春季大气温度变化呈现逆转趋势：高原上空平流层下部150~50 hPa呈现明显的增温趋势（1.0~2.7℃/10a),对流层上部300~175 hPa呈现明显的降温趋势（-3.1~-1.0℃/10a),这与此前的大气温度变化趋势完全相反。利用TOMS和OMI卫星臭氧遥感资料,考察同期青藏高原臭氧总量变化特征,表明2008年以来青藏高原臭氧总量也表现出逆转的增加趋势,与大气温度逆转趋势吻合,从冬末至春季各月均有显著增加趋势,尤以5月臭氧总量增加速率最大,达13.7 DU/10a。青藏高原春季大气温度变化趋势与同期臭氧总量变化特征紧密相关,2008年后臭氧总量的快速恢复可能是引起大气温度逆转趋势的一个重要影响因素。     

A global satellite view of the seasonal distribution of mineral dust and its correlation with atmospheric circulation

Aerosols make a considerable contribution to the climate system through their radiative and cloud condensation nuclei effects, which underlines the need for understanding the origin of aerosols and their transport pathways. Seasonal distribution of mineral dust around the globe and its correlation with atmospheric circulation is investigated using satellite data, and meteorological data from ECMWF. The most important sources of dust are located in North Africa, the Middle East and Southwest Asia with an observed summer maximum, and East Asia with a spring peak. Maximum dust activity over North Africa and the Middle East in summer is attributed to dry convection associated with the summertime low-pressure system, while unstable weather and dry conditions are responsible for the spring peak in dust emission in East Asia. Intercontinental transport of mineral dust by atmospheric circulation has been observed, including trans-Atlantic transport of North African dust, trans-Pacific transport of Asian dust, and transport of dust from the Middle East across the Indian Ocean. The extent of African dust over the Atlantic Ocean and its latitudinal variation with season is related to the large-scale atmospheric circulation, including seasonal changes in the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and variation of wind patterns. North African aerosols extend over longer distances across the North Atlantic in summer because of greater dust emission, an intensified easterly low level jet (LLJ) and strengthening of the Azores-Bermuda anticyclonic circulation. Transport of East Asian aerosol is facilitated by the existence of a LLJ that extends from East Asia to the west coast of North America.     

春季黑潮延伸体海洋锋区经向位移与东亚大气环流的关系

采用高分辨率的海表温度资料定义了春季黑潮延伸体北侧海洋锋区的南北位置,并采用EOF分析、相关分析、合成分析、带通滤波等方法,探讨了其南北向位置变动与高空急流、风暴轴以及后期东亚降水之间的关系。结果表明,春季黑潮延伸体北侧海洋锋区位置的南北变动存在明显的年际、年代际变化,其与6月东亚高空急流、太平洋区域风暴轴的南北位置具有很好的对应关系。当春季黑潮延伸体海洋锋区偏北时,6月东亚高空急流、太平洋区域风暴轴偏北,反之亦然。进一步的研究还表明,春季黑潮延伸体海洋锋区经向位置的变动可通过影响东亚大气环流对6月东亚地区的降水产生影响,黑潮延伸体海洋锋区偏北(南)年,6月雨带有显著的北(南)移。     

利用MODIS红外资料反演大气温湿度廓线的研究

概述了利用特征向量统计回归反演算法,从EOS/MODIS的红外通道资料反演大气温湿度垂直分布的过程,并与美国国家环境预报中心NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)的等压面再分析场资料按照纬度和气压高度进行了真实性检验。结果表明：由MODIS资料反演得到的大气温湿度参数能够揭示大气温湿度的垂直分布。在各个等压面上均方根误差平均值在中纬度地区为3.39K,低纬度地区为1.40K,近地面层、对流层顶附近及下垫面地形复杂的区域误差较大,总体上低纬度地区要好于中纬度地区。反演的水汽误差也为低纬度地区小于中纬度地区,且随高度升高,中、高纬度误差都逐渐减小并逐渐接近。     

东亚夏季风对中国东部臭氧输送过程的影响

利用2015-2019年中国东部20个省份222个城市的地面O3观测数据和全球再分析风场数据,研究了中国东部地区O3的时空分布特征,以及在亚洲夏季风背景下污染上风方O3光化学输送对下风方O3质量浓度季节变化的影响.结果表明:中国东部地区O3质量浓度夏季高、冬季低,O3质量浓度按照东南、华东、东北、华北的顺序依次升高,位...     

根据Dobson和TOMS资料分析北京和昆明大气臭氧总量变化特征

用约２０年 Ｄｏｂｓｏｎ和ＴＯＭＳ资料来分析北京（３９.９３°Ｎ，１１６.４０°Ｅ）和昆明 （２５.０２°Ｎ，１０２．６８°）两地大气臭氧总量的变化特征，结果表明：（１）在１９７９－２０００年间北京大气臭氧长期变化趋势是－０．６４２ ＤＵ／年，而昆明在１９８０－２０００年间的趋势是－０.００９ ＤＵ／年；（２）北京和昆明两地大气臭氧都有很强的季节内变化（尤其冬季更强），与季节性变化强度相当；（３）在北京和昆明，由记录较短的大气臭氧资料分析得到的长期变化趋势，与较长记录得到的结果有显著差异；（４）在北京（中纬度）和昆明（低纬度）大气臭氧都有显著的准两年振荡信号；（５）两个站点大气臭氧的年际变化主要由长期趋势项和准两年振荡信号组成；（６）Ｄｏｂｓｏｎ仪测量得到的臭氧总量与ＴＯＭＳ资料非常一致。     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴异常及其与东亚大气环流的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,应用滤波方差、相关分析、合成分析等研究了1963年冬季至2011年冬季北太平洋风暴轴的时空演变特征,并探讨了风暴轴活动强弱与东亚—北太平洋大气环流的关系。结果表明：与1980s后期风暴轴活动显著增强相比,近10 a来风暴轴活动又进入较气候平均水平偏低的阶段,且风暴轴主体位置有着向东北、西南两侧的振荡现象。风暴轴活动强（弱）年,东亚地区近地面温度偏高（低）、对流层低层阿留申低压和西伯利亚高压偏弱（强）、中国东部及日本上空850 hPa北风减弱（加强）;对流层中层东亚大槽减弱北缩（加深南进）、对流层高层西风急流减弱（加强）。风暴轴活动与冬季影响中国的冷空气活动次数相关关系显著。     

关于大气环境中PM2.5的研究进展

总结了国内外关于大气环境中PM_2.5的研究进展。针对目前国内大部分城市阴霾天气日益加重,国内相关部门和领域更加重视PM_2.5的监测和研究的现状,调研了国内外大气环境领域关于PM_2.5的研究情况,提出改善空气质量、加强PM_2.5研究的建议。介绍了PM_2.5的定义,指出PM_2.55对人体健康和能见度的不利影响。国内关于PM2.5的研究工作包括：分析PM_2.5和气象条件的关系;PM_2.5的观测特征以及成分和来源分析;开展PM_2.5的数值模拟。叙述了沈阳地区关于PM_2.5的研究情况,指出了改善沈阳城市大气环境的措施,包括加强PM2.5的连续监测,调整产业结构和布局,提高能源效率,发展洁净能源、减少煤炭消费,防治机动车尾气污染。     

人为和生物排放量对春季东亚地面臭氧的协同贡献

臭氧O3的生成是多因子影响的复杂非线性过程, 一个因子在其他因子起作用时的贡献可以分为纯贡献与协同贡献。本文采用因子分离方法和改进后的区域空气质量模式 (RAQM) 计算了人为氮氧化物 (NOx＝NO+NO2)、人为可挥发性有机化合物(AVOCs)以及生物可挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)对春季东亚地区地面臭氧浓度的协同贡献及总贡献(＝纯贡献+协同贡献)。结果表明, AVOCs、BVOCs与NOx对O3生成量的贡献依赖于AVOCs、BVOCs排放量的相对大小。AVOCs或BVOCs排放量显著偏高的地区, 其总贡献主要来源于其与NOx的协同贡献。从区域角度 (1°×1°) 来看, BVOCs对东亚春季地面O3浓度的贡献较小, BVOCs排放量明显偏高的个别地区除外。BVOCs总贡献有很强的日变化特征, BVOCs总贡献有可能小于其协同贡献。个例研究的成果应用于O3调控对策的制定和实施很可能达不到预期的效果。我国北方 (30°N以北) 应控制人为源; 我国南方BVOCs排放量显著偏高的地区, 生物源和人为源的贡献都必须考虑。     

广州城市大气环境监测系统建设的探讨

根据WMO城市气象观测指南,在充分考虑广州城市结构和局地气候特征的基础上,针对广州高温高湿的天气特征,利用现有大气探测体系,结合广州实际情况和气象部门特点,提出建立一套布局合理、密度适宜、技术先进的城市大气环境监测系统,试图实现城市大气环境的预报预警服务。     

2017年上海臭氧污染气象条件分析及臭氧污染天气分型研究

根据2016-2017年上海空气污染物和相关气象要素数据,分析上海2017年O₃变化特征以及气象影响因素,并对造成O₃污染的天气系统进行主观分型。结果表明：2017年上海市空气质量优良天数为275 d,占全年天数的75.3%,O₃-8h污染天数为55 d。上海市O₃-8h年均浓度115 μg·m^-3,同比增幅超过10%,为2013年以来的最高值,主要体现为夏半年O₃浓度的上升。与2016年相比,2017年夏半年西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强,上海地区风速风向、温度、水汽、光照、辐射条件均有利于O₃浓度上升。造成2017年高浓度O₃污染主要有4种天气类型：副热带高压控制型（SH）、地面高压型（G）、均压场型（J）和低压型（D）。其中副热带高压控制型是典型的O₃-8h污染天气型,占总污染日数的29.1%,且污染程度较重;低压型出现次数较少;地面高压型的臭氧平均污染程度最弱。