吹填土静力触探测试及主要特性分析

天津滨海新区吹填土在形成过程中受重力分选作用及水动力条件影响,加上后期真空固结方法处理,使其工程性质复杂。采用静力触探原位测试手段,通过对实测参数的统计、分析,综合考虑野外钻探编录及室内土工试验结果,将吹填土分为硬壳层、软弱粘性土层及底部砂性土层3个工程地质层。顶部硬壳层及底部砂性土层强度相对较好、层位分布不稳定,软弱粘性土层具有强度低、压缩性高的软土工程特性。吹填土在排水口部位以软弱粘性土层为主,工程性质相对其他部位差。     

基于现场热响应测试方法的地下岩土热物性分析

目前获取导热系数的主要方法是现场热响应试验,但该方法缺乏统一的技术标准,导致计算结果可比较性差,难以应用。笔者开展了不同热响应试验设备的原位热物性测试系列试验,分析了测试与数据处理方法对测试结果的影响,探讨了试验过程中需要注意的问题。结果显示：为减少试验误差,两次热响应试验测试的时间间隔不应少于10 d;应尽量避免循环水与岩土介质以外的其他介质产生热量交换;对于恒热流热响应试验,导热系数值与舍弃时间（1.0~12.0 h）成正相关关系;而对于定进回循环水温差的热响应试验,导热系数值与舍弃时间（0.0~12.0 h）成负相关关系;舍弃时间大于12.0 h时,导热系数变化趋于稳定。按统一标准舍弃前12.0 h的测试数据进行导热系数计算,6家单位的导热系数计算值都在2.2～2.8 W/(m·℃)范围内,测试结果合理可靠。     

Framework for assessing probability of exceeding a specified liquefaction-induced settlement at a given site in a given exposure time

This paper presents a framework for assessing the probability of exceeding a specified liquefaction-induced settlement at a given site in a given exposure time. This framework deals not only with the effect of liquefaction (in terms of settlement) but also with probabilistic characterization of all possible ground motions at a given site (in terms of a joint distribution of a_max and M_w). Additionally, a new concept, referred to herein as liquefaction-induced settlement hazard curve, is introduced for assessing the annual rate of settlement exceedance at a given site. This settlement hazard curve concept has the potential to be a very useful tool in the field of geotechnical earthquake engineering. Satisfactory results are obtained in the demonstration examples analyzed with the proposed framework. Whereas the proposed framework is simple and effective, further refinements to this framework, especially on the treatment of epistemic uncertainty, are warranted.     

Soil liquefaction susceptibility and hazard mapping in the residential area of Kütahya (Turkey)

This study presents the results of both field and laboratory tests that have been undertaken to assess liquefaction susceptibilities of the soils in Kütahya city, located in the well-known seismically active fault zone. Liquefaction potentials of the sub-surface materials at Kütahya city were estimated by using the geological aspect and geotechnical methods such as SPT method of field testing. And, the data obtained have been mapped according to susceptibility and hazard. The susceptibility map indicated “liquefable” and “marginally liquefable” areas in alluvium, and “non-liquefable” areas in Neogene unit for the magnitude of earthquake of M=6.5; whereas, liquefaction hazard map produced by using of liquefaction potential index showed the severity categories from “very low” to “high.” However, a large area in the study area is prone to liquefy according to liquefaction susceptibility map; the large parts of the liquefable horizon are mapped as “low” class of severity by the use of the liquefaction potential index. It can be said that hazard mapping of liquefaction for a given site is crucial than producing liquefaction susceptibility map for estimating the severity. Both the susceptibility and hazard maps should be produced and correlated with each other for planning in an engineering point of view.     

Liquefaction potential and susceptibility mapping in the city of Yalova, Turkey

This study presents results of both field and laboratory tests that have been used to asses liquefaction susceptibilities of the soils in Yalova city, located in the well-known seismically active North Anatolian Fault Zone. Liquefaction potentials of the sub-surface materials in Yalova city were estimated by using the standard penetration test (SPT) method of field testing. The data obtained have been mapped according to susceptibility, and the susceptibility maps based on the geotechnical data indicated a moderate to high susceptibility to liquefaction for the magnitude of earthquake of M=7.4. Both the high groundwater level and the grain size of the soils, in conjunction with the active seismic features of the region, result in conditions favourable to the occurrence of liquefaction. When the surface and near surface geological conditions were taken under consideration, it was seen that the study areas geology is prone to liquefaction having a moderate liquefaction susceptibility. If geologic and geomorphological criteria are considered, it should be understood that the study area as discussed under the regions geology is susceptible to liquefaction. The geotechnical data largely support the geologic-based liquefaction susceptibility of the study area.     

上海青浦华新地区静力触探Ps值与土的物理力学指标的关系

利用上海青浦华新地区岩土工程勘察资料,对ps值和土的室内试验指标进行了相关分析,得出了一些有针对性的经验公式.应用这些公式可用ps值推求土的工程性质,还可根据ps值和psH曲线类型划分土层.     

A study on the identification of liquefaction-induced failures on ground surface based on the data from the 1999 Kocaeli and Chi-Chi earthquakes

One of the major causes of earthquake damage is liquefaction. However, it doesn't result in severe harm unless it leads to ground surface damage or ground failure. Therefore, prediction of potential for ground surface damage due to liquefaction is one of the important issues in microzonation studies for liquefaction-induced damage in areas with high seismicity. In 1985, based on a database compiled from Chinese and Japanese earthquakes, Ishihara considered the influence of the non-liquefied cap soil on the occurrence or non-occurrence of ground failure (mainly sand boiling), and proposed an empirical approach to predict the potential for ground surface damage at sites susceptible to liquefaction. However, some investigators indicated that this approach is not generally valid for sites susceptible to lateral spread or ground oscillation. In this study, a contribution to improve the approach by Ishihara is made. For the purpose, an index called liquefaction severity index (LSI) and data from two devastating earthquakes, which occurred in Turkey and Taiwan in 1999, were employed. The data from liquefied and non-liquefied sites were grouped and then analysed. Based on the observations reported by reconnaissance teams who visited both earthquake sites and the results of the liquefaction potential analyses using the filed-performance data, a chart to assess the potential for ground surface disruption at liquefaction-prone areas was produced. The analyses suggest that the procedure proposed by Ishihara is quite effective particularly for the occurrence of sand boils, while the bounds suggested in this method generally may not be valid for the prediction of liquefaction-induced ground surface disruption at sites susceptible to lateral spreading. The chart proposed in this study shows an improvement over the Ishihara's approach for predicting the liquefaction-induced ground surface damage. The microzonation maps comparing the liquefaction sites observed along the southern shore of Izmit Bay and in Yuanlin, and the surface damage and non-damage zones predicted from the proposed chart can identify accurately the liquefaction (sand boiling and lateral spreading) and no-liquefaction sites.     

哈尔滨大耿家立交岩土工程关键问题分析

本文结合哈尔滨市松北区特定的地质岩土结构的特点,对标准贯入试验和重型圆锥动力触探试验及由其得出的岩土工程力学参数进行对比和分析,对桩基设计参数的取值问题进行了分析和评价,结合建筑场地周边环境、水文地质条件和工程地质条件对桩基施工过程中可能遇到的问题提出了针对性建议,希望为类似工程的设计研究和工程的实施提供参考。     

Assessment of liquefaction and lateral spreading on the shore of Lake Sapanca during the Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake

The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake of Turkey (M_w = 7.4) caused great destruction to buildings, bridges and other facilities, and a death tall of about 20,000. During this earthquake, severe damages due to soil liquefaction and associated ground deformations also occurred widespread in the eastern Marmara Region of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was commonly observed along the shorelines. One of these typical sites is Sapanca town founded on the shore of Lake Sapanca. This study was undertaken as quantitative measurement of ground deformations induced by liquefaction along the southern shore of Lake Sapanca. The permanent lateral ground deformation was measured through the aerial photogrammetry technique at several locations both along the shoreline and in the town. In situ soil profiles and material properties at Sapanca area were obtained based on the data from 55 borings and standard penetration tests (SPT), and laboratory tests, respectively. The data and the empirical methods recommended by an NCEER workshop were employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of the soils. In addition, simple shaking tests on a limited number of samples were also performed. The permanent ground displacements were estimated from the existing empirical models, sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods. Then these estimations were compared with the observed ground displacements. The assessments suggested that liquefaction at Sapanca have occurred within Quaternary alluvial fan deposits at depths 1 and 14 m, and the major regions of liquefaction and associated ground deformations were located along the shore and creeks. The evaluations also indicated that for sites with no sand boils but with ground displacement greater than 1 m, thickness of the non-liquefiable layer was large. It is also noted that no liquefaction-induced ground surface disruption is expected at the site when the thickness of the liquefiable and non-liquefiable layers vary between 0.5 and 1.5 m, and 3.5 and 5.5 m, respectively. Except one model, all the empirical models employed in the study over-predicted the observed lateral ground displacements, while sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods yielded reasonably good results if the known properties of liquefied soils are used.     

城市热岛效应对土的工程性质影响及灾害效应分析

随着世界各国,尤其我国的城市化进程的不断加快,城市规模不断扩大,城市中高层建筑的密度越来越高,城市热岛效应（UHIE）及其带来的各类环境问题日益突出。对于城市热岛效应的研究目前主要集中在城市范围内的大气部分,对于它对城市赖于存在的地质环境的影响研究很少,而对土的工程性质的影响及其灾害效应常被忽视。从UHIE与城市地下土体工程性质间的关系出发,介绍了UHIE的成因和发展程度,剖析了城市环境中的土体与自然环境中土体的差别以及UHIE影响土体工程性质的方式,初步分析了UHIE对土的工程性质的影响及其引起的灾害效应。分析成果对于开展城市热岛效应环境中土的工程性质变化及其灾害效应研究有重要的指导意义。     

地基承载力经验公式的变异性分析

应用随机场理论,研究了地基承载力表、CPT等地基承载力经验公式的变异性分析方法,提出经验公式确定地基承载力的变异性是由经验公式本身的不确定性和土性参数的不确定性组成,提出了考虑土性参数自相关性的地基承载力经验公式的变异性分析方法,通过对编制CPT确定地基承载力经验公式资料的计算分析,得出CPT确定地基承载力的变异系数在0.1~0.135之间。     

薄层地震响应分析及识别技术

对薄层地震响应的振幅,频谱等特征进行了详细的分析,并分析了影响该地震的应波形特征的因素。同时,利用积分能谱技术对其进行处理,可以识别出薄层的厚度变化及透镜体的存在。实际应用表明,该项技术较常规的时频分析方法有更高的分辨能力。     

Response of Aeolian Flux to Soil Particle Properties and Airflow Turbulence Fluctuation

The process of aeolian flux in wild areas is usually unstable due to turbulent fluctuation of airflow. The physical parameters of wind and aeolian flux have strong pulsation characteristics and are even intermittent. Since the classical aeolian flux equations derived from steady sediment transport processes do not take into account the physical parameters such as soil particle properties and airflow turbulence characteristics, they cannot accurately predict the process of sediment transport driven by turbulent wind. Based on the analysis of the variables contained in the classical aeolian flux equations and their effects on the aeolian flux, the soil particle properties and the airflow turbulent fluctuation which influence unsteady sediment transport process, and the delayed response of the unsteady sediment transport process to airflow turbulent fluctuation, then the steady and unsteady sediment transports were defined. Strictly, there is no steady sediment transport process in nature, but the sediment transport process in a short period of time can be roughly considered to be a steady sediment transport process as the fluctuation of sediment transport is very little. Thus, the unsteady sediment transport process in a long-term series can be regarded as series of steady sediment transport processes on an "appropriate time scale" (Δt). The construction principles, variables in unsteady aeolian flux equation, and establishing unsteady aeolian flux equation of the way which is the method of determining each variable by controlling the conditional experiments were put forward. Finally, the foreseeable key issues in the process of establishing the unsteady aeolian flux equation were discussed.     

Assessment of direct CPT and CPTU methods for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of single piles

Twelve methods to determine axial pile capacity directly based on cone penetration test (CPT) and piezocone penetration test (CPTU) data are presented, compared and evaluated. Analyses and evaluation were conducted on three types of piles of different size and length. All the tested piles have failed at the end of static load test. Both the CPT methods and the CPTU methods were used to estimate the load bearing capacities of the investigated piles (Q_p). The static load test was performed to determine the measured load bearing capacities (Q_m). The pile capacities determined through different methods were compared with the measured values obtained from the static load tests. Two criteria were selected as bases of evaluation: the best fit line for Q_p versus Q_m and the arithmetic mean and standard deviation for the ratio Q_p/Q_m. Results of the analyses showed that the best methods for determining pile capacity are the two CPTU methods. Furthermore, the CPTU method is simple, easy to apply, and not influenced by the subjective judgements of operating staff. Therefore, it is quite suitable for the application in pile engineering practice.     

岩土参数不确定性的分析与评价

结合岩土工程实践的特点,定性分析参数不确定性的来源、分类、特征和处理方法,对认识岩土参数的变异性及概率极限状态设计准则的推广应用具有促进作用。     

一种静力触探模型箱试验装置的研制及其试验研究

设计了一套静力触探模型箱试验装置,该装置可以在模型箱水平面内任意位置进行贯入试验,贯入速率在一定范围可控,贯入倾角可调节。将该装置用于TJ-1模拟月壤静力触探力学特性的研究,试验结果表明：地基表层模拟月壤发生刺入剪切破坏;贯入阻力随贯入深度的增加而增加;探杆周围同一深度处土体的水平土压力表现出轴对称特征,其值在探头靠近土压力盒过程中逐渐增大至最大值,后随探头远离土压力盒又逐渐减小至0,且不同深度土体水平土压力峰值随贯入深度增加而增大;贯入点正下方土体的垂直土压力随贯入深度的增加而增加,主要影响范围约为距探头200 mm处。基于以上试验研究,表明该模型箱的设计是合理的,且TJ-1模拟月壤力学特性的研究成果能够为将来涉及到TJ-1模拟月壤的航天试验提供必要的技术参考。     

汕头市花岗岩残积土的工程特性及路堑边坡稳定分析

通过对汕头市花岗岩残积土的工程特性的分析、讨论,以求达到对本区花岗岩残积土有客观了解和充分认识的目的,分析造成路堑边坡失稳的原因,并就解决实际工程问题提出一些切实可行的方法.     

戈壁地区煤田野外地震勘探资料采集的技术难点分析与对策

针对戈壁地区松散的砾石层地震信号衰减快、频率降低和能量减弱的特点,以及煤层倾角大、煤层埋藏深度变化大和潜水面的影响,笔者对戈壁地区煤田地震勘探的野外采集技术难点进行了分析探讨,并提出相应的技术对策:1地表条件复杂、潜水位变化大的地区采用汽车钻机成孔。2煤层埋藏深度小、倾角小于15°的地区采取小排列、小药量、中点放炮激发。3煤层埋藏深度大、倾角大于15°的地区采取大排列,能量足够情况下,采用小药量、端点放炮激发。最后通过实例补充说明。     

铅锌矿尾砂重金属污染物对不同土地利用类型土壤性质影响的典范对应分析

广西阳朔思的村铅锌矿尾矿砂坝坍塌造成了大面积农田污染,已往报道多集中在金属矿山开采过程中产生的废液及大量固体废弃物堆砌而造成的环境污染,较少关注因尾矿砂坝坍塌所造成的这种土壤重金属特殊污染模式。本文运用典范对应分析(CCA)研究铅锌矿尾砂坝坍塌对不同土地利用类型(玉米地、柑橘园、水稻田)造成的重金属(铅、锌、铜、镉)污染以及对土壤理化性质(有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、碳氮比、pH值)的影响。CCA分析结果表明,研究区污染以铅、锌、镉为主,铜次之,其中锌和镉的空间分布格局受土地利用类型的影响更明显,并且镉对水稻田产生的环境风险最高。此外,在土壤中尾矿砂分布不均的前提下,土地利用类型是造成土壤重金属污染空间分布不同的重要驱动力,受土壤质地和矿砂性质的影响,重金属污染引起的酸化效应在供试土壤中不明显,使得CCA图中pH值所代表的点远离重金属箭头连线;阳离子交换量距重金属连线较近,受重金属影响明显并随重金属污染的加剧而减小;碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等速效养分受重金属污染的影响并不显著,但与施肥配比和农业管理密切相关;有机碳与重金属箭头连线分布象限相同且包裹于其中,与重金属质量分数呈正相关关系,相较于玉米地和柑橘园,水稻田中有机碳积累量更大,达到18.14 g/kg,可能因稻田中微生物的碳源代谢利用能力明显降低,土壤中有机碳的矿化分解受阻,导致水稻土中有机碳的积累。此外,尾矿砂作为土壤重金属的持续性释放源,尽管对土壤的基本理化性质尤其是速效养分的影响并不明显,但能够通过影响土壤微生物群落间接影响土壤碳循环。     

地源热泵设计参数原位热响应测试的方法及实验

以电加热器作为热源的热响应测试仪,仅能进行夏季制冷工况测试,参数设定以经验为主。应用了以热泵作为冷/热源、可测试冬季供暖工况的原位热响应测试仪进行测试实验,结果表明:热泵输出功率稳定,测试功率在夏季制冷工况和冬季供暖工况宜分别设为40～60 W/m和35～45 W/m;热响应测试时间不宜少于48 h,若模型精度要求高于2.5%,需根据地层情况适当延长测试时间;野外测试的冬季供暖工况下热交换孔的热阻为0.08(m.℃)/W,100 m深度内岩土体的综合导热系数为1.67 W/(m.℃)。测试结果可满足地源热泵系统设计要求。