青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析——兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论

利用新近公布的SRTM数字高程模型(DEM),选取青藏高原北部及高原内、外流区域进行大尺度定量地貌分析。分析表明,青藏高原不同地区的地貌差异反映了它们在地貌演化上的阶段性。在高原北部的祁连山地区,局部地区绝对高程增加的同时,地势起伏反而变缓。这些地区水系的发育程度普遍较低,剥蚀物质往往只经过近距离的搬运仍滞留在逆冲褶皱带内,山间盆地和平地成为山间小河的侵蚀堆积基准,因此“削高填低”的过程有效地降低了局部地形起伏。高原平坦地势是伴随着造山过程及之后的高海拔侵蚀基准和内流型水系条件下“削高填低”剥蚀过程的结果。我们认为高原内部为现今仍在承受剥蚀的地势平坦面。它的形成具穿时性,是内流型水系河流下切侵蚀能力弱化的结果,不直接反映海拔的高低。如果平坦侵蚀面的形成与海拔高程无必然的关联,或侵蚀面可以在任何海拔高度形成,而不一定代表以海平面为基准的准平原,那么它就不能作为一个可靠的参照面用于直接示踪和约束高原的抬升量和抬升时间。     

Quaternary alluvial deposits in the central plateau of Mexico

Of the two post-Tertiary alluvial fills found throughout the southern part of the Central Plateau of Mexico, the older (whose deposition came to an end about 5000 B. C.) was laid down by shortlived floods. The younger (which dates from A. D. 500–1700) reflects equable stream regimes. The fluctuations in the seasonal distribution of rainfall indicated by the fills are analogous to regional trends observed in the area during the period of record.

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Zusammenfassung Im südlichen Teil des Zentralplateaus von Mexico wurden zwei post-tertiäre Alluvialfüllungen festgestellt, von denen die ältere (deren Ablagerung ungefähr vor 7000 Jahren beendet war) durch kurzzeitige Überflutungen entstand, während die jüngere (die auf die Zeit von 500–1700 unserer Zeitrechnung zurückgeht) gleichförmige Zustände widerspiegelt. Die erforderlichen Schwankungen in der jahreszeitlichen Verteilung der Regenfälle entsprechen den regionalen Tendenzen, die während der Zeit der Aufzeichnungen in dem Gebiet beobachtet wurden.

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Résumé Deux phases post-tertiaires de comblement alluvial ont eu lieu dans le sud du Plateau Central méxicain. La plus ancienne s'acheva vers 5000 ans a. C. et témoigne de l'action de crues spasmodiques; la plus jeune, qui date de 500–1700, est le reflet des régimes fluviatiles réguliers. Elles indiquent des oscillations dans la répartition saisonière des pluies qui trouvent leurs parallèles dans des tendances régionales plus récentes.

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Cenozoic volcanism and tectonic evolution of the Tibetan plateau

Cenozoic volcanism on the Tibetan plateau, which shows systematic variations in space and time, is the volcanic response to the India–Asia continental collision. The volcanism gradually changed from Na-rich + K-rich to potassic–ultrapotassic + adakitic compositions along with the India–Asia collision shifting from contact-collision (i.e. “soft collision” or “syn-collision”) to all-sided collision (i.e. “hard collision”). The sodium-rich and potasium-rich lavas with ages of 65–40 Ma distribute mainly in the Lhasa terrane of southern Tibet and subordinately in the Qiangtang terrane of central Tibet. The widespread potassic–ultrapotassic lavas and subordinate adakites were generated from ~ 45 to 26 Ma in the Qiangtang terrane of central Tibet. Subsequent post-collisional volcanism migrated southwards, producing ultrapotassic and adakitic lavas coevally between ~ 26 and 8 Ma in the Lhasa terrane. Then potassic and minor adakitic volcanism was renewed to the north and has become extensive and semicontinuous since ~ 20 Ma in the western Qiangtang and Songpan–Ganze terranes. Such spatial–temporal variations provide important constraints on the geodynamic processes that evolved at depth to form the Tibetan plateau. These processes involve roll-back and break-off of the subducted Neo-Tethyan slab followed by removal of the thickened Lhasa lithospheric root, and consequently northward underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere. The Tibetan plateau is suggested to have risen diachronously from south to north. Whereas the southern part of the plateau may have been created and maintained since the late-Oligocene, the northern plateau would have not attained its present-day elevation and size until the mid-Miocene when the lower part of the western Qiangtang and Songpan–Ganze lithospheres began to founder and detach owing to the persistently northward push of the underthrust Indian lithosphere.     

青藏高原北部白垩纪隆升的证据

认为青藏形成统一大陆应该在印支期晚期古特提斯洋关闭和海水退出时。由于来自冈瓦纳大陆的羌塘微陆块向NE斜向俯冲 ,产生了印支期的阿尼玛卿、柴北缘和阿尔金大规模走滑断裂的形成 ,并且由于东部受到华南板块的阻挡 ,形成南北向的龙门山褶皱带。此阶段 ,地势较低 ,海拔不高。直至中特提斯洋在白垩纪早期关闭 ,来自冈瓦纳大陆的冈底斯微陆块沿班公湖—怒江一线俯冲到北部高原的下面 ,由于高原北部受到塔里木—阿拉善地块的阻挡 ,东部受到南中国板块的阻挡 ,高原北部开始隆升 ,形成高原雏形。高原南北统一大陆形成于新特提斯洋的关闭和印度板块沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带与欧亚大陆碰撞时 ,并在新近纪后开始快速抬升 ,形成现今的高原地貌 ,这已是共识。值得讨论的是 ,如何识别高原北部白垩纪时期的隆升 ,以及其对建立高原隆升模型和计算高原北部隆升速率的贡献。     

Soil erosion processes in the loess plateau of Northwestern China

The soil erosion processes in the Loess Plateau may be divided into three types: namely, waterflow erosion; gravitational erosion; wind erosion. The waterflow erosion is most widely distributed and is the main erosion action in the Loess Plateau. The main factors dominating the occurrence and development of the soil erosion in the Loess Plateau are: 1. rainfall; 2. topography; 3. vegetation; 4. soil character. The energy of erosion action depends upon the rainfall and topography, but erodiblity depends upon the vegetation and soil properties. The degree of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau changes with variations of interaction of erosion and anti-erosion measures.     

黄土高原地区黄土洞穴的分类及发育规律

黄土高原地区广泛发育的黄土洞穴既是一种典型的水土流失现象,又是一种新的地质灾害。黄土洞穴具有多种类别,其分布的地域规律具有由黄土高原的西北向东南发育密度呈递减趋势;陇西地区黄土洞穴最发育,陇东地区较发育,陕北局部地区较发育。黄土洞穴在深度上具有表、浅、中、深、超深5个层次;其空间发育明显受地层厚度、土性、地质构造、微地形地貌、水文地质及气候条件等因素所控制。     

青藏高原雪冰中碳质气溶胶含量变化

文中采用供氧两步加热的方法对过滤到石英膜上的雪冰中碳质气溶胶含量进行分析,其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)分别在340和650℃的条件下进行热解、氧化分离,生成的CO2转化成CH4并由气相色谱仪氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测其含量。空白测试表明,该系统的OC本底值为(0·50±0·04)(1σ)μgC,EC为(0·38±0·04)(1σ)μgC。利用这套分析系统对青藏高原8条冰川的34个雪冰和降水样品中OC和EC的含量进行了测试。结果表明,在青藏高原雪冰中OC和EC含量自东向西、自北向南呈明显的下降趋势(西昆仑除外)。在高原东北部EC的质量分数相对较高,平均为79·2ng·g-1;在喜马拉雅西段EC的质量分数最低,平均为4·3ng·g-1。在冰川表面,雪的融化使雪冰中碳质气溶胶聚集,并导致其含量明显升高,该过程降低了雪表面的反照率,加速了冰川的消融。     

青藏高原多期次隆升的环境效应

青藏高原隆升对中国西部环境变迁起着决定性影响。通过对柴达木、吐鲁番—哈密、塔里木盆地的演化及其与青藏高原隆升的耦合研究,以柴达木盆地为时空坐标,认为高原隆升可分为三大阶段:(1)古近纪期间青藏高原隆升仅限于冈底斯山一带。当时,受行星纬向气候带控制,中国西北地区为干旱亚热带草原和热带雨林环境,大面积准平原化、泛盆地化,在构造上处于伸展-夷平的拉张环境,与现今亚洲大陆东部相似;(2)青藏高原整体的初次隆升发生在中新世早—中期(23~11·7Ma)。因青藏高原和大兴安岭的阻隔,古近纪的纬向气候带逐渐转变为中亚季候风,古黄土(22Ma)、三趾马动物群的发育,说明高原北缘当时为干旱的荒漠草原环境。同时,这次隆升引起中—晚中新世中国西部广袤地域古地形-构造面貌的变化;(3)形成现今高原面貌的末次快速隆升发生在0·9~0·8Ma。早更新世晚期,印度洋快速扩张,印度板块向中亚大陆脉冲式(A型)陆内俯冲,使得高原快速挤压隆升。这次隆升不仅使高原本身的环境骤变,出现第四纪以来最大的冰川,形成世界上最大的高寒草原,而且引起了全球气候的变化,促使北极圈冰盖的形成。同时,高原隆升使高原内部和周边出现强烈的挤压构造变形,如柴达木、河西走廊、塔里木、吐鲁番—哈密、准噶尔等诸盆地内几万米厚度中—新生界的构造变形与昆仑山、祁连山、天山、阿尔泰山的挤出式双向推覆隆升,形成了中国西北的盆-山地貌。现今,随着青藏高原的持续隆升,高寒草原开始退化,造成中国西北地区大面积的荒漠化,成为制约我国西部生态环境的重要因素。     

川西高原主要地质灾害特征及其影响因素浅析

川西高原位于青藏高原东缘，是崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等突发性地质灾害的群发地，具有分布基本沿活动构造带走向、发生时间较集中、人类活动诱发的地质灾害数量增多和地质灾害链后果严重等特点，主要受地质构造、现今构造运动、地形地貌、降雨及人类不科学的社会、经济和工程活动等多种因素影响。     

青藏高原壳幔形变数值模拟研究

现有数值模拟研究已在很大程度上较合理地给出青藏高原演化运动学和动力学过程的图像。利用连续介质快速拉格朗日分析方法,笔者进行了青藏高原壳幔形变数值模拟研究。据此得到的青藏高原三维壳幔形变特征反映纬向上主碰撞带远、近程效应的差异和经向上地壳物质“逃逸”的存在,印证了青藏高原形成过程中南北双向挤压、而且南部作用大于北部作用的可能应力场特征。青藏高原壳幔形变不仅强烈依赖于随深度变化的岩石力学性质及其距离挤压作用前锋带的远近,而且存在强烈的横向不均一性。同时,强应变(剪切)带的存在对高原岩石圈形变具有重要影响,高原形变过程中地壳尺度的耦合流及壳-幔解耦共存。但是,常规数值模拟研究尚存在很大局限性:(1)物理-力学模型单一;(2)几何模型简单;(3)边界形态与条件理想化;(4)模型内部块体划分粗糙;(5)不连续体介质处理困难。借助具有可处理大形变能力的4-D数值模拟方法,将观测资料与数值模拟相互补充是深入研究青藏高原壳幔形变的关键。     

青藏高原东北缘印支期宗务隆造山带

位于柴达木地块北缘构造带（柴北缘构造带）与南祁连造山带间的宗务隆构造带发育晚古生代、早中三叠世地层以及石炭纪蛇绿岩地体和具有岛弧性质的二叠纪—早三叠世中酸性火山岩。三个侵入宗务隆带南侧的海西—印支期花岗岩（246Ma天峻南山花岗岩、238Ma青海湖南山花岗岩和215Ma二郎洞花岗岩）分别与俯冲和后碰撞相关。两期明显的构造变形为印支期造山构造和第三纪陆内构造活动印记,前者以300余千米长的韧性剪切带为代表,后者以大规模指向南的逆冲推覆作用为特征。宗务隆构造带经历了由陆内裂陷、洋盆发育和俯冲—碰撞造山的演化过程,既不同于其南侧的柴北缘构造带也不属于北侧的南祁连造山带,而是一在柴北缘和南祁连造山带共同构建的加里东陆块上发育起来的、具有完整板块旋回的印支期造山带。     

青藏高原与大陆动力学——地体拼合、碰撞造山及高原隆升的深部驱动力

运用地体和地体活动论观点,提出青藏高原结构划分的新方案;强调青藏高原的形成经历了新元古代以来长期活动的过程,青藏高原是一个“非原地”诸多地体会聚、拼合以及经历复合碰撞造山的“造山的高原”;大型走滑断裂在青藏高原形成中起着地体相对位移、侧向挤出、移置及使高原几何形态扭曲的作用。提出青藏高原隆升的“南缘超深俯冲(>600km)、北缘陆内俯冲、腹地深部热结构及岩石圈范围内的向NE右旋隆升”的多元驱动力机制。     

粒度统计分析方法在青藏高原隆升研究中的运用及效果--以昌马洪积扇为例

通过运用粒度统计方法对昌马洪积扇沉积物进行研究，结果显现自早更新世晚期以来存在7次沉积物粒度变粗事件，说明青藏高原东北缘自早更新世晚期以来发生了7次隆升，其间为稳定期.该结论与通过青藏高原东北缘盆地沉积分析、活动断裂及河流阶地活动时代对比而厘定的青藏高原东北缘构造活动时段基本一致，同时与整个青藏高原自早更新世晚期以来的隆升具有很好的耦合.由此为山前洪积扇研究提供了新的方法和线索。     

Post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian plateau and a comparison with Tibet

The Turkish-Iranian Plateau (Fig. 1) is a high region with an average elevation of about 1.5 km. During the late Miocene the last piece of oceanic lithosphere between the Eurasian and Arabian continents was eliminated at the Bitlis/Zagros suture zone. Continued convergence across the collision site resulted in the shortening of the plateau across strike by thickening and by sideways motion of parts of it. Predominantly calcalkaline volcanism is present on the highest portions of the area, despite the absence of a descending slab of lithosphere. Surface geology and volcanism of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau resemble greatly those of the Tibetan Plateau, and both are underlain by a zone of seismic attenuation. From a comparison of these features and their tectonic setting we argue that the two plateaux are homologous structures, albeit at different stages of their evolution. Both areas appear to be tectonically alive and actively shortening. Available evidence lends little support to the hypothesis of large-scale underthrusting of continental lithosphere and of plastic-rigid indentation where such high plateaux, located directly in front of the “rigid indenter”, are considered to be tectonically “dead”. Their peculiar features are best explained in terms of shortening and thickening the continental crust whereby its lower levels are partially melted to give rise to calc-alkaline surface volcanism. Minor associated alkaline volcanism may be due to local longitudinal cracking of the crust to provide access to mantle.     

Luminescence dating of loessic sediments from the Loess plateau, China

Loess/palaeosol sequences from the Loess plateau in China were investigated by combined infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating techniques in order to study the luminescence properties of the loessic sediments and to provide a direct chronological link for correlation and position of the last interglacial soil in Central Asia and the Loess plateau in China. Sensitivity changes were found for all samples through artificial bleaching of the samples. The greatest sensitivity changes, of up to 50%, were found for very old loess samples designated to be older than the Matu-yama/Brunhes magnetic boundary and hence older than 788,000±1,800 years. The upper dating limit, as investigated by the very old loess samples, ranges from 250,000 to 300,000 years, if the TL additive dose method is applied. The chronological position of the last interglacial soil S1 at the section near Lanzhou indicates luminescence age estimates ranging from 82,000 to 75,000 years for the marine-isotope stage 5 to 4 transition. However, the loess from below S1 yielded luminescence age estimates between 153,200±14,200 and 110,100±20,100 years for TL and IRSL additive dose methods, respectively. Thus, a direct correlation between the S1 and the first intercalated pedocomplex PC1 in Central Asia is most likely. Received: 31 March 1998 / Accepted: 25 October 1998     

喀斯特高原湖泊生物地球化学过程中的锌同位素特征

采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)对喀斯特高原湖泊红枫湖、阿哈湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物和一些生物样品中的锌同位素进行了测定,测试精度小于0.11‰(2SD).结果显示,红枫湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.29‰～0.26‰和-0.04‰～0.48‰,阿哈湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.18‰～0.27‰和-0.179‰～0.46‰,均表现出支流中的锌同位素组成较重的特点.两湖生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围较大,为-0.35‰～0.57‰,说明湖泊生态系统中各端员的锌同位素组成存在一定差异.根据同位素组成分析,湖泊主要入湖河流及所携带的陆源物质是阿哈湖泊水体中锌的主要来源,锌同位素是一种较好的物源示踪工具.红枫湖夏季δ66zn与Chla(叶绿素)呈显著的正相关(R=0.97),主要是藻类对锌的有机吸附和吸收过程导致锌同位素组成发生变化.此外,湖泊水体悬浮物中的锌同位素组成均在夏季较轻,表明大气的干湿沉降可能是一个较负的锌同位素源.水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围小于生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围,说明由于生物作用过程导致的锌同位素分馏大于非生物过程.