高温盐水钻井液技术难点及国内外研究现状

在分析高温盐水钻井液面临的主要问题的基础上,对国内外抗高温、抗污染钻井液处理剂及钻井液体系的研究与应用情况进行了介绍。深井、超深井钻探中会面临各种复杂情况,因此对钻井液抗温、抗污染能力的要求也越来越高,主要技术难点是高温高压及高污染条件下对钻井液流变性、滤失量、腐蚀性的控制。耐260℃以上抗高温、抗盐处理剂及体系,耐高温钻井液测试仪器是未来抗高温钻井液发展的方向。     

山西干热岩GR1井高温固井技术研究与实践

固井质量对干热岩后期开发利用具有重要意义。针对山西大同盆地干热岩勘查井GR1井温度高、高温固井水泥浆技术体系不完善等问题,通过研究勘查区地质特征,提出了高温固井水泥浆技术体系开发思路。研究表明：干热岩高温固井水泥浆水胶比控制为0.45,优选添加剂高温降失水剂CG82L、高温缓凝剂H40L、高温稳定剂CF40L、消泡剂GX-1、硅粉及HV-PAC,形成一套适用于山西干热岩井的高温固井水泥浆技术体系。该水泥浆体系在GR1井成功应用,现场固井质量良好,研究成果为今后同类型高温固井工作提供了宝贵经验和技术支撑。     

定北区块抗高温钻井液体系优化

定北区块储层深埋温高导致常规钻井液体系失效且复杂情况多发,研制一套抗高温钻井液体系已成为解决定北区块钻井复杂情况多发的重要途径。总结分析定北区块钻遇复杂情况及钾铵基钻井液体系性能测试结果,明确了钻井液优化方向——抗高温抑制性、稳定性、降滤失性和封堵能力。针对目前现场常用多种抗高温钻井液处理剂开展了流变性、滤失性、封堵性、润滑性等性能测试实验,优选SMC和SPNH作为抗高温降滤失剂、KCl和聚胺作为抗高温抑制剂、HQ-10作为抗高温封堵剂、白油及石墨作为抗高温润滑剂、SF-1作为抗高温稀释剂,并得出最佳土粉含量为4%,最终得到了抗高温钻井液体系配方。室内性能评价实验表明,该抗高温钻井液体系在180 ℃热滚72 h后粘度、切力及失水仍满足设计要求,且抗NaCl及CaCl2污染分别达到10%和4%,储层岩心伤害渗透率恢复值可达80%以上。定北抗高温钻井液配方的形成将为定北区块安全高效钻进提供保障。     

抗高温油井水泥降失水剂的合成及性能研究

以丙烯酸（AA）、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺（DMAA）、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）、丙烯酰胺（AM）、对苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）等为原料合成油井水泥降失水剂,并对该新型油井水泥降失水剂配置的水泥浆综合性能进行室内试验评价。结果表明水泥浆中加入该降失水剂可以控制API滤失量在50 mL以内,抗温达180 ℃。降失水剂使水泥浆的抗析水能力增强,稠化时间略有延长;抗盐能力达到36%。值得进一步推广应用。     

耐230 ℃高温海水钻井液室内实验研究

为了解决深海油气井工程和大洋科学钻探深部高温井段钻井液流变稳定性和护壁性能等变差问题,以复合粘土为造浆材料,通过优选抗温抗盐降滤失剂、防塌剂和高温稳定剂等关键处理剂及钻井液配方优化研究,研发了一套耐230 ℃高温海水钻井液配方。采用高温高压流变仪、六速旋转粘度计和高温高压滤失仪等仪器,开展耐230 ℃高温海水钻井液的综合性能评价,如热稳定性、高温流变性等。实验结果显示,密度1.5 g/cm³的钻井液在230 ℃老化16 h前后,表观粘度变化率为2.5%,高温高压滤失量为23 mL。研究结果表明,该海水钻井液抗温可达230 ℃,具有良好的抗高温稳定性、高温流变性能以及较低的高温高压滤失量,可满足深海高温硬岩钻探要求。     

耐高温（230 ℃）饱和盐水钻井液技术研究

我国未来深部大陆科学钻探计划深度为13000 m,温度梯度按3．0℃/100 m计算,井底温度将达到390℃以上,钻井液将面临超高温高压环境,钻井液技术将面临严峻考验。为此,开展了超高温钻井液的预研究,利用抗盐粘土、抗高温降滤失剂、抗高温解絮凝剂、抗高温保护剂等,研制了可用于230℃高温环境的饱和盐水钻井液配方。室内评价试验表明,用该配方配制的耐高温钻井液经230℃、16 h高温滚动老化后,具有良好的流动性能,高温高压失水量（210℃、3．45 MPa）＜35 mL/30 min。     

抗高温盐水泥浆的实验研究

介绍了一种室内优选出的抗高温,抗电解质,性能良好的盐水泥浆体系。     

塔里木盆地顺北地区长裸眼钻井液技术

顺北地区超深井二开裸眼井段长超过5000 m。针对长裸眼井段水敏和膏质泥岩缩径阻卡、二叠系火成岩漏失和垮塌、高摩阻等技术难题,开展了钻井液体系配方优化研究。通过抑制性膨胀试验、抗盐降滤失剂优选试验、复合封堵剂屏蔽封堵试验以及复合润滑剂配比和降摩阻试验,研制了强抑制高封堵低摩阻钾胺基钻井液体系。室内试验表明,二叠系火成岩在该钻井液中的滚动回收率和线性膨胀率分别达到95.09%和1.86%,钻井液能够承受5%NaCl、2?SO4和20%的钻屑污染。该钻井液体系在顺北1-2H井进行了现场试验,其长裸眼井段平均井径扩大率仅为13.55%,漏失量比顺北1-1H井降低了83.8%,复杂时间比顺北1-1H井减少了30.5 d。强抑制高封堵低摩阻钾胺基钻井液有效地解决了顺北地区长裸眼钻进技术难题,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

耐高温泡沫钻井液技术研究概况及研究方向探讨

耐高温泡沫钻井液是对深井、超深井、高温地热井、干热岩等资源开采,特别是超高温资源的开采有效的钻井液之一。本文在分析耐高温泡沫钻井液面临的主要问题的基础上,对国内外抗高温泡沫处理剂、耐高温泡沫钻井液体系应用情况进行了介绍。深井、超深井、干热岩、地热井等钻探中会面临超高温、低压易漏地层,因此对低密度钻井液体系的要求也越来越高,主要技术难点是高温、低压,窄密度窗口钻井液的性能的控制。结合对耐高温泡沫钻井液主要技术难点的分析以及高温对泡沫钻井液的要求,综合目前耐高温泡沫钻井液技术的发展,由此得出：耐260℃以上抗高温、低密度泡沫钻井液处理剂及体系,耐高温泡沫钻井液测试仪器及评价方法是未来抗高温钻井液发展的方向。     

凹凸棒土抗高温钻井液的配方实验研究

针对现下钻探深井对抗高温钻井液的要求,在实验室内对聚合物增粘降滤失剂以及钻井液用粘土进行优选,建立抗高温钻井液的配方体系。该体系在经历200 ℃、16 h的热滚实验之后,依然保持良好的体系稳定性以及较低的滤失量。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861