西藏台错古生物记录的古环境事件及硅藻、介形虫化石新发现

在厚度为369cm的台错TT-1剖面中,共采取连续样品156个,单样平均厚度仅为2.36cm,使之成为一个理想的进行高分辨率研究的对象。通过对样品的硅藻研究,以及全部样品的孢粉和介形虫化石分析鉴定,本项研究取得了多项创新研究成果。①结合铀系不平衡法获得的准确可靠定年数据,本文重建了西藏台错古湖区自晚更新世晚期以来的古气候、古环境演变。从万年尺度上,台错在>32.60～26.15ka BP间的6.45ka间长期处在潮湿、湿润的环境之中;在26.15～4.50ka BP的21.65ka间,气候则以偏干和寒冷为大背景;在4.50ka BP,沉积记录终断,表明湖泊干枯消失。从百年-千年尺度上,厘定出台错自22.70ka BP以来,经历了明显的寒冷气候事件8起,湿润气候事件3起,以及气候颤动事件2起,从而更加详尽地描述了台错在18.2ka中经历的19个古环境、古环境演变阶段。②首次发现了两种硅藻的新化石种--西藏胸隔藻属新种Mastogloiatibetica Li et Wei和西藏桥弯藻属新种Cymbellataicuonensis Li et Zheng。③首次在西藏境内大量发现了Cyprideis torosa(结节正星介)和C.littoralis(滨海正星介)。本文为全球气候变化研究及青藏高原的古气候、古环境研究,提供了来自高原内部的全新精细记录和科学依据。     

西藏台错TT-1剖面的碳酸盐分布、元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义

根据台错TT-1剖面自生碳酸盐矿物的分布和共生组合、成盐物质的元素地球化学特征和变化规律研究,结合铀系不平衡法获得的准确可靠定年数据,本文重建了西藏台错古湖区晚更新世晚期至全新世中期的古气候、古环境演变。从万年尺度上,台错在>32.60～26.15kaBP间的6.45ka中,气候以湿润和温暖为大背景;在26.15～4.50kaBP的21.65ka间气候则以偏干和寒冷为大背景;在4.50kaBP,沉积记录终断,表明湖泊干枯。从百年-千年尺度上,更加详尽地描述了台错在32.60～4.50kaBP经历的16个演变阶段,完整再现了湖泊演化的全部过程:即湖泊的青年阶段——深水大湖,湖泊的成年阶段——逐步咸化萎缩、湖水变浅,湖泊的终年阶段——水位骤降、干枯而演化成干盐湖。     

西藏扎布耶湖晚更新世沉积物~(230)Th/~(238)U年代学研究

本文应用全溶样品的等时线模式,较成功地测定了藏北高原西南部扎布耶盐湖SZK01孔岩芯中含不等量碳酸盐粘土的230Th/238U年龄,建立了青藏高原腹地海拔4000m以上湖泊120ka以来连续的同位素年龄标尺,从而为扎布耶盐湖及其周缘地区古环境古气候演化研究奠定了时间坐标。根据230Th/238U年龄数据,SZK01孔的平均沉积速率约为68cm/ka。然而不同层段的沉积速率差异较大,变化在20.8～128.8cm/ka,其快慢变化反映了该湖从短命深湖、动荡浅湖、滨湖到盐湖的环境变化,与高分辨率SZK02孔的研究结果相一致。讨论了测年模式的适应性、样品的U封闭性和应用的优越性,提出开展湖区及周边各类型水体的U、Th同位素化学行为研究和检验沉积物中多源Th对定年的影响将是今后年代学研究的重要内容。     

西藏扎布耶湖晚更新世沉积物230 年代学研究

本文应用全溶样品的等时线模式,较成功地测定了藏北高原西南部扎布耶盐湖SZK01孔岩芯中含不等量碳酸盐粘土的230Th/238U年龄,建立了青藏高原腹地海拔4000 m以上湖泊120 ka以来连续的同位素年龄标尺,从而为扎布耶盐湖及其周缘地区古环境古气候演化研究奠定了时间坐标。根据230Th/238U年龄数据,SZK01孔的平均沉积速率约为68 cm/ka。然而不同层段的沉积速率差异较大,变化在20.8~128.8 cm/ka,其快慢变化反映了该湖从短命深湖、动荡浅湖、滨湖到盐湖的环境变化,与高分辨率SZK02孔的研究结果相一致。讨论了测年模式的适应性﹑样品的U封闭性和应用的优越性,提出开展湖区及周边各类型水体的U、Th同位素化学行为研究和检验沉积物中多源Th对定年的影响将是今后年代学研究的重要内容。     

富碳质地质样品Re-Os同位素体系研究进展

Re-Os同位素定年技术在富有机质沉积岩、低变质沉积岩、湖相沉积物、煤、油气藏样品等富碳质地质样品的尝试和成功应用,使其成为直接厘定地层沉积时代、重大地质事件发生时限和机制、古环境重建、油气藏直接定年、油气演化过程推演等研究的关键技术手段。然而,受到富碳质地质样品中极低的Re和Os丰度、采样方式以及地质作用等因素的影响,很多样品的Re-Os等时线年龄和初始Os同位素比值精度超过10%,不能有效地评价海水Os的真实来源和地质作用程度,影响了对不同沉积体系及油气演化过程中Re和Os的化学行为和Re-Os等时线年龄地质意义的理解。由此,本文从富碳质地质样品的Re-Os化学行为和地质应用进展出发,对富碳质地质样品Re-Os同位素分析过程中的采样和取样方式、溶样方法、分离富集方式和标准物质选择四方面进行了总结和完善。指出以沉积速率为采样间距参考,通过预处理方式提高样品的均匀性,使用流程空白更低、对同位素分馏影响更小的溶样方法和分离富集方式进行Re-Os同位素分析,以基质匹配的地质标样进行数据监控可进一步提高样品Re-Os同位素分析质量,有助于不同类型富碳质地质样品Re和Os赋存机制研究、Re-O...     

张士灌区土壤中多环芳香烃菲(PHEs)的垂向分布与迁移

通过对典型环境功能区张士灌区包气带剖面样品和含水层样品的分析检测,比较和总结了菲的垂向分布特征,研究了总有机碳、粘粒含量、土壤含水率对菲垂向分布与迁移的影响规律和机理。对具有代表性采样点的研究表明,菲总含量在剖面中的变化趋势总体上随剖面的加深而降低,以犁底层为界,表层土壤(5~20 cm)菲含量随剖面深度变化平缓。同时分别对菲含量与总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量、土壤含水率进行二元相关分析,计算出的Pearson系数表明:土壤中总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量是影响菲垂向迁移的重要因素,而土壤含水率对菲垂向分布影响不大。同时利用SPSS的因子分析法进一步确定总有机碳是制约菲垂向运移的主要因素。     

西藏洞错硼砂芒硝层的发现及其古气候意义

通过调查藏北高原腹地盐湖——洞错的Ⅰ级阶地湖相化学沉积,首次发现硼砂及赋存5层纯芒硝层的完整沉积剖面,依据韵律层的沉积特征研究和~(14)C测年,针对剖面中出现的冷相盐类矿物——芒硝,应用比较盐湖学的理论和方法,指出洞错在全新世早、中期经历了潮湿温暖期(>8470 a BP,可能至10500 a BP±)→寒冷干旱期(8470～8170 a BP)→潮湿温暖期(8170～7590 a BP)→气候频繁波动期(7590～7400 a BP,寒冷大背景下三干三湿的气候演替)→寒冷干旱期(7400～6940 a BP)→潮湿温和期(6940～6620 a BP)→寒冷干旱期(6620～6410a BP)→温暖湿润期(6410 a BP以后)的演变序列。     

西藏洞错全新世早中期盐湖沉积的古气候记录

通过调查藏北高原腹地盐湖———洞错的Ⅰ阶地湖相化学沉积 ,发现硼砂及赋存 5层纯芒硝的完整沉积剖面。依据DZ0 1剖面的磁化率特征 ,结合韵律层的沉积学、盐类矿物学和14 C年代学 ,盐湖沉积物磁化率等恢复重建盐湖环境的替代性指标。指出洞错在全新世早、中期经历了潮湿温暖期(8470aBP ,可能至 10 5 0 0aBP± )→寒冷干旱期 (8470～ 8170aBP)→潮湿温暖期 (8170～ 75 90aBP)→气候频繁波动期 (75 90～ 740 0aBP ,寒冷大背景下三干三湿的气候演替 )→寒冷干旱期 (740 0～6 940aBP)→潮湿温和期 (6 940～ 6 6 2 0aBP)→寒冷干旱期 (6 6 2 0～ 6 410aBP)→温暖湿润时期(6 410aBP以后 ,可能至 330 0aBP)的演变过程。     

藏南地区海相白垩系富有机质沉积的影响因素浅析

藏南地区白垩纪时期广泛沉积了一套海相富有机质沉积物,而其中与C-T界线缺氧事件有关的黑色页岩引起了广泛关注。但是,其有机碳含量与西特提斯相比明显偏低。因此,有关该区对海相白垩纪富有机质沉积影响机制的认识显得尤为重要。文中选取前人研究程度较高的岗巴宗山Ⅱ剖面、定日贡扎剖面和江孜加不拉剖面、床得剖面,利用其相关数据,定量计算了这些剖面的沉积速率、堆积速率和古生产力值。结果表明,藏南地区沉积速率以C-T界线时期最高,而岗巴、定日地区与江孜地区的沉积速率表现出较大的差异,这主要与沉积环境有关;并且在沉积速率<4cm/ka时,随着沉积速率的增加,有机碳含量随之增加,而沉积速率较大时,则关系不明显。江孜地区初级生产力较低,其缺氧期黑色页岩的形成并不是高生产力的结果,可能与缺氧条件的保存作用相关;对于岗巴和定日地区而言,尽管计算的古生产力较低,但碳同位素正偏以及推测存在的沿岸上升洋流表明,该区白垩纪富有机质沉积拥有高的初级生产力和缺氧的保存条件,表明该区有良好的古海洋条件,富有机质沉积的形成是高生产力、缺氧的保存条件以及低的沉积速率(<4cm/ka)共同作用的结果。而产生有机碳偏低,从而使得计算的古生产力值偏低的原因,则可能与成岩后期强烈的风化作用,导致有机碳的损失有关;另外定日地区C-T期有机碳含量偏低则还与其沉积物粒度有关。     

新疆库车盆地钾盐科探1井含盐系地球化学特征及找钾指示

在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾盐矿物在盐类沉积的中晚期阶段才开始析出。因此,研究含盐系盐类的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物源和成盐古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且更能揭示古盐湖钾盐富集趋势。文章通过对库车盆地钾盐科探1井钻取的岩芯样品进行高精度采样测试,得出岩盐中Mg×103/Cl、K×103/Cl、Li×103/Cl与K+、Mg2+、Li+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的垂向变化规律。并与库车盆地其他钻孔中的岩盐含钾性进行对比,同时,依据钻井剖面岩性特征,与潜江凹陷和大汶口凹陷含盐系剖面进行对比,论述研究区成盐的地球化学特征,对其钾盐成矿前景进行分析和评价。     

Structural development of the Tso Morari ultra-high pressure nappe of the Ladakh Himalaya

A continental subduction-related and multistage exhumation process for the Tso Morari ultra-high pressure nappe is proposed. The model is constrained by published thermo-barometry and age data, combined with new geological and tectonic maps. Additionally, observations on the structural and metamorphic evolution of the Tso Morari area and the North Himalayan nappes are presented. The northern margin of the Indian continental crust was subducted to a depth of > 90 km below Asia after continental collision some 55 Ma ago. The underthrusting was accompanied by the detachment and accretion of Late Proterozoic to Early Eocene sediments, creating the North Himalayan accretionary wedge, in front of the active Asian margin and the 103–50 Ma Ladakh arc batholith. The basic dikes in the Ordovician Tso Morari granite were transformed to eclogites with crystallization of coesite, some 53 Ma ago at a depth of > 90 km (> 27 kbar) and temperatures of 500 to 600 °C. The detachment and extrusion of the low density Tso Morari nappe, composed of 70% of the Tso Morari granite and 30% of graywackes with some eclogitic dikes, occurred by ductile pure and simple shear deformation. It was pushed by buoyancy forces and by squeezing between the underthrusted Indian lithosphere and the Asian mantle wedge. The extruding Tso Morari nappe reached a depth of 35 km at the base of the North Himalayan accretionary wedge some 48 Ma ago. There the whole nappe stack recrystallized under amphibolite facies conditions of a Barrovian regional metamorphism with a metamorphic field gradient of 20 °C/km. An intense schistosity with a W–E oriented stretching lineation L₁ and top-to-the E shear criteria and crystallization of oriented sillimanite needles after kyanite, testify to the Tso Morari nappe extrusion and pressure drop. The whole nappe stack, comprising from the base to top the Tso Morari, Tetraogal, Karzok and Mata–Nyimaling-Tsarap nappes, was overprinted by new schistosities with a first N-directed and a second NE-directed stretching lineation L₂ and L₃ reaching the base of the North Himalayan accretionary wedge. They are characterized by top-to-the S and SW shear criteria. This structural overprint was related to an early N- and a younger NE-directed underthrusting of the Indian plate below Asia that was accompanied by anticlockwise rotation of India. The warping of the Tso Morari dome started already some 48 Ma ago with the formation of an extruding nappe at depth. The Tso Morari dome reached a depth of 15 km about 40 Ma ago in the eastern Kiagar La region and 30 Ma ago in the western Nuruchan region. The extrusion rate was of about 3 cm/yr between 53 and 48 Ma, followed by an uplift rate of 1.2 mm/yr between 48 and 30 Ma and of only 0.5 mm/yr after 30 Ma. Geomorphology observations show that the Tso Morari dome is still affected by faults, open regional dome, and basin and pull-apart structures, in a zone of active dextral transpression parallel to the Indus Suture zone.     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带中段江错蛇绿岩岩石学、地球化学、年代学及地质意义

江错蛇绿岩位于班公湖-怒江缝合带中段, 位于切里湖蛇绿岩亚带的最东端, 南邻蓬湖西蛇绿岩.江错蛇绿岩岩石组合相对较全, 主要由变质橄榄岩、辉长岩和辉绿岩等组成.江错蛇绿岩辉长岩-辉绿岩与N-MORB相比具有较高的Mg#、低Ti、K、Na和P的特征, 富集大离子亲石元素Sr、Rb、Ba和亏损高场强元素Th、Hf、Ta、Nb, REE配分图总体显示为平坦型分布模式.通过地球化学元素分析认为江错蛇绿岩是形成于SSZ之上的弧后盆地扩张脊环境.对其进行辉长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年, 得出加权平均年龄为189.8±3.3 Ma(MSWD=0.97), 该结果代表了班公湖怒江缝合带中段江错地区特提斯洋的扩张时代, 与中段东巧地区蛇绿岩年龄一致, 但晚于东段洋盆发育时代且早于西段洋盆发育时代, 表明整个班公湖-怒江洋盆发育时代存在东早西晚的特点.      

Geochemistry, Geochronology, Sr-Nd Isotopic Compositions of Jiang Tso Ophiolite in the Middle Segment of the Bangong- Nujiang Suture Zone and Their Geological Significance

The Jiang Tso ophiolite,situated in the middle segment of the Bangong- Nujiang Suture Zone,is a part of the easternmost Qieli Lake ophiolite subzone and is close to the south of Pung Lake ophiolite. The rock association of Jiang Tso ophiolite is relatively complete and is mainly composed of metamorphic peridotite,gabbro and diabase. Comparing with N-MORB,the ophiolite is high in Mg and low in Ti,K,Na,P,and is depleted in Nb,Ta,Hf,Th and enriched in Rb,Sr and Ba. Geochemical characteristics of the Jiang Tso ophiolite indicate it is of a supra-subduction zone type formed in the spreading ridge of back arc basin. The SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons from the gabbro yielded a weighted average age of 188.1±4.1 Ma(MSWD=1.4),indicating the Jiang Tso ophiolite was formed in the late stage of early Jurassic. The Sr,Nd isotopic compositions show that the Tethyan mantle domain is the depleted mantle(DM),with enriched mantle domain II(EM II). They have the same Sr,Nd isotopic composition with the India Ocean MORB type.     

SERPENTINIZATION OF THE MANTLE WEDGE BY FLUIDS DERIVED FROM CONTINENTAL CRUSTAL MATERIAL: EVIDENCE FROM Nd ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES OF SERPENTINITES (TSO MORARI DOME,ELADAKH)

SERPENTINIZATION OF THE MANTLE WEDGE BY FLUIDS DERIVED FROM CONTINENTAL CRUSTAL MATERIAL: EVIDENCE FROM Nd ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES OF SERPENTINITES (TSO MORARI DOME,ELADAKH)1　deSigoyerJ ,GuillotS .Glaucophane bearingeclogitesintheTsoMoraridome (easternLadakh ,NWHimalaya) [J] .Euro peanJournalofMineralogy ,1997,9:10 73～ 10 83. 2　deSigoyerJ,ChavagnacV ,VillaIM ,etal.DatingtheIndiancontinentalsubductionandcollisionalthicke…     

纳木错湖相沉积与藏北高原古大湖

藏北高原古湖岸线分布广泛，湖相沉积与湖成地貌发育，目前，在纳木错沿岸可清晰地划分出4-6级湖岸阶地，最高湖相沉积高出现代湖面150m，沿岸堤可多达50条，雄曲-那曲谷地是连接纳木错盆地与其以西的仁错-久如错盆地的分水谷地，也是构成纳木错2湖岸阶地顶部的第四纪湖相沉积，构成宽谷的谷底，从最高湖岸线的分布与湖相沉积物、湖成地貌等标志综合判定，古大湖泊的面积要比现代湖泊面积大数十倍，末次古大湖的时代发生于末次冰期间冰段。     

Geochemistry of eclogites of the Tso Morari complex,Ladakh, NW Himalayas:Insights into trace element behavior during subduction and exhumation

Whole rock major and trace element compositions of seven eclogites from the Tso Morari ultra-high pressure(UHP) complex, Ladakh were determined with the aim of constraining the protolith origins of the subducted crust. The eclogites have major element compositions corresponding to sub-alkaline basalts. Trace element characteristics of the samples show enrichment in LILE's over HFSEs(Rb, Th, K except Ba) with LREE enrichments((La/Lu)n = 1.28-5.96). Absence of Eu anomaly on the Primitive Mantle normalized diagram suggests the absence of plagioclase fractionation. Positive correlation between Mg# with Ni and Cr suggests olivine fractionation of mantle melts. Narrow range of(La/Yb)n(2.1-9.4) and Ce/Yb(6.2-16.2) along with Ti/Y(435-735) ratios calculated for the Tso Morari samples is consistent with generation of melts by partial melting of a garnet free mantle source within the spinel peridotite field. Ternary diagrams(viz. Ti-Zr-Y and Nb-Zr-Y) using immobile and incompatible elements show that the samples range from depleted to enriched and span from within plate basalts(WPB)to enriched MORB(E-MORB) indicating that the eclogite protoliths originated from basaltic magmas.Primitive Mantle normalized multi element plots showing significant Th and LREE enrichment marked by negative Nb anomalies are characteristic of continental flood basalts. Positive Pb, negative Nb, high Th/Ta, a narrow range of Nb/La and the observed wide variation for Ti/Y indicate that the Tso Morari samples have undergone some level of crustal contamination. Observed geochemical characteristics of the Tso Morari samples indicate tholeiitic compositions originated from enriched MORB(E-MORB) type magmas which underwent a limited magmatic evolution through the process of fractional crystallization and probably more by crustal contamination. Observed geochemical similarities(viz. Zr, Nb, La/Yb, La/Gd,La/Nb, Th/Ta ratios and REE) between Tso Morari eclogites and the Group I Panjal Traps make the trap basalt the most likely protoliths for the Tso Morari eclogites.     

Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages of the ultramafic rocks in Chigu Tso area,Southeastern Tibet and their constraints on the timing of Comei Large Igneous Province

A suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks developed in the Chigu Tso area, eastern Tethyan Himalaya. Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages acquired by SIMS and LA-ICP-MS from olivine pyroxenite rocks in the Chigu Tso area are 138.9±3.0 Ma and 139.0±1.9 Ma, respectively. These two Early Cretaceous ages are similar with the ages of the more abundant mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya, indicating that this suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks in the Chigu Tso area should be included in the outcrop area of the Comei Large Igneous Province (LIP). These ultramafic rocks provide significant evidence that the involvement of mantle plume/hot spot activities in the formation of the Comei LIP. Baddeleyite U-Pb dating by SIMS is one reliable and convenient method to constrain the formation time of ultramafic rocks. The dating results of baddeleyite and zircon from the olivine pyroxenite samples in this paper are consistent with each other within analytical uncertainties, suggesting that baddeleyite and zircon were both formed during the same magmatic process. The consistency of baddeleyite U-Pb ages in the Chigu Tso area with zircon U-Pb ages for a large number of Early Cretaceous mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya further support that zircon grains from such mafic rocks yielding Early Cretaceous ages are also magmatic in origin.     

Quantifying the P–T–t conditions of north–south Lhasa terrane accretion: new insight into the pre‐Himalayan architecture of the Tibetan plateau

An integrated field, petrological and geochronological study of the Basong Tso region of south‐eastern Tibet has constrained the timing and P–T conditions of north–south Lhasa terrane accretion and provides new insight into the tectonothermal evolution of the Tibetan plateau. Two distinct high‐grade metamorphic belts are recognized in the region: a southern belt (the Basong Tso complex) that consists of sheared schist and orthogneiss; and a northern belt (the Zhala complex) that comprises paragneiss and granite. Combined pseudosection modelling and U–Pb geochronology of monazite and zircon indicates that the Basong Tso complex records peak metamorphic conditions of 9 ± 0.5 kbar and 690 ± 25 °C at c. 204–201 Ma, whereas the Zhala complex experienced peak metamorphic conditions of 5.0 ± 1.0 kbar and 740 ± 40 °C at c. 198–192 Ma. Microstructural analysis suggests that the two belts share a common early prograde history, after which the Basong Tso complex attained peak conditions following rapid burial, and the Zhala complex approached peak conditions along an isobaric path. Overall it is inferred that the Basong Tso and Zhala complexes represent the lower and upper structural levels of an evolving orogen that underwent Barrovian‐type metamorphism following collision (M1), followed by Buchan‐style overprinting at higher structural levels due to heat advection by syn‐tectonic granites (M2). Mylonitization (sensu lato) of the Basong Tso complex and juxtaposition of the two units occurred after attainment of peak conditions. The dominance of Mesozoic regional metamorphism across most of the Tibetan plateau indicates that Cenozoic crustal thickening processes, where present, are only manifested at depth.     

西藏改则地区拉果错蛇绿岩地球化学特征及成因

拉果错蛇绿岩位于西藏改则县南侧,是班公湖-怒江缝合带南侧蛇绿岩带中发育最完整的蛇绿岩之一,可能形成晚侏罗世—早白垩世,主要由地幔橄榄岩、堆晶岩、枕状熔岩、岩墙、斜长花岗岩及放射虫硅质岩等构造单元组成。微量元分析结果表明该蛇绿岩中的中基性岩富集 Sr、Rb 等大离子亲石元素,亏损 Nb、Ta 等高场强元素,具有岛弧型火山岩的特点其在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图解中主要显示平坦型曲线,它们可能是由消减板片流体交代的地幔楔源区的部分熔,形成。拉果错蛇绿岩可能形成于弧间盆地环境,代表了班公湖-怒江缝合带南侧弧-弧碰撞的产物。