单斜构造岩溶含水层及其岩溶渗漏条件分析——以湖北溇水江坪河水电站河湾地块为例

通过对湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块寒武系下统龙王庙组上段(∈ 21）单斜岩溶含水系统的水动力、温度、水量均衡以及岩溶发育特征分析,提出在单斜岩层中存在2层岩溶结构和2层岩溶水系统,上层岩溶水系统的水位高于正常蓄水位( 475m) ,而深层岩溶水系统的水位低于正常蓄水位( 475m)。在建库条件下,库水可通过深层岩溶水系统向河湾下游径流排泄,即河湾地块存在岩溶渗漏问题。该结论已得到深孔勘探以及钻孔彩色录像初步查证。      

单斜构造岩溶含水层及其岩溶渗漏条件分析——以湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块为例

通过对湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块寒武系下统龙王庙组上段(∈21l)单斜岩溶含水系统的水动力、温度、水量均衡以及岩溶发育特征分析,提出在单斜岩层中存在2层岩溶结构和2层岩溶水系统,上层岩溶水系统的水位高于正常蓄水位(475m),而深层岩溶水系统的水位低于正常蓄水位(475m)。在建库条件下,库水可通过深层岩溶水系统向河湾下游径流排泄,即河湾地块存在岩溶渗漏问题。该结论已得到深孔勘探以及钻孔彩色录像初步查证。     

单斜构造岩溶含水层及其岩溶渗漏条件分析--以湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块为例

通过对湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块寒武系下统龙王庙组上段(∈21l)单斜岩溶含水系统的水动力、温度、水量均衡以及岩溶发育特征分析,提出在单斜岩层中存在2层岩溶结构和2层岩溶水系统,上层岩溶水系统的水位高于正常蓄水位(475m),而深层岩溶水系统的水位低于正常蓄水位(475m).在建库条件下,库水可通过深层岩溶水系统向河湾下游径流排泄,即河湾地块存在岩溶渗漏问题.该结论已得到深孔勘探以及钻孔彩色录像初步查证.     

川西拗陷上三叠统气田水化学形成演化的重溯

本文在研究区沉积演化、构造演化和上三叠统含水系统、水文地质期定位的基础上, 论证了T3x2水起源于35 g/kg的海相同生沉积盐水, 经历了沉积、沉压埋藏、构造热液3个“期”的浓缩盐化正向变质, 演化成为最高浓度160 g/kg的海相后生沉积孔隙裂隙卤水、浓卤水; T3x4、T3x6水均起源于陆相同生沉积淡水, T3x4经历了沉积、沉压埋藏—淋滤、沉压埋藏、构造热液4个“期”, 主要是高度浓缩盐化正向深变质, 演化成为最高浓度100 g/kg的后生沉积孔隙裂隙盐卤水; T3x6与T3x2经历的期相同, 经高度浓缩盐化正向深变质, 演化成为最高浓度84 g/kg的后生沉积孔隙裂隙盐卤水。     

论含油气盆地含水系统和水文地质期的划分：以东海…

以东海西湖凹陷为例，从理论上分析了怎样分含水系统和水文地质期，提出了含水系统的内涵，划分了５种基本形式的水文地质期，建立了西湖凹陷新生代沉积体系的层序和期序，并从宏观上概化了地下水成生演化的模式。     

论含油气盆地含水系统和水文地质期的划分──以东海西湖凹陷为例

以东海西湖凹陷为例，从理论上分析了怎样划分含水系统和水文地质期，提出了含水系统的内涵，划分了５种基本形式的水文地质初，建立了西湖凹陷新生代沉积体系的层序和期序，并从宏观上概化了地下水成生演化的模式。     

区域岩溶水水化学特征与渗流研究

通过对川西南某水电工程坝址上、下游几十公里范围内下二叠统（Ｐ１）地层中岩溶水水化学场特征的分析研究和对比,运用反证法判定,区内该层中的岩溶水,虽然处在同一个含水系统中,但并非属同一个流动系统,进而论证了在不蓄水情况下不存在库区、坝区地下水沿Ｐ１灰岩向金沙江下游渗流问题。结果显示,利用水化学成分信息判定坝址上、下游岩溶水是否属同一个流动系统,进而分析渗漏可能性是一种简单、可靠的方法。     

南阳市城区地下水系统划分及供水意义

根据地层、水文地质条件等,把南阳市城区地下水划分为浅层、中深层、深层和超深层四个含水系统,提出分别作为城市工业冷却水、生活饮用水、天然矿泉水和医疗热矿水水源的分层开发观点.     

江苏省南通市深层含水系统地下水水质咸化特征及成因分析

深层含水系统地下水水质咸化是南通市主要环境地质问题之一,文章从第四纪含水系统自身特有的水文地球化学环境以及地下水开采两方面,对南通市深层含水系统地下水水质咸化特征及形成原因进行分析研究.区内除长江沿岸局部地带出露泥盆系外,大部地区为第四系松散层覆盖,厚度一般200～360m,垂向上多层含水砂层相互叠置,赋存有丰富的地下水.自上而下可划分为浅层、中层以及深层含水系统,其中浅层、中层含水系统埋藏于180m以浅,多为咸水,开发利用程度较低;深层含水系统埋藏于180m以深,地下水具有水质优、水量丰富的特点,因而被广泛开发利用.深层地下水的大量开发利用,改变了地下水的天然动态,水位连年持续下降,并形成了规模较大的区域水位降落漏斗.1997年,南通市最低水位埋深45.0m,下降速率高达1.5m/a,水位埋深大于20.0m的范围达5100km2.此后,区域水位降落漏斗仍在继续扩大、加深,2000年水位埋深已降至56m.随着区域水位降落漏斗的形成和发展,该市深层地下水水质发生了相应的变化,水质动态总体呈咸化趋势,咸化速率由小于4mg/l*a到大于20mg/l\5a不等.在水位漏斗中心区、上部隔水层发育较差地段以及东部沿海地带咸化最为严重,并呈现自西向东咸化程度加重的变化规律.研究结果表明,引起本区深层地下水水质咸化的原因主要有四个方面(1)中层含水系统内咸水越流补给,导致深层含水系统水质咸化.在天然条件下,由于地下水运动缓慢,交替周期长,区内各含水系统地下水水质动态相对稳定.但是,人为强烈开采深层地下水,使其水位大幅度下降,造成中层含水系统与深层含水系统之间出现较大的渗透压,大大激化了中层含水系统的越流补给,致使高矿化水入侵深层含水系统,导致地下水水质咸化;(2)深层含水系统相对隔水顶板粘性土压缩释水补给导致深层含水系统水质咸化.地下水水头降低,打破了地下水原始平衡状态,深层含水系统上部相对隔水顶板粘性土层中的水,在水头差驱使下流向含水层,结果也降低了粘性土中孔隙水对上覆地层的支撑力,导致粘性土层压缩并向含水层排水,即粘性土压缩水;(3)深层含水系统中微咸水、半咸水的迳流补给导致深层含水系统水质咸化.地下水位大幅度下降,地下水水力坡度变陡,迳流速度加快,周边同一含水层高矿化度地下水迅速向漏斗中心流动,导致水质咸化;(4)成井工艺不合格造成深层含水系统水质咸化.因打井市场的开放,一些没有资质打井队伍也进入市场承担工程,由于设备、技术手段不足,采用通天回填现象较普遍,止水质量较差,如果上覆有咸水或微咸水,往往使井边附近地带的地下淡水明显咸化而很快不能使用.     

安龙—木咋岩溶地下水化学特征研究

安龙-木咱片区为贵州西南重要的经济发展中心,岩溶地下水是区内重要水资源。该区域储水构造岩溶水系统,为封闭系统,含水岩组为三叠系白云岩,含水介质为溶孔、溶隙,地下水分布较均匀。通过对该研究区域岩溶水背景条件、水化学特征,沉积环境、地球化学背景和水文地质条件进行分析,并对其地下水化学特征成因进行探讨。结果表明,岩溶含水介质组合类型以溶孔-溶隙、溶洞-裂隙为主,水化学类型主要为HCO3--Ca2+·Mg2+型。同时以岩溶地下水系统为研究单位,论证了黔西南高原台面的岩溶山区地下水化学具有"平面分块"和"垂向呈层特征"。     

大陆岛地下水动力学特征—以湛江东海岛为例

东海岛是一具有独特水文地质条件的大陆岛,浅层含水层与大陆以浅海湾相隔,中深层承压水含水层与大陆地下水系统紧密相连。为了深入地认识大陆岛地下水水动力学特征,以湛江东海岛为例,阐述了其水文地质条件,并分析了东海岛浅、中、深层地下水的流场和动态特征。分析结果表明,东海岛为一个典型且独特的大陆岛,岛内和大陆的部分浅层含水层由湛江湾相隔,岛内中、深层含水层和大陆中、深层含水层通过湛江湾相连,且具有统一的水位分布,并保持着密切的水力联系,岛内中、深层地下水由南向北径流补给湛江市区的降落漏斗中心;滨海及海水区域浅层含水层及其下伏的粘土层构成了防止海水入侵中、深层地下水的保护层;浅层地下水流场基本保持天然状态,水位动态特征主要为入渗径流型,水位变化与降雨量相关;中、深层地下水流场以人工流场为主,地下水由南向北径流,水位动态类型主要为开采动态型,水位变化主要受到开采量变化的影响;在近海岸地区,地下水动态表现为潮汐效应型,在潮汐作用下,地下水位动态具有周期性。     

Natural salinity sources in the groundwaters of Jordan—Importance of sustainable aquifer management

In recent years, voices in Jordan became lauder to exploit the fresh to brackish deep groundwater overlain by fresh groundwater bodies. In this article the implications of such a policy on the existing fresh water bodies are worked out through studying the sources of salinity in the different aquifer systems and the potentials of salinity mobilization by artificial changes in the hydrodynamic regimes. It is concluded that extracting the groundwater of deep aquifers overlain by fresh water bodies, whether the deep groundwater is fresh to brackish, brackish or salty, is equivalent to extracting groundwater from the overlying fresh groundwater bodies because of the hydraulic connections of the deep and the shallow aquifers’ groundwaters. The consequences are even more complicated and severe because exploiting the deep groundwater containing brackish or salty water will lead to refilling by fresh groundwater leaking from the overlying aquifers. The leaking water becomes salinized as soon as it enters the pore spaces of the emptied deep aquifer matrix and by mixing with the deep aquifer brackish or saline groundwater. Therefore, the move to exploit the deep groundwater is misleading and damaging the aquifers and is unjust to future generation's rights in the natural wealth of Jordan or any other country with similar aquifers’ set-up. In addition, desalination produces brines with high salinity which cannot easily be discharged in the highlands of Jordan (with only very limited access to the open sea) because they will on the long term percolate down into fresh water aquifers.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of the aquifer systems of Gonghe Basin,Northern China

We present the first systematic hydrogeological analysis to grain insights on the evolution of the Gonghe Basin in North China. Two hundred and forty seven water samples were collected from the Gonghe East Basin, Gonghe West Basin and Chaka Basin. The three groundwater systems of Gonghe Basin from west to east display different geochemical signatures. Based on Na/Cl ratios and Langelier-Ludwig diagram, it is inferred that the groundwater recharge potential of the Gonghe East Basin is much prosperous than the other areas. The renewability of the aquifers in alluvial-proluvial fan of Wahonghe and Gonghe East Basin margin is much faster than in the other basins. The groundwater quality in Chaka Salt Lake,Shazhuyu and Qiabuqia River Valley plains is low due to strong evaporation and cation exchange. The groundwater quality of the phreatic aquifers in the Qiabuqia River Valley plain is further deteriorated by mixing of high-arsenic and high-mineralization water from the deep fault structures.     

海潮及其影响下海岸带地下水位时间序列的周期性和滞后性

运用谱分析原理，对广西北海市海潮及受海潮影响的滨海含水层地下水位时间序列进行分析，求出海潮和观测孔水位变化的周期及地下水位滞后于海潮的时间，分析水位滞后时间与离海岸的垂直距离之间的关系。结果表明，北海市海潮和海岸带地下水位有约344．82h（14．37d）的长周期变化和约24．7h、12．5h的短周期波动，距海岸2175、2350、2375m的3个观测孔地下水位对海潮的滞后时间分别为5．5、6．25和7h，滞后时间随离海岸的距离增大大体上呈线性增加。     

上海市承压含水层系统应力-应变特征及地面沉降防治对策

1990年以来，上海市地下水开采与人工回灌格局发生了较大的变化。承压含水层地下水位变化与压缩变形均表现为新的特点与发展趋势。通过对上海中心城区含水层系统的应力一应变特点分析，总结了承压含水层随地下水位下降所表现出的弹性一弹塑性一塑性变形的演化规律。上海中心城区第Ⅱ、Ⅲ承压含水层总体上处于地下水开采与人工回灌的平衡状态，表现为弹性变形；而第Ⅳ、Ⅴ承压含水层由于地下水位目前已严重低于其“临界水位”，表现为持续压缩的塑性变形。目前，第Ⅳ承压含水层对中心城区地面沉降贡献率已达到了49．3％，西部华漕地区第Ⅴ承压含水层变形的贡献率为46．7％。针对各承压含水层不同的变形特点，提出了地下水资源管理与地面沉降防治对策。     

非均质含水层中地下水年龄数值模拟

地下水年龄数值模拟是近年来国际地下水领域的一个全新研究方向。在简单介绍地下水年龄数值模拟相关理论和方法基础上,通过一个简单算例模拟对比了稳定流条件下不同非均质含水层中的水流运动和年龄分布,探讨了夹层透水性的强弱对地下水年龄分布的影响。结果表明,在地下水系统保持补径排通量不变的前提下,弱透水夹层的存在对于特定区域地下水的深部循环和更新具有积极作用。同时,在模拟区域深部含水层的年龄分布时,不能忽略其弥散作用。地下水年龄模拟为研究区域尺度上的地下水循环和地下水资源可持续利用提供了一种新的途径。     

呼和浩特盆地地下水流系统变异机制及其资源效应

几十年的高强度开采致使呼和浩特盆地地下水流系统发生了很大变化。在对含水系统结构特征分析的基础上,结合地下水流场及水位动态特征,对地下水流系统演化模式进行了分析总结,基本可归纳为3个演化阶段,地下水人工开采及沟谷水利工程的修建是地下流系统变异的主要驱动因子。采用均衡法对现状条件下地下水均衡情况进行了定量计算,通过与历史时期均衡情况对比分析,发现在不同水流系统演化阶段,各含水层地下水补排量差异较大,从而导致地下水资源量发生变化,与历史时期相比,潜水含水层资源量明显减小,承压含水层资源量有所增加,但总资源量一定程度减小,地下流系统变异的资源效应明显。     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and pore-water and the paleoenvironmental evolution in the past 3.10 Ma in the Xiong’an New Area,North China

The groundwater level has been continuously decreasing due to climate change and long-time overexploitation in the Xiong’an New Area, North China, which caused the enhanced mixing of groundwater in different aquifers and significant changes in regional groundwater chemistry characteristics. In this study, groundwater and sediment pore-water in drilling cores obtained from a 600 m borehole were investigated to evaluate hydrogeochemical processes in shallow and deep aquifers and paleo-environmental evolution in the past ca. 3.10 Ma. Results showed that there was no obvious change overall in chemical composition along the direction of groundwater runoff, but different hydrochemical processes occurred in shallow and deep groundwater in the vertical direction. Shallow groundwater (< 150 m) in the Xiong’an New Area was characterized by high salinity (TDS > 1000 mg/L) and high concentrations of Mn and Fe, while deep groundwater had better water quality with lower salinity. The high TDS values mostly occurred in aquifers with depth < 70 m and >500 m below land surface. Water isotopes showed that aquifer pore-water mostly originated from meteoric water under the influence of evaporation, and aquitard pore-water belonged to Paleo meteoric water. In addition, the evolution of the paleoclimate since 3.10 Ma BP was reconstructed, and four climate periods were determined by the δ¹⁸O profiles of pore-water and sporopollen records from sediments at different depths. It can be inferred that the Quaternary Pleistocene (0.78–2.58 Ma BP) was dominated by the cold and dry climate of the glacial period, with three interglacial intervals of warm and humid climate. What’s more, this study demonstrates the possibilities of the applications of pore-water on the hydrogeochemical study and further supports the finding that pore-water could retain the feature of paleo-sedimentary water.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

淄河下游污染区地下水污染特征及人畜供水条件分析

历史上淄河下游的人畜供水一直依赖地下水,但20世纪80年代以来区内淄河下游河道长期接纳上游污水,地表水和浅层地下水受到污染,浅层地下水已不适于人畜饮用。污染区沿淄河呈条带状展布,污染区边界距淄河约1.0~1.5 km,其中距淄河500 m以内的区域污染最为严重。中深层地下水水质良好,仅个别井点因井管损坏造成点状串层污染,可做为人畜用水水源。基本可满足2010年前区内人畜供水要求。人畜供水开采中深层地下水时,应根据地下水污染特征和中深层含水层水文地质特征,分区分层开采,实现地下水合理开发,防止中深层地下水串层污染,保护宝贵的地下水资源。     

Review: Deep groundwater research with focus on Germany

While research focuses mainly on the intensively used shallower aquifers, only a little research has addressed groundwater movement in deeper aquifers. This is mainly because of the negligible relevance of deep groundwater for daily usage and the great efforts and high costs associated with its access. In the last few decades, the discussion about deep geological final repositories for radioactive waste has generated strong demand for the investigation and characterization of deep-lying aquifers. Other utilizations of the deeper underground have been added to the discussion: the use of geothermal energy, potential CO₂ storage, and sources of potable water as an alternative to the geogenic or anthropogenic contaminated shallow aquifers. As a consequence, the fast growing requirement for knowledge and understanding of these dynamic systems has spurred the research on deep groundwater systems and accordingly the development of suitable test methods, which currently show considerable limitations. This review provides an overview of the history of deep groundwater research. Deep groundwater flow and research in the main hydrogeological units is presented based on six projects and the methods used. The study focuses on Germany and two other locations in Europe.