一种新的地下水年龄示踪剂--CFC

本文介绍了用CFC测定地下水年龄的新方法,概述了CFC的起源、分布特征和CFC的地下水测年原理,同时对CFC作为地下水测年工具的优越性和局限性进行了分析,介绍了取样要求和方法。     

高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区地下水的形成

在高放废物处置库场地选择和性能评价中,水文地质特征是最重要的因素之一,地下水的形成则是水文地质研究中的首要问题。在水文地质、地下水化学、同位素、CFC、地下水动态等资料综合分析的基础上,探讨了高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区地下水的形成问题。研究结果表明,北山地区地下水以赋存于变质岩、岩浆岩、碎屑岩、碳酸岩节理、裂隙中的基岩裂隙潜水为主,地下水化学成分具有明显的水平分带性特征,地下水动态类型主要为入渗—蒸发—径流型,结合地下水同位素和CFC 特征,认为区内地下水主要由当地大气降水入渗补给形成。浅部地下水主要由现代区内降水补给形成,而深部地下水则可能由地质历史时期降水补给形成。     

海底金矿矿坑涌水水源判识及演化研究

为查明新立海底金矿浅部裂隙涌水在开采条件下的演化规律,从水文地球化学的角度出发,提出采用主成分分析法和最大似然概率法对裂隙涌水水源及其混合比进行判识和计算,并采用数值模拟法间接验证计算结果的可靠性。研究表明:该方法能够有效识别矿山涌水水端元的组合模型及其变化,计算出可能性最大的端元混合比;新立金矿浅部裂隙涌水端元模型经历了由Ⅰ类基岩水+海底地下水到Ⅰ类基岩水+海底地下水+现代海水的演化过程;海底地下水和现代海水易从采空区两侧肩部进入矿坑,且涌水中海水含量呈现先增加后减小的变化规律。     

山西忻州盆地地热水地球化学特征及其成因机制

地热水地球化学研究对于认识各类水热型地热资源的成因机制有重要意义.以山西忻州盆地为研究区,开展了系统的地球化学研究.结果显示,忻州盆地地热系统的形成与地壳浅部岩浆房和浅部岩石放射性元素衰变热异常无关,而是正常热流背景下地下水深循环的结果 .地热水的水化学和氢氧同位素特征均指示区内地热水补给来源于西部云中山区大气降水,大气降水由补给区入渗并向东部忻州盆地运移,循环深度为1 618.3～3 451.5 m,热储温度达48.4～91.8℃.地热水上升至第四系孔隙热储后普遍混入浅层地下冷水,最高混合比可达78%.     

利用CFC研究地下水混合作用——以关中盆地浅层地下水为例

从介绍了CFC在识别地下水混合中的应用入手,将此方法实际应用于关中盆地浅层下水研究。理论分析表明CFC浓度比值不受地下水混合作用的影响,利用CFC浓度年龄和CFC比值年龄可分析地下水混合作用,并可估算新水所占的比例。关中盆地下水CFC浓度从山前向渭河谷地有下降趋势,反映地下水以侧向流动为主,山前补给的新水与含水层中的老水有混合作用。地下水中新水所占的比例可达50%以上,表明该区地下水较易接受现代水补给。     

DRASTIC与同位素方法在内蒙古呼和浩特市地下水防污性评价中的应用

以内蒙古呼和浩特市平原区地下水系统为例,采用传统DRASTIC方法和同位素3H浓度、3H与14C测年的新方法划分了不同的地下水系统防污性能区,开展了地下水系统防污性评价方法研究。研究结果表明,DRASTIC方法评价结果显示了浅层地下水系统对来自垂向上污染物的固有防御能力;同位素方法评价结果反映了浅、深层含水层系统对来自补给区污染物的防御能力。并且文中指出了两种评价方法各自具有优、缺点。最后指出应根据区域水文地质条件、地下水开发利用现状,以及城市发展规划,采取DRSTIC和同位素辅助方法综合区划地下水系统的防污性能,为环境管理和决策者划分地下水源保护区,制定地下水保护措施提供科学依据。     

地下水CFC定年方法及应用

地下水系统中是否存在现代水补给,是地下水资源评价中非常重要的问题之一,如何确定地下水中有无现代水补给,是水文地质工作中的一个难题.地下水CFC方法是一种新的定年方法,通过测量地下水中溶解的氟氯碳化合物(CFC),可确定近50年以来地下水的年龄、地下水系统接受现代水的补给程度,是研究地表水与地下水之间的联系的有效方法.     

地下水放射性同位素测年方法研究进展

放射性同位素测定地下水年龄是研究煤矿区含水层系统中地下水的赋存条件、运移规律和含水层系统中地下水资源可更新能力的重要手段,对煤矿水灾害防治和地下水资源的可持续利用至关重要,近年来它已成为国际水文地质研究的热点问题。在详细阐述地下水放射性同位素测年及分类方法的基础上,对国内外有关地下水测年方法的原理和优缺点进行了分析评述。并讨论了目前地下水测年方法中存在的一些问题,指出地下水放射性同位素测年方法研究的发展趋势和亟待加强研究的关键问题。      

江苏如东北部水产养殖区地面沉降现状分析与防控建议

江苏如东北部水产养殖区自规模化运营以来,长期对区内浅部地下水进行集中式开采,区内地下水水位持续下降形成水位漏斗,继而导致地面沉降的发生,是苏北地区典型水产养殖引起的地面沉降区,为全省地面沉降研究新的拓展区和实践区。根据2017—2020年度高精度InSAR监测数据,圈定研究区地面沉降重点沉降区及影响范围,通过39个开采井水位统测数据对比研究,证实区内地下水水位漏斗与地面沉降展布形态和特征具有较好的一致性,科学佐证了地下水开采是研究区地面沉降形成的主要诱因。     

包气带在干旱半干旱地区地下水补给研究中的应用

在干旱半干旱地区,包气带的溶质和同位素剖面不但可以提供较长时间尺度上的地下水补给信息,而且记录了过去气候变化与环境变化信息。本文基于学科组近10年的研究成果,以鄂尔多斯盆地为例（包括南部的黄土高原和北部的沙漠高原）,将包气带和饱和带结合起来,利用多种环境示踪技术,提升了包气带在干旱半干旱地区地下水研究中的潜力,并将其应用到地下水补给历史重建、地下水补给机制确定、植被变化对地下水补给影响评价和地下水污染物全过程示踪中。研究表明,由于在干旱半干旱地区,包气带较厚且补给量有限,地下水和现今的浅表水文过程未达到水力平衡,如在沙漠高原西部,近2 500 a降水尚储存在包气带13 m以浅,地下水是4 000 a以前补给的,其水化学特征与浅部包气带水差异巨大;而在黄土高原,补给量较大,但包气带巨厚,年降水仍需要几十到上百年时间入渗到地下水（但并不意味着没有补给,其土壤水在包气带中平均入渗速率为0.1~0.3 m·a-1）,包气带浅部溶质含量较深部和地下水中的高;典型黄土塬区的地下水均不含氚,地下水年龄在几百到上万年。黄土内部层状均匀的土壤质地特征和相对较老的地下水年龄揭示的均匀活塞流入渗是黄土塬区浅层地下水补给的主要方式。黄土高原退耕还林还草和沙漠区植被恢复导致地下水补给呈现不同程度的减少,反映在包气带上表现为溶质含量的增加,可用于定量化确定地下水补给量的变化。本文强化了包气带在干旱半干旱地区地下水补给研究中的作用,在未来地下水资源评价、地下水污染全过程刻画中应得到重视。     

Inter-comparison exercises on dissolved gases for groundwater dating – (1) Goals of the exercise and site choice,validation of the sampling strategy

Two international inter-comparison exercises devoted to dissolved gases and isotope analyses in groundwater, used as tools for groundwater dating were organized in 2012 in France (IDES – Université Paris Sud – CNRS and OSUR – Université Rennes 1 – CNRS). The goal was to compare sampling and analytical protocols through results obtained by the community of groundwater dating laboratories. The two exercises were: GDAT1 on three supply boreholes in a homogeneous sand-aquifer of Fontainebleau (Paris Basin, France) and GDAT2 on two supply boreholes (shallow and deep) in a fractured rock aquifer in French Brittany. This two-step exercise is the first exercise which included a large number of gases and isotopes usually used in groundwater as dating tools and also permit to discuss the uncertainties related to sampling protocols issuing from each laboratory methods. The two tests allowed 31 laboratories from 14 countries to compare their protocols for both sampling and analyses. This paper presents the participants and parameters measured, and focuses on the validation of the sampling strategy. Two laboratories analyzed CFC and SF₆ samples collected at regular intervals during the sampling operations in order to verify water homogeneity. The results obtained by the two “reference” laboratories along with monitoring of field parameters showed no clear trend of gas concentration or physic-chemical properties. It can be concluded that the pumped groundwater composition remained constant during sampling. This study also shows the potential for relatively constant pumped groundwater composition from a specific well despite the complexity and/or mixing processes that may occur at a larger scale in the aquifer.     

Groundwater flow system under a rapidly urbanizing coastal city as determined by hydrogeochemistry

In the Jakarta area (Indonesia), excessive groundwater pumping due to the rapidly increasing population has caused groundwater-related problems such as brackish water contamination in coastal areas and land subsidence. In this study, we adopted multiple hydrogeochemical techniques to demonstrate the groundwater flow system in the Jakarta area. Although almost all groundwater existing in the Jakarta basin is recharged at similar elevations, the water quality and residence time demonstrates a clear difference between the shallow and deep aquifers. Due to the rapid decrease in the groundwater potential in urban areas, we found that the seawater intrusion and the shallow and deep groundwaters are mixing, a conclusion confirmed by major ions, Br^?:Cl^? ratios, and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-12 analysis. Spring water and groundwater samples collected from the southern mountainside area show younger age characteristics with high concentrations of ¹⁴C and Ca–HCO₃ type water chemistry. We estimated the residence times of these groundwaters within 45 years under piston flow conditions by tritium analysis. Also, these groundwater ages can be limited to 20–30 years with piston flow evaluated by CFCs. Moreover, due to the magnitude of the CFC-12 concentration, we can use a pseudo age indicator in this field study, because we found a positive correlation between the major type of water chemistry and the CFC-12 concentration.     

Flow of river water into a karstic limestone aquifer—2. Dating the young fraction in groundwater mixtures in the Upper Floridan aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia

Tritium/helium-3 (³H/³He) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs, CFC–11, CFC–12, CFC–113) data are used to date the young fraction in groundwater mixtures from a karstic limestone aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia, where regional paleowater in the Upper Floridan aquifer receives recharge from two young sources—the flow of Withlacoochee River water through sinkholes in the river bed, and leakage of infiltration water through post-Eocene semi-confining beds above the Upper Floridan aquifer. In dating the young fraction of mixtures using CFCs, it is necessary to reconstruct the CFC concentration that was in the young fraction prior to mixing. The ³H/³He age is independent of the extent of dilution with older (³H-free and ³He_trit-free) water. The groundwater mixtures are designated as Type-1 for mixtures of regional paleowater and regional infiltration water and Type-2 for mixtures containing more than approximately 4% of river water. The fractions of regional paleowater, regional infiltration water, and Withlacoochee River water in the groundwater mixtures were determined from Cl⁻ and δ¹⁸O data for water from the Upper Floridan aquifer at Valdosta, Georgia.The chlorofluorocarbons CFC–11 and CFC–113 are removed by microbial degradation and/or sorption processes in most anaerobic (Type-2) groundwater at Valdosta, but are present in some aerobic Type-1 water. CFC–12 persists in both SO₄-reducing and methanogenic water. The very low detection limits for CFCs (approximately 0.3 pg kg⁻¹) permitted CFC–11 and CFC–12 dating of the fraction of regional infiltration water in Type-1 mixtures, and CFC-12 dating of the river-water fraction in Type-2 mixtures. Overall, approximately 50% of the 85 water samples obtained from the Upper Floridan aquifer have CFC–12-based ages of the young fraction that are consistent with the ³H concentration of the groundwater. Because of uncertainties associated with very low ³H and ³He content in dilute mixtures, ³H/³He dating is limited to the river-water fraction in Type-2 mixtures containing more than about 10% river water. Of the 41 water samples measured for ³H/³He dating, dilution of ³H and low ³He concentration limited ³H/³He dating to 16 mixtures in which ³H/³He ages are defined with errors ranging from ±2 to ±7.5 a (1 σ). After correction for dilution with (assumed) CFC-free regional infiltration water and regional paleowater in the Upper Floridan aquifer, adjusted CFC–12 ages agree with ³H/³He ages within 5 a or less in 7 of the 9 co-dated Type-2 mixtures.Tritium data and dating based on both CFC–11 and CFC–12 in Type-1 mixtures indicate that travel times of infiltration water through the overlying Post-Eocene semi-confining beds exceed 35 a. The CFC and ³H/³He dating indicate that the river fraction in most groundwater entered the groundwater reservoir in the past 20 to 30 a. Few domestic and municipal supply wells sampled intercept water younger than 5 a. Calculated velocities of river water in the Upper Floridan aquifer downgradient of the sinkhole area range from 0.4 to 8.2 m/d. Radiocarbon data indicate that ages of the regional paleowater are on the 10 000-a time scale. An average lag time of approximately 10 to 25 a is determined for discharge of groundwater from the surficial and intermediate aquifers above the Upper Floridan aquifer to the Withlacoochee River.     

Determination of groundwater recharge regime and flowpath in the Lower Heihe River basin in an arid area of Northwest China by using environmental tracers: Implications for vegetation degradation in the Ejina Oasis

Environmental tracers (CFCs, stable isotopes ¹⁸O, ²H, and ³H) and major ions were employed to study river infiltration and groundwater recharge in the aquifer system in the basin of the Lower Heihe River, Northwest China. Three groups of waters have been recognized: (1) young groundwater, connected to the river, with large variation of CFC apparent ages ranging from <10 a to 40 a, and δ¹⁸O and δ²H values which are similar to the river water; (2) regional background water, unaffected by the river, having CFC apparent ages >40 a, and being depleted in ¹⁸O and ²H compared with the river water; and (3) groundwater in Gurinai, a grassland located about 100 km from the river, in which the predominant discharge is from the Badain Jaran desert, with CFC apparent ages ranging from 25 to >50 a and being enriched in ¹⁸O and ²H compared to the river water. The groundwater along the river contains CFCs and ³H down to depths of about 120 m, and the shallow groundwater exhibits CFC apparent ages in a wide range which are not dependent on the well depth. Groundwaters along the river show a similar trend of enrichment in ¹⁸O and ²H as the river water whereas groundwaters in depression cones are depleted in heavier isotopes, and have low CFC and ³H concentrations. The CFC apparent age of the groundwater increases with increasing distance downstream, indicating that the dominant part of the groundwater is from infiltration of river water in the upper reaches. Modifications of groundwater recharge are reflected in variations of stable isotope compositions, as well as CFC and ³H concentrations in the groundwater that was recharged from the river over the last decades. Despite recharging from river water, groundwater abstraction has induced a water balance deficit. The riparian ecosystem in the Ejina Oasis is constrained by both decreased river flow and increased groundwater abstraction. The vegetation degradation in the Ejina Oasis is controlled not only by natural aridification but also worsened by heavy groundwater abstraction and decreased river flow.     

Groundwater age dating and recharge mechanism of Arusha aquifer,northern Tanzania: application of radioisotope and stable isotope techniques

The continuous abstraction of groundwater from Arusha aquifers in northern Tanzania has resulted in a decline in water levels and subsequent yield reduction in most production wells. The situation is threatening sustainability of the aquifers and concise knowledge on the existing groundwater challenge is of utmost importance. To gain such knowledge, stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, and radiocarbon dating on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), were employed to establish groundwater mean residence time and recharge mechanism.¹⁴C activity of DIC was measured in groundwater samples and corrected using a δ¹³C mixing method prior to groundwater age dating. The results indicated that groundwater ranging from 1,400 years BP to modern is being abstracted from deeper aquifers that are under intensive development. This implies that the groundwater system is continuously depleted due to over-pumping, as most of the sampled wells and springs revealed recently recharged groundwater. High ¹⁴C activities observed in spring water (98.1?±?7.9 pMC) correspond with modern groundwater in the study area. The presence of modern groundwater suggests that shallow aquifers are actively recharged and respond positively to seasonal variations.     

年轻地下水测年最新技术——SF6法

SF6是一种无色、无嗅、无毒、不易燃的惰性气体,具有良好的绝缘性、灭弧性和散热性,广泛用于断路器和变压器的绝缘材料。电器设备的泄漏使得大气中SF6浓度增加很快,每年达7%,造成SF6的人工来源,此外还有天然来源。SF6通常用带电子捕获器(ECD)的气相色谱仪测定。SF6是一种新型的测定年轻地下水年龄的工具,特别适合研究1990年以后补给水的年龄。SF6年龄以亨利定律为基础计算。由于大气中SF6浓度逐年增加,比CFC测年法具有更大的优越性。     

Groundwater residence times and flow paths in fractured rock determined using environmental tracers in the Mission Tunnel; Santa Barbara County,California, USA

Multiple geochemical tracers [ion chemistry, stable isotopes of water, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), tritium] and a 25-year-long record of discharge were used to understand residence times and flow paths of groundwater seeps in the fractured rock aquifer surrounding the Mission Tunnel, Santa Barbara, California. Tritium data from individual seeps indicate that seep waters are a mixture of >45-year-old (recharged prior to the nuclear bomb tests) and young groundwater. CFC data support this interpretation, however, a two-end member mixing model cannot completely explain the age tracer data. Microbial degradation and partial re-equilibration complicate the CFC signal. Spectral analysis of precipitation and groundwater seepage records shows that seepage lags precipitation by 3 months. This delay is related to the advancement of the wetting front and increasing the number of active flow paths. Additionally, the amount of seepage produced by precipitation is less during extended periods of drought than during normal or wet periods, suggesting antecedent conditions strongly affect flow through this fractured rock aquifer.     

唐山曹妃甸浅层地下水水化学特征及咸化成因

为了查明曹妃甸浅层地下水水化学及咸化成因,采集研究区河水、地下淡水、微咸水、咸水、卤水、雨水和海水等不同类型水样,对其水化学组成、离子比、Piper三线图、吉布斯图、氢氧同位素组成及14C测年结果进行了分析。结果表明：(1)曹妃甸浅层地下水包括全新世沉积层潜水和晚更新世沉积层微承压水,且非原始封存在地层中而是形成于全新世中晚期。(2)地下潜水向海方向分布有淡水、微咸水、咸水水质类型,微承压水以咸水和卤水为主要水质类型;近冲洪积扇前缘水化学特征主要受岩石风化作用控制,围填海区及河口处水化学特征受海水混合作用控制,滨海平原区水化学特征主要受蒸发/结晶作用控制。(3)曹妃甸浅层地下水咸化过程主要是晚更新世以来海侵海退时期形成海洋蒸发盐经大气降水和河水多期溶滤所致,其盐分来源于海水蒸发盐,河口及围填海区地下潜水盐分主要来源于现代海水入侵。     

The geochemistry and mixing of leakage in a semi-confined aquifer at a municipal well field,Memphis, Tennessee,USA

The Memphis aquifer in southwestern Tennessee is confined to a semi-confined unconsolidated sand aquifer and is the primary municipal water source in the Memphis metropolitan area. Past studies have identified regions in the metropolitan area in which the overlying upper Claiborne confining unit lacks significant clay and provides a hydraulic connection between the shallow aquifer and the Memphis aquifer. In this study, major solute chemistry, ³H, and ³H/³He groundwater dating are used to investigate the extent and chemical effects of leakage through the confining unit to the Memphis aquifer in the vicinity of a municipal well field. The ³H/³He dates and geochemical modeling of the chemical data are used to constrain mixing fractions and the timing of modern recharge. Tritium activities of as much as 2.8 TU are observed in shallow production wells, but deeper production wells have ³H activities that approach the detection limit. Trends in water chemistry indicate vertical mixing in the aquifer of shallow Na–SO₄–Cl-rich water and deeper Ca–Mg–HCO₃-rich water. Water chemistry does not vary consistently with seasonal pumping, but ³H activity generally decreases during low use periods. Stable O and H isotopes show little variation and are not useful groundwater tracers for this study. The ³H-bearing, Na–SO₄–Cl-rich water is interpreted to reflect recharge of modern water through the upper Claiborne confining unit. The ³H/³He dates from 5 production wells indicate modern recharge, that infiltrated 15–20 a ago, is present in the shallow production wells. Geologic data and hydrologic boundary conditions suggest that the most likely source for continued leakage is a nearby stream, Nonconnah Creek. Geochemical reaction modeling using the NETPATH computer code suggests that proportions of shallow aquifer water leaking into the Memphis aquifer range from 6 to 32%. The ³H/³He dating and NETPATH modeling results correlate well, suggesting that these complementary analytical tools provide an effective means to evaluate proportions of modern water leaking into semi-confined aquifers. These results also indicate a need to carefully consider connections between surface water and semi-confined groundwater resources in wellhead protection programs.