沉积物地球化学方法在海底多金属硫化物探矿中的应用

<正>海底多金属硫化物矿主要由热液喷流沉积作用形成,其成因与海底热液活动有密切的关系。海底热液活动区热液沉积物主要有两种,一种是简单混合了来自热液流体或热液柱的硫化物矿物微颗粒或Fe、Mn氧化物微颗粒的热液含金属沉积物,表现为相对普通深海沉积物富集Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag等金属元素;另一种则是热液沉积物经过后期的氧化作用改造形成或者是化学混合了硫化物氧化产物微颗粒形成的热液蚀变沉积物。根据Bostrom于1973年提出的判断含金属沉积物的Al、Fe和Mn元素     

西南印度洋中脊活动与非活动热液区沉积物元素地球化学特征对比

龙旂热液区与断桥热液区分别是西南印度洋中脊典型的活动与非活动热液区。为研究两区内表层沉积物地球化学特征,对共59件表层沉积物进行了元素地球化学测试,对其进行物质组分、富集系数与R型聚类等分析。结果表明:两区内普遍含较高的Ca、Sr、Ba等生源元素和Fe、Mg、Si、Al等围岩元素,而构造、围岩和热液活动等因素的不同,使两区沉积物的元素地球化学特征存在差异。龙旂区沉积物出现了源于超基性围岩的组分并体现在元素聚类组合中,其沉积物中热液富集相关元素Cu、Zn、Fe和Co等。断桥区更高的生源元素含量可能指示其热液活动停止后,主要受生物沉积作用的影响,该区热液相关元素与基性围岩联系紧密,表现出Pb与W的明显富集。     

西南印度洋洋中脊表层沉积物地球化学特征及其热液活动指示意义

洋中脊热液硫化物勘探技术的滞后,严重制约了对海底热液硫化物资源的勘探开发。以我国西南印度洋硫化物勘探合同区域采集的25个表层沉积物样品为研究对象,基于主量、微量和稀土元素检测数据,采用元素含量特征、相关性分析、元素对比值、特征元素三角图解,以及稀土元素分馏特征值等手段,开展沉积物热液信息研究。结果表明:样品所代表的大部分研究区域内主要为钙质生物沉积,部分样品元素地球化学特征受沉积物中玄武岩风化碎屑的影响,龙旂热液区的部分样品中表现出一定的热液迹象,稀土元素分馏特征和配分模式、（Al+K）?Mg?（Fe+Mn）三角图解可较好地指示热液活动。研究不仅为我国在西南印度洋的硫化物勘探提供基础数据参考,同时也是对海底热液硫化物勘探的沉积物地球化学找矿理论和方法的初步探索。     

西太平洋岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动及成矿作用

岛弧-弧后盆地是海底热液硫化物发育的重要环境。本文总结了近几十年对西太平洋地区岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动调查及研究的成果,阐述了岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动的分布规律、构造环境、热液喷口水深和流体温度变化关系、相分离过程以及热液硫化物的金属元素组成特征,分析了成矿元素富集规律和控矿因素。研究认为,随着岛弧-弧后盆地热液喷口所处水深的增加,其最高喷口流体温度也相应增加,这与相分离过程有关;岛弧-弧后盆地热液硫化物与洋中脊硫化物不同,以Fe-Zn-Pb型硫化物为主,显著富集Zn、Pb、Au、Ag等金属元素;热液成矿作用主要受到岛弧及弧后扩张处的岩浆作用、相分离、基岩、弧后扩张速率、沉积物盖层等5类因素的制约。     

南海北部陆坡神狐海域富有孔虫沉积层的特征及成因

浊流和碎屑流等粗粒沉积是深海油气和天然气水合物良好的储层,它的发现和识别对于深海油气和天然气水合物的勘探具有重要意义。在南海北部陆坡神狐海域水深1805 m海底采集的长5.5 m柱状沉积物由2层富有孔虫层和2层深灰色泥质粉砂层相间组成,其中深灰色泥质粉砂层(A_1和A3_)主要为黏土矿物、石英和长石组成,粒径中值在6~15μm之间,Ti/Al、K/Al和Fe/Al比值类似于南海神狐海域表层半深海沉积特征,而富有孔虫砂层(A_2和A_4)的粒度具有向上递减的特征,形成由粗到细的正粒序构造,粒径中值高,Ti/Al、K/Al和Fe/Al比值较高,与A_1和A_3灰色泥质粉砂层相比,含有更多的粗粒陆源物,推测可能是浊流经底流改造的碎屑流沉积。浮游有孔虫~(14)C定年表明下部的A_4层可能晚于42.46~43.53 ka B P,A_2层晚于15.1~15.3ka B P。浊流从浅海搬运来的大量有孔虫在陆坡经碎屑流改造形成富集Ca CO_3的有孔虫富集层。     

全球海水剖面Fe同位素组成的不均一性及其影响因素

全球海水剖面Fe同位素组成存在显著不均一性.对大西洋洋中脊、大西洋近海岸带、东太平洋和西太平洋弧后扩张中心多个站位的海水剖面溶解Fe浓度和Fe同位素组成进行了综合分析,得出以下主要认识:（1）不同区域的海水剖面溶解Fe浓度和Fe同位素组成呈现不同的变化特征,海水Fe同位素的变化趋势与海水溶解氧浓度变化一致,而与海水溶解Fe浓度呈镜像变化关系;（2）不同深度的海水溶解Fe浓度和Fe同位素组成特征的主要控制因素不同.表层海水受到大气降尘、生物作用影响呈现富重Fe同位素特征,受河流的影响Fe同位素组成偏轻;深层海水主要受到深海沉积和海底热液活动的影响,其中沉积物中的非还原溶解Fe导致海水富集重Fe同位素,而受洋中脊热液流体影响的深部海水显著富集轻Fe同位素;（3）将目前已知海底热液溶解Fe通量最小值（0.5 Gmol/a）作为全球大洋的热液溶解Fe通量,利用不同来源的溶解Fe同位素与其通量间的关系估算海底热液对海洋的Fe循环的贡献为~5.5%.由于海底热液流体的Fe通量可能远大于0.5 Gmol/a,因此,海底热液活动对海洋溶解Fe的贡献可能远超过前人的估算结果（6.0%）.      

关于现代浅海型海底热液活动的研究进展

浅海型海底热液活动一般出现于海底火山顶部或者翼部,其所处的特殊地理位置是深海热液活动和陆上热泉的过渡地形。研究浅海型海底热液活动使我们更全面了解地球内部热量的缓慢散发形式。目前浅海型热液活动研究多侧重于流体、伴生气体、沉积物等方面：对于流体研究主要通过流体元素特征探讨流体源,虽然浅海热液活动流体在海底喷出,但流体主要组分有时是海水,有时是陆上大气水—海水只是作为少部分加入其中。对于伴生气体的研究表明：热液喷出时伴生气体组分多是火山气来源,火山气的加入导致热液流体酸性增强,使热液流体较容易淅沥出围岩中的元素,因此尽管浅海型热液流体流经路程短,但是流体中依然包含了较多物质,从而在海底表面沉淀沉积物,甚至可以形成烟囱体,由此可见浅海型热液活动与火山活动紧密相关。对于沉积物的研究显示浅海热液活动产生的沉积物组分简单,也有像深海热液活动中烟囱状沉积体的形成。沉积物对周围水域中元素浓度起到积极影响,如Fe、As含量等,这是热液流体与海水相互作用的结果。 现代浅海型热液活动往往出现于近海岸处,距离人类生活较深海热液活动更加接近,所以浅海热液活动对周围环境影响的深度及广度应该成为下一步研究重点。     

贵州遵义松林寒武系底部热液喷口及与喷口相关生物群特征

贵州遵义寒武系底部黑色页岩中含Mo、Ni、U等重金属的富集层，它们一直被认为与热水沉积作用有关。本文通过对贵州遵义松林小竹一带的寒武系底部地层的系统的岩石、矿物、地球化学研究，认为遵义松林小竹一带寒武系底部黑色页岩中富含Mo、Ni、U等重金属层属于热液（水）喷流沉积，主要依据有：①含大量的黄铁矿、针镍矿、硫钼矿及较多的锑硫镍矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、重晶石、石英、石膏等矿物；②具有大量的同生砾屑，砾屑成分为黑色碳质体和碎屑状黄铁矿、针镍矿、硫钼矿等矿石，它们堆积成层状结构，碎屑呈被撕裂状、棱角状、熔蚀港湾状等结构，球状、脸盆状、枕头状等构造，它们类似海底喷流沉积；③硅同位素、锶同位素、Re／Os值、Th／Sc值、Th／U值都表明有深部物质加入；④黑色岩系中夹碳酸盐岩透镜体，碳同位素具有强烈负异常特征，表明有热液作用；⑤超强富集元素Mo、As、Se、Re和T1都属于典型的气相迁移元素，而钼是典型的高温气相迁移元素，暗示了可能存在火山射气作用；而强富集的Ni、U、Au、Ag、PGE元素组合是超基性岩浆活动的产物，表明有热液活动。研究发现在热液（水）喷流沉积形成的富集Mo、Ni、U等重金属硫化物层之上，产出丰度大、分异度低、含大型海绵类、双壳类、菌藻类和少量大型蠕虫化石的生物群，它的特征与现代太平洋海底热喷口附近的生物群类似，因此认为遵义小竹一带寒武系底部生物群属于与海底热喷口相关生物群，这一新发现对研究寒武纪生态和生物爆发具有重要意义。     

天然矿物自然铝的研究进展

综述了国内外自然铝的发现与研究史;自然铝的物理性质和颗粒形态、元素组成及含量、晶体结构参数等特征;自然铝的成因模式。自然铝主要见于老的火山和热液矿石中,或现代和中-新生代的海底活动构造带（如转换断层、中央海隆以及弧后扩张中心）的海洋沉积物中,有地幔碳热还原、海底热液内生和陆地表生置换等3种成因模式。     

扬子东南缘“湘潭式”锰矿的地球化学特征及成矿机制北大核心CSCD

湖南“湘潭式”锰矿是华南扬子地块东南缘南华纪沉积型锰矿的重要组成部分。含锰岩系赋存于大塘坡组底部碳酸锰层中,矿石类型主要为致密块状、条带状和互层状碳酸锰矿石。菱锰矿呈显微“球粒”状,多具3层圈层构造,类似“薄皮鲕”的特征。锰矿石MnO含量为12.08%~40.02%,平均28.93%,具有较低的Fe/Mn值(0.01~0.32)和较高的P含量(0.058%~0.190%),从工业用途的角度,属低Fe高P型锰矿。“湘潭式”锰矿石微量元素相对PAAS具有明显的Co、Mo、Sr富集和V、Cr、Ni、U等亏损,中稀土元素相对轻、重稀土元素富集,呈“帽式”配分模式。“湘潭式”锰矿与黔东“大塘坡式”锰矿具有相似的微量元素富集亏损特征和稀土元素配分模式,反映了它们可能存在相似的成矿背景。“湘潭式”锰矿石较低的Al/Mn(0.02~0.35)、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(<0.35)和较高的(Fe+Mn)/Ti值(>25),表明锰质主要来源于海底热液活动,但锰矿石Ce正异常及弱的Eu负异常表明其并非典型的海相热水沉积,且Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)图解显示锰矿石为正常海水沉积。综合认为,“湘潭式”锰矿的锰质来源于非成矿期的海底热液活动。锰矿石Fe、Mn分离显著,U、V亏损和Mo富集的特征表明Mn沉淀时水体环境可能较为氧化。锰矿石具有明显的Ce正异常,且Ce/Ce^(*)值与Mn含量之间表现为显著正相关关系,表明Mn是在氧化环境中,以氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉淀富集,具有与现代海底水成Fe-Mn结核类似的沉淀成因机制。与“大塘坡式”锰矿床类似,“湘潭式”锰矿具有负的δ^(13)C_(carb)值(−9.9‰~−4.3‰),锰矿石中Mn含量和δ^(13)C_(carb)值具有显著相关性,同时考虑到锰矿石S元素的陆源特征、黄铁矿的缺乏和新元古代海水中较低的SO_(4)^(2−)含量,有机质早期成岩阶段,锰氧化物作为主要电子受体氧化有机质为锰碳酸盐岩沉淀提供了HCO_(3)^(−)。但锰矿石δ^(13)C_(carb)明显高于其有机碳库δ^(13)C_(org)(−34.4‰~−32.58‰),且比地质历史时期重要碳酸锰矿床的δ^(13)C_(carb)值更为集中,说明海水可能提供了更多的碳源,锰碳酸盐岩沉淀可能发生在靠近海水–沉积物界面的位置。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.