华南埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱海洋中无机碳同位素组成变化

报道了贵州江口桃映深水相剖面陡山沱组碳酸盐岩δ13C值的变化特征,结合其他已报道的数据,分析了华南扬子地区埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱海洋不同沉积环境,包括盆地相、斜坡相、台地相、台地边缘相碳酸盐岩中δ13C变化趋势及绝对值的异同,发现浅水区剖面记录的δ13C漂移次数多于深水区剖面,且不同相区δ13C值也有差异。δ13C值的差异与埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱海洋的阶段性演化密切相关。基于不同相区的δ13C值变化,埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱海洋的演化历史可分为3个时期:1)陡山沱组1段盖帽白云岩沉积期华南扬子地区很可能为一个开阔台地,白云岩中δ13C值可能继承于幔源CO2的碳同位素特征,深水区和浅水区碳酸盐中δ13C值无显著差异;2)陡山沱组2段和陡山沱组3段下部沉积时期盆地深水区中δ13C值显著低于浅水区,且深水区δ13C值与陡山沱组1段时期无显著差异,浅水区的δ13C值则显著升高;3)陡山沱组3段上部和陡山沱组4段沉积时期陡山沱盆地中δ13C值均显著下降,且不同沉积环境中的δ13C值差异度降低。盖帽后埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱海洋阶段性演化主要与不同时期深水区DOC库的逐步氧化有关。     

湖北宜昌埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部无机碳同位素再研究：探寻碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成的原始海水信号

湖北宜昌地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组记录了多次显著的无机碳同位素(δ13Ccarb)波动事件,它们可以在华南乃至全球范围内进行广泛对比。然而,在一些特定剖面中,陡山沱组底部盖帽碳酸盐岩记录了δ13Ccarb极负值(＜30‰,VPDB),以及上覆陡山沱组二段底部地层中δ13Ccarb在正负值之间频繁波动的现象。一般认为,成岩作用中形成的碳酸盐矿物导致了这些分布不规律的δ13Ccarb波动,并对利用碳酸盐岩全岩无机碳同位素(δ13Cbulk)数据进行古海洋碳同位素组成恢复的可靠性造成了干扰。为了评估成岩作用对δ13Cbulk的影响,本文利用宜昌雾河地区埃迪卡拉系的一口钻井岩芯,对陡山沱组下部地层进行了详细的岩石学观察和碳同位素分析。研究结果表明,陡山沱组下部的碳酸盐岩中存在形成于成岩过程中的方解石矿物,而碳酸盐岩中的白云石组分并未遭受严重的后期成岩作用改造,白云石组分的碳同位素(δ13Cdolo)组成能够更加准确地反映沉积时的海水信息。为获得样品的δ13Cdolo信息,本研究首先将全岩粉末样品与30%磷酸反应2 h,去除其中的方解石组分,然后测试残余样品的碳同位素。实验结果显示,该方法可以有效去除岩石粉末中的方解石组分,最终获得的数据能够准确地反映δ13Cdolo特征。陡山沱组二段下部样品δ13Cdolo为连续稳定的正值,且明显高于δ13C bulk,δ13Cdolo 曲线更加真实地反映了新元古代冰期结束之后海洋碳同位素组成的变化特征。     

三峡地区震旦系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征

本文对三峡地区秭归庙河陡山沱组第一段至第三段，宜昌棺材崖陡山沱组第三段上部至灯影组底部以及四溪灯影组石板滩段和白马沱段碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素组成特点的研究结果表明，三峡地区震旦系碳同位素组成与全球新元古代广布的后Martinoan冰期地层δ^13C的分布模式基本一致，本文还讨论了地层中碳同位素组成与生物演化和地层层序发展的关系，指出陡山沱组一段白云岩中δ^13C的负异常可以作为震旦系底界划分的标志，最晚Varanger冰期在三峡地区由陡山沱组三段上部出现的三级层序界面所替代，震旦系内部陡山沱组一段和三段可能形成于Marinoan冰期之后，伊迪卡拉生物分异发展之前，而陡山沱组四段及上覆灯影峡组则大致与国外伊迪卡拉期地层对比。     

峡东埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组稳定碳同位素记录及其年代地层意义

基于峡东秭归青林口、泗溪和宜昌晓峰河埃迪卡拉系下部陡山沱组剖面岩石、层序和精细的碳同位素地层研究,在埃迪卡拉系下部陡山沱组底部、下部、中部、上部和顶部分别识别出5次以灰岩出现或黑色页岩增厚为标志的海侵事件,划分出5个可以进行区域对比的三级层序,自下而上分别命名为BDSS,LDSS,MDSS,UDSS和TDSS。以层序界面为对比标志,峡东埃迪卡拉纪不同古地理部位碳同位素组成变化的对比显示峡东埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组中内部发育5次可以进行区域乃至全球对比的碳同位素负异常,分别是分布在BDSS下部的SN1,LDSS上部的SN2,MDSS上部和顶部的SN3和SN4,以及分布在UDSS上部的SN5。其中SN1和SN4碳同位素负偏离最为明显,最小δ13C分别达到-4‰~-5‰和-9‰~-10‰,分别与Marinoan冰期上覆盖帽白云岩以及Gaskier冰碛沉积上、下地层中的碳同位素组成特点接近。SN4是埃迪卡拉系最晚冰期的产物。与SN1是埃迪卡拉系底界划分对比的标志相对比,SN4的出现应该是埃迪卡拉系内部再划分中另一个不可忽视的界线标志。     

华南埃迪卡拉系斜坡相带碳稳定同位素特征

为验证碳稳定同位素特征在不同沉积环境的变化,选择了斜坡相带张家界田坪埃迪卡拉系剖面进行碳同位素的研究,系统采集了110件碳酸盐岩样品,并在中国地质调查局同位素地球化学开放研究实验室通过MAT-251质谱仪完成了碳、氧稳定同位素测试。测试结果显示,张家界田坪埃迪卡拉系剖面所记录的碳稳定同位素曲线,除了陡山沱组底部的负异常外,和任何已知的这一时期的碳同位素曲线均有较大的差异。从陡山沱组二段中下部开始,δ13 C表现为长期稳定的正漂移。大致在4.0‰附近波动,变化幅度在2.0‰~6.0‰之间,这一趋势一直延续至灯影组二段的中部,随后δ13 C逐渐减小,并在灯影组三段中部降至负值。从田坪剖面所处的古地理位置等因素的综合考虑,该剖面陡山沱组碳同位素δ13C值既受控于氧化还原界面的迁移,同时,也叠加了碳酸盐岩风化作用的影响;而灯影组的碳同位素δ13C值则更多地受控于海平面的变化。     

湖北宜昌峡东地区震旦系屋型剖面化学地层特征及其国际对比

全球末元古系建系研究是当前国际地层学研究的重要课题之一。我国宜昌峡东地区震旦系沿江剖面研究历史悠久，已有相当深入的岩石地层、生物层及层序地层研究，并被推荐为国际未元古系候选层邓剖面之一。为进一步提高其研究精度，本文系统地研究了震旦系沿江剖面碳酸盐岩同位素化学地层，研究结果表明，陡山沱组底部“碳酸盐岩帽”的δ^13C－3．1‰－3－3．7‰，向上为正偏移，至层序Ⅲ（DS3）最大值达＋6．7‰。陡山沱组顶部（DS6）再次出现偏移－2．5‰，构成一个完整的变化周期。同时，^87Sr/^86Sr值表现出向上增大的变化，由陡山沱组度部（DS1）的0．707743逐渐增高陡山沱组顶部（DS6）的0．707965；灯影组蛤蟆井段（DS7）的δ^13C值变化在－2．45‰－＋5‰之间（DS8），至石板滩段中部再降至＋1．7‰（DS），而后基本保持在＋1．7‰－3．6‰之间平衡变动。白马沱段顶部δ^13C再次降至＋0．5‰，并有向负偏移的趋势。灯影组的^87Sr/^86Sr值依然出现由老至新递增的趋势（0．708244－0．708993）与当前国际末元古系剖面的化学地层特征基本一致。     

贵州清镇陡山沱组帽白云岩地球化学特征以及其中藻类化石Beltanelliodes podolicus发现

贵州清镇陡山沱组为浅海白云岩、泥质白云岩,在陡山沱组底部泥质白云岩中产大量的圆盘状炭质化石,个体直径为2~15 mm。由于以前发现类似的化石主要保存在泥岩中,而碳酸盐岩中这类化石只有俄罗斯地台上发现过,从化石保存的结构分析,其应该归属藻类中的Chuarid。通过对陡山沱组帽白云岩的碳同位素分析,其具有典型的帽碳酸盐岩碳同位素负异常的特征,这表明在冰后浅海滨岸泻湖环境,球形藻类已经繁盛。同时,研究发现浅海滨岸泻湖环境冰后碳酸盐沉积是一个钙质（白云质）逐渐增加的渐变过程,而非Hoffman等认为的非常快速沉积。     

云南东部上新元古界-下寒武统地层碳同位素变化

云南东部上新元古界-下寒武统沉积序列中碳酸盐岩较多，本文研究的三条剖面上厚约500m，包括：东龙潭组、渔户村组及筇竹寺组底部，覆于海相冰水沉积之上，反映了从潮上蒸发至浅水相环境。已获得的δ^13C和δ^18O值显示出较大的变化范围，分别是-7．33～ 2．64(‰)和-14．98～ 0．78(‰)。依靠δ^13C测试，结合岩矿鉴定，发现梅树村震旦系．寒武系界线层型剖面岩石成岩作用中有改造现象。显然，δ^13C总的变化范围及变化模式比世界其它地区小，但却包含一个δ^13C负异常，直接位于古生物学上的前寒武系-寒武系界线之下。     

湖北宜昌峡东地区震旦系层型剖面化学地层特征及其国际对比

全球末元古系建系研究是当前国际地层学研究的重要课题之一。我国宜昌峡东地区震旦系沿江剖面研究历史悠久,已有相当深入的岩石地层、生物地层及层序地层研究,并被推荐为国际末元古系候选层序剖面之一。为进一步提高其研究精度,本文系统地研究了震旦系沿江剖面碳酸盐岩同位素化学地层。研究结果表明,陡山沱组底部“碳酸盐岩帽”的δ~(13)C为-3.1‰～-3.7‰,向上为正偏移,至层序Ⅲ(DS3)最大值达+6.7‰。陡山沱组顶部(DS6)再次出现负偏移-2.5‰,构成一个完整的变化周期。同时,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值表现出向上增大的变化,由陡山沱组底部(DS1)的0.707743逐渐增高至陡山沱组顶部(DS6)的0.707965;灯影组蛤蟆井段(DS7)的δ~(13)C值变化在-2.5‰～+5‰之间(DS8),至石板滩段中部再次降至+1.7‰(DS10),而后基本保持在+1.7‰～3.6‰之间平稳变动。白马沱段顶部δ~(13)C再次降至+0.5‰,并有向负偏移的趋势。灯影组的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值依然出现由老至新递增的趋势(0.708244～0.708993)与当前国际末元古系剖面的化学地层特征基本一致。     

贵州瓮安陡山沱组剖面碳同位素生物地球化学研究

在对扬子地台贵州瓮安陡山沱组剖面干酪根碳同住素组成进行分析后发现其变化显示了一定的规律性。碳同住素规律变化反映了最初的沉积信息,特别是有机质埋藏量的变化。获得的陡山沱期沉积岩中碳同位素组成研究结果初步反映了震旦一寒武交变期沉积环境的面貌;碳同位素组成变化规律可以用于反映扬子地台沉积层序和世界同期地层全球碳循环的对比和参考。为扬子区陡山沱期环境变化和生物演化提供了证据。δ^13Cker值在-32．3‰和-24．5‰(PDB)间漂移与δ^13Ccarb值在-4．9‰和3．6‰(PDB)间的变化,反映了当时海水的碳同位素组成。无机和有机碳同位素组成之差的△δorg-carb值沿剖面不断变化,是由于沉积有机质中有促进发酵功能的细菌数量比例变化所致。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the