富勒烯在煤山剖面二叠-三叠系事件界线层中的分布研究

运用化学分离、液相色谱和基体辅助飞行时间质谱等综合方法 ,确定了煤山剖面的富勒烯不仅存在于二叠 -三叠系(P/T)事件界线白粘土中 ,更相对富集在此白粘土底部的微层中 ,相反 ,在 P/T界线附近的其他地层包括其他粘土层中均未检测到富勒烯。富勒烯在白粘土底部微层中相对富集的事实与最近获得的碳酸盐碳同位素最大负异常和生物消失最突然和最严重的位置均指向煤山剖面该白粘土底部与下层灰岩交界处的现象一致 ,表明富勒烯与 P/T灾变事件相关规律值得进一步深入研究。本文结果同时证实了曾多有争议的 Becker等人关于煤山剖面 P/T事件界线…     

浙江煤山二叠系-三叠系界线附近黄铁矿及其硫同位素组成研究

运用地质学、矿物学、岩石学和地球化学等理论和方法,系统地研究了中国浙江长兴煤山二叠系-三叠系(P/T)界线附近黄铁矿的含量变化、矿物学特征、硫同位素组成及其垂向变化规律等,指出P/T界线附近黄铁矿高含量层位的成因与火山作用有关.研究发现,在浙江煤山长兴组顶部,紧靠P/T界线的第24e2分层石灰岩中,黄铁矿骤然增多,含量高达1.84%,比远离P/T界线的第22至24d分层石灰岩中的黄铁矿含量高出90多倍;硫同位素组成发生突变,δ34S值陡然上升为+2.2‰;其特征与火山气体总硫的同位素组成平均值极为相似,而与细菌还原黄铁矿的硫同位素组成完全不同.而且,在第24e2分层黄铁矿高含量层位中,还共生有较多β-石英等火山碎屑物质;岩石和黄铁矿中微量元素含量异常富集.因此认为,陆地和海底火山活动曾喷出大量的富含H2S的气体,造成古海洋局部最上层海水中富集大量硫化氢,为形成黄铁矿创造了条件.二叠纪、三叠纪之交,强烈的火山作用,使海洋生存环境急剧恶化,是造成海洋生物相继灭绝的主要原因.     

高硫煤中硫的地质演化模式——以内蒙古乌达矿区为例

以内蒙古乌达矿区为例，通过对高硫煤9煤层中黄铁矿和有机硫同位素的测定（有机硫同位素δ^34S=-12.3‰-5.8‰，黄铁矿硫同位素δ^34S=-18.7‰-1.1‰），结合煤岩学特征的综合分析以及黄铁矿化菌落和蓝藻胶壳的发现，提出了庙充煤中硫的党政军化模式，认为高硫煤中主要来源的硫的同位素由于硫酸盐的异化细菌还原作用导致大规模分馏，使之趋于负值，在高硫煤形成过程中，黄铁矿和有机硫表现出形成初期Fe^2 和有机质对硫离子的争夺性、形成过程中在剖面上的层次性、阶段性和时间上的相向性，层次性和阶段性表现为沼泽体系对SO4^2-和H2S的开放程度及黄铁矿的形成对^32SO4^2-的过滤性，相向性表现为泥炭聚积初期和晚期，Fe^2 和SO4^2-对高硫煤形成做出了贡献，具有剖面上的对称特点。     

湖南柏坊铜矿床稳定同位素地球化学初步研究

对湖南柏坊铜矿床矿石和脉石矿物进行矿物包裹体、碳、氧、氢和硫同位素测定,获得成矿均一温度约为182℃～192℃,盐度为1．2～4．7wt％。方解石的δ^13C为-2．0‰～3．1‰,δ^18Osmow为12．6‰～20．9‰,δD为-67．3‰～-131．6‰,氢、氧和碳同位素数值随矿体浅部到深部由小到大的变化,显示出热液可能是多来源的。硫化物中辉铜矿的δ^34S为-31．8‰～2．9‰,黄铁矿的δ^34S为-2．1‰～＋2．9‰。黄铁矿的硫同位素组成大于辉铜矿的硫同位素组成,表明硫同位素达到平衡,并估算出δ^34S∑s为0‰,δ^34S∑s值小,指示出硫可能是岩浆来源。     

广西柳桥深水相二叠系/三叠系界线剖面有机碳同位素地层学对比研究及事件响应

研究了广西柳桥地区东攀剖面有机碳同位素的组成,并和浙江煤山剖面进行了对比。结果表明东攀剖面在1δ3Corg变化趋势上,既具有全球PTB剖面普遍存在的共性,又具有其独特性。在东攀剖面一个显著的1δ3Corg负漂移出现在事件界线(EB)之上和二叠系/三叠系界线(PTB)之下,这与煤山剖面具有相似性。显著的1δ3Corg负漂移指示了P/T之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始生产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加,并得到放射虫绝灭事件、火山事件和海退事件的响应。煤山剖面1δ3Corg负漂移从第27层就开始向13C富集的方向恢复,而东攀剖面1δ3Corg在下Induan阶仍持续亏损,表明东攀剖面早三叠世的生物复苏明显滞后于煤山剖面的。     

扬子地台灯影组碳酸盐岩中的硫和碳同位素记录

扬子地区灯影组的海相碳酸盐岩地层不仅记录了当时海水的碳同位素变化，也保存了海水的硫同位素记录，能够通过测定所提取的微量硫酸盐的硫同位素组成来获得。灯影组碳酸盐岩中微量硫酸盐的δ^34S值大部分在 20.0‰～ 38．7‰之间变化，碳酸盐岩的δ^13C值变化在 0．5‰～ 5．0‰之间。除灯影组顶、底界线处外，δ^34S和δ^13C值总体上变化幅度较小，大体上呈逐渐降低的变化趋势。灯影组碳酸盐岩中连续的硫、碳同位素记录分别反映了同期海水中溶解硫酸盐和碳酸盐的硫、碳同位素的变化特征。灯影组微量硫酸盐和碳酸盐岩的同位素特征，意味着灯影期海洋中具有高的生物产率和有机碳埋藏速率；除了顶底界线处，具有相对稳定的古气候条件和古海洋环境。灯影期海水的δ^34S值和δ^13C值同时呈逐渐降低的变化趋势，可能是由海洋深部水体逐渐氧化所致。     

云南兰坪-思茅盆地脉状铜矿床铅、硫同位素地球化学与成矿物质来源研究

云南兰坪-思茅盆地中一新生代砂页岩中赋存有许多脉状铜矿床。本文对盆地内从北至南三个典型脉状铜矿床(金满、水泄和白龙厂)进行了详细的铅、硫同位素研究，探讨了该类型矿床的成矿物质来源。分析表明。该类型矿床的铅同位素组成总体变化较小，且均位于上地壳铅演化线附近，说明成矿流体中铅具有稳定的上地壳来源。各矿床由于赋矿层位不同，矿石铅同位素组成表现出一定差异，如由兰坪盆地侏罗纪地层中的金满矿床到思茅盆地二叠纪地层中的白龙厂矿床，铅同位素比值(^207Pb/^204Pb)呈增高趋势，这表明这类矿床的铅主要来源于围岩地层，且地层越老，提供的铅就相对富含放射成因铅。矿床中脉石矿物重晶石、铁白云石等的锶同位素组成也表明，金满矿床成矿流体的^87Sr／^86Sr比值较高(0．70874—0．71232)，而白龙厂矿床的^87Sr／^86Sr比值较低(0．70829—0．70938)，接近于围岩灰岩的值(0．70755)。硫同位素研究表明，金满矿床中硫化物的δ^34S值变化最大，为-20．5‰- 7．0‰。水泄矿床中硫化物的δ^34S值变化最小，为-0．1‰- 4．2‰。而白龙厂矿床中硫化物的δ^34S值为-14．3‰--3．6‰。水泄和白龙厂矿床中重晶石的δ^34S值分别为 12．3‰- 19．0‰和 13．1‰，它们与盆地中蒸发岩层中石膏的δ^34S值( 10．8‰- 15．7‰)相近。分析表明，兰坪-思茅盆地中脉状铜矿的硫源主要来源于盆地热卤水萃取的地层中蒸发岩硫酸盐，它们通过有机质的热分解反应还原为沉淀硫化物所必需的低价硫。各矿床独特的硫同位素组成还表明它们的硫源受局部地层硫源和成矿流体物理化学性质所控制。本文提出大气降水起源的盆地热卤水通过对围岩中新生代地层的淋滤和萃取，获得了成矿所需的金属和硫，并在构造薄弱部位沉淀形成了本区的脉状铜矿床。     

贵州乐康二叠／三叠系界线剖面的有机碳同位素异常及其意义

本文研究了贵州望谟乐康深水槽谷相二叠／三叠系界线剖面的有机碳同位素记录。研究结果表明,乐康剖面上二叠统δ13Corg值的变化幅度不大,越过第34层进入第35层以后,在WL－16号样品层位上,δ13Corg值突然从WL－15号样品的-25．419‰降低到-28．235‰,衰减幅度达到近3‰;其后δ13Corg值逐渐回升,并进入下三叠统。根据δ13Corg值的突然衰减正好发生在第34,35层的界线过渡层内这一事实,我们认为乐康剖面的P／T界线应划在第35层的WL－16号样品层位上。由于沉积有机物的碳同位素组成与海洋生物原始生产率（primaryproductivity）密切相关,因此,贵州乐康二叠／三叠系界线剖面的有机碳同位素变化曲线,不仅可以作为精确划分地层界线的一种新的有效手段,而且反映了海洋原始生产率的变化情况。     

广西东攀P-T界线深水相剖面与煤山剖面地层学对比

从放射虫生物地层学、黏土矿物事件地层学和有机碳同位素地层学方面对广西柳桥地区东攀二叠系-三叠系深水相剖面进行了研究,并与浙江煤山剖面(GSSP)同期地层进行了对比.结果表明,东攀剖面上二叠系-三叠系界线处与煤山剖面具有较好的可比性:①东攀剖面放射虫A.yaoi带可以与煤山剖面的Clarkina changxingensis-C.postwangi-C.postsubcarinata-C.deflecta组合带对比;②两剖面都具有性质相似、延伸稳定的界线黏土岩;③在两剖面界线黏土岩中,有机碳同位素组成都发生了巨减.     

渤海湾地区下古生界碳、氧同位素地球化学研究

渤海湾地区寒武系标准剖面（山东张夏剖面）海相碳酸盐岩氧同位素δ^180值分布区间为-10.6‰～-4.8‰，碳同位素的δ^13C值为-5.8‰～ 1.6‰；奥陶系标准剖面（河北唐山剖面）海相碳酸盐的δ^180值分布区间为-15.9‰～-6.0‰,δ^13值为-7.6‰～ 1.2‰。中国华北地区奥陶系未出现（或未保存有）中国塔里木区与华南地区、北美大陆及瑞士等中-上奥陶统海相碳酸盐中碳同位素组成正向偏移现象。这表明，中国华北地区奥陶系应缺失兰代洛阶以上地层。碳同位素组成在华北地区奥陶系各组生物石带更叠之间均有异常波动，稳定同位素地层曲线可以成为大区域地层划分与对比的重要标志之一。据华北地区、塔里木区与华南地区的对比研究，海相碳酸盐岩中碳同位素组成明显地正向波动，可成为地质时期烃源岩形成期的宏观地球化学指标。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.