昆仑山南部西大滩盆北花岗岩的年龄与热历史

对南昆仑缝合带中段西大滩盆北花岗岩,应用不同的年代学方法,测定岩浆结晶时代和构造热事件年龄,分析构造地貌演化过程。应用离子探针方法,测出西大滩盆北花岗岩的锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为196.4- 212.1 Ma,平均年龄204.1±2.6 Ma,代表岩浆侵位结晶时代。西大滩盆北花岗岩的黑云母K-Ar和Ar-Ar同位素年龄为134.47-145.3 Ma,指示晚期韧性剪切变形时代。应用矿物对热年代学方法,揭示出204.1-134.47 Ma、57. 67-26.0 Ma、26 Ma以来3期构造热事件,降温速率分别为6.46℃/Ma、4.91℃/Ma、3.84℃/Ma,对应的隆升速率分别为0.21 mm/a、0.16 mm/a、0.13 mm/a;说明134.47-57.67 Ma为缓慢降温和剥蚀夷平时期,对应的降温速率为0.64℃/Ma、差异隆升速率为0.02 mm/a。结合磷灰石裂变径迹测年和风火山群、五道梁群挤压缩短时代、区域伸展走滑起始年龄资料,推断昆仑山南部新生代山脉快速隆升发生于渐新世-中新世早期,估算隆升速率达0.26 mm/a。     

燕山南缘盘山岩体的热历史与构造-地貌演化过程

应用热年代学方法,揭示了燕山南缘盘山岩体的热历史与隆升过程。结果表明,盘山岩体的侵位深度约为10km.岩体侵位以后,经历了快速冷却过程,在226.48Ma~204.95Ma期间,岩体温度由520℃冷却至300℃,平均降温速率为10.22℃/Ma.204.95Ma~118Ma期间为盘山岩体的缓缦隆升时期,平均隆升速率约为0.028mm/a,隆升幅度约2.5km.118Ma~96Ma为盘山岩体较快速隆升时期,隆升速率为0.035mm/a,隆升幅度约0.77km.96Ma~35Ma为盘山岩体与盘山山脉的快速隆升时期,隆升速率约为0.115mm/a,隆升总幅度达7km.35Ma以来,盘山岩体的隆升速率很小,仅约0.014mm/a,隆升幅度约为0.5km.盘山周缘环状构造系统的形成时代略早于226.48Ma,盘山南缘边界正断层的活动时代为中生代末~始新世。      

黑龙江省东部佳木斯隆起多期隆升剥露历史的热年代学研究

黑龙江省东部佳木斯隆起是佳木斯地块重要组成部分,经历了多期板块碰撞闭合事件的影响,对其隆升剥露历史的热年代学研究有助于加深对东北各地块的碰撞拼贴历史以及古亚洲洋东端构造演化的认识。本文通过对黑龙江省东部佳木斯隆起老平岗花岗岩岩体中的锆石LA-ICP-MS、独居石Th-U-Pb化学法(CHIME)以及(钾长石、黑云母)~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法同位素年龄的测定,恢复了佳木斯隆起多期隆升剥露的构造热演化历史。研究结果显示佳木斯隆起晚三叠世之前主要存在三个隆升阶段,分别为早古生代早期(511~494Ma)和晚二叠世-中三叠世早期(260~240Ma)的快速隆升阶段以及期间的相对慢速隆升阶段。511~494Ma快速隆升阶段,冷却速率为11.76℃/Myr,隆升速率为0.294mm/a,17Myr隆升总幅度达5.00km,代表了佳木斯地块与松嫩地块的碰撞拼贴事件;494~260Ma相对慢速隆升阶段,冷却速率为1.51℃/Myr,隆升速率为0.038mm/a,234Myr隆升总幅度仅有8.80km;260~240Ma快速隆升阶段,冷却速率平均为8.44℃/Myr,隆升速度平均为0.211mm/a,20Myr隆升幅度平均达4.22km,该事件应与佳木斯地块与华北板块在晚二叠世-中三叠世的碰撞拼接事件有关。     

华山新生代隆升-剥蚀历史的裂变径迹热年代学分析

综合分析前人的热年代学数据发现华山地区自晚白垩世以来至少经历了三次快速隆升阶段，在120—57Ma间华山经历了缓慢隆升过程，约57Ma以来华山开始相对渭河地堑的快速隆升。其中，57—42Ma间、32—22Ma间和约8Ma以来均为相对快速隆升阶段，视隆升速度约为0．18～0．23mm／a；而42—32Ma问和22～8Ma间则为相对缓慢隆升过程，视隆升速度约为0．01mm／a。约57Ma以来华山的隆升—剥蚀量约为8．5km，平均隆升速度约为0．15mm／a；约32Ma以来的总隆升幅度约为4．5～5．1km，平均视隆升速度约为0．14～0．16mm／a。晚中生代以来华山的隆升过程实际上反映的是东秦岭的隆升过程，与区域地貌结构和周缘断陷盆地的演化过程有密切的成因联系，它表明东秦岭地区的三级等高峰顶面是120—57Ma、42—32Ma和22～8Ma间山脉缓慢隆升—剥蚀的结果，同时反映57—55Ma是渭河盆地开始快速裂陷和秦岭北麓正断层开始强烈活动的时间。     

青藏高原腹地典型岩体热历史与构造—地貌演化过程的热年代学分析

通过对青藏高原腹地不同构造部位的班戈、雄梅、羊八井、拉萨花岗岩和甲岗、曲水花岗闪长岩的热年代学分析，剖析了青藏高原腹地构造－热事件与构造－地貌演化过程。结果表明，青藏高原腹地自中生代中、晚期以来发生4期重大区域性构造－热事件，包括121－116Ma沿班公－怒江缝合带发生的强烈中酸性岩浆侵位事件、93－45Ma沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带北缘发生的强烈中酸性岩浆侵位事件和随后发生于78－40Ma的快速隆升事件、25－15Ma沿冈底斯构造－岩浆带发生的强烈构造隆升事件及8－6．5Ma以来在拉萨地块中部发生的区域性伸展裂陷－差异隆升事件。区域性剥蚀夷平事件主要发生于40－25Ma与15－8Ma，区域性整体隆升主要发生在中新世早、中期即25－8Ma，区域性伸展裂陷与差异升降事件的开发时代约为8－6．5Ma。     

青藏高原东部雀儿山地区新近纪隆升速率探讨——来自雀儿山花岗岩体磷灰石裂变径迹证据

通过青藏高原东部川西地区雀儿山花岗岩体磷灰石裂变径迹分析,新获得了4个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值,分别为4. 9±0. 3Ma、6. 2±0. 5 Ma、7. 2±0. 4 Ma和7. 3±0. 7 Ma。运用径迹年龄-地形高差法计算出雀儿山花岗岩体新近纪的隆升速率,为0. 15～2 mm/a,平均隆升速率为0. 78mm/a。隆升速率在每个阶段有所不同,但呈现出一种快速隆升→缓慢隆升的过程,为整个青藏高原东缘的隆升过程提供了约束条件。     

念青唐古拉花岗岩的同位素年龄测定及其地质意义

念青唐古拉花岗岩体位于西藏当雄县境内,是拉萨地块中部出露的巨型侵入岩岩基,其面积超过1500km2,以大面积出露的黑云母二长花岗岩为主体。本文分别应用单矿物K-Ar法、全岩-单矿物Rb-Sr等时线法和高灵敏度高分辨率离子探针法(SHRIMP-)对念青唐古拉岩体不同位置上的代表性岩石样品进行同位素测年,得到中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩的K-Ar年龄为8.49±0.14Ma,Rb-Sr等时线年龄为8.07±0.35Ma和8.70±1.40Ma,SHRIMPU-Pb年龄为18.3±0.4Ma;中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩的K-Ar年龄为9.80±0.35Ma,Rb-Sr等时线年龄为9.33±0.41Ma,SHRIMPU-Pb年龄为11.01±0.24Ma。不同方法测年结果均表明念青唐古拉花岗岩形成于中新世,属拉萨地块内部最年轻的巨型花岗岩岩基,其侵位结晶时代处于青藏高原地壳由南北向挤压增厚向东西向伸展的转变时期,岩浆来源于地壳局部熔融,属后碰撞构造-岩浆活动的产物。     

湘东南地区中、新生代山体隆升过程的热年代学研究

湘东南地区位于南岭中段北缘。本文应用热年代学方法,测定了湘东南地区5个侵入体的热历史,进而分析湘东南中新生代的隆升过程,并结合区域构造背景,对热演化过程与构造发展过程之间的关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明,湘东南地区中新生代山体隆升过程总体上分为由较快速→快速→缓慢→快速的4个阶段,222～146.Ma期间以0.069mm/a的平均速率较快隆升,146.4～94.11Ma期间以0.113～0.186mm/a的平均速率快速隆升,94.11～14.8Ma期间以0.014～0.028mm/a的平均速率缓慢隆升,14.8Ma～0.0Ma以0.143～0.295mm/a的平均速率快速隆升。晚近时期的隆升总体呈加速趋势。隆升过程在空间上具有非均匀性,不同岩体间隆升过程存在差异。地壳隆升过程在时间上具有明显的互补性,早期具较快速或较大幅度隆升的岩体,通常伴随着晚期相对较慢和较小幅度的隆升。根据热年代学分析结果,结合区域构造背景和其它地质资料,推断五峰仙、大义山、骑田岭等地区在中三叠世后期因构造叠置增厚了4100～7700m以上,证明印支运动早期为强烈的陆内挤压造山运动。燕山晚期岩体隆升和降温由早期构造剥蚀和晚期风化剥蚀造成,并具有良好的盆地沉积响应。湘东南地区晚近时期的快速隆升是区域性整体抬升。     

川东南地区燕山期以来的隆升剥蚀历史研究

川东南地区侏罗系砂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹T—t热史模拟表明,燕山期以来研究区经历了两个阶段的隆升剥蚀。127～105Ma为初始缓慢隆升阶段,隆升剥蚀速率约为5m／Ma,使106m厚的早白垩世地层被剥蚀;105～75Ma间转入快速沉降,75～0Ma由快速沉降转入全面不等速隆升。其中,75—65Ma为快速隆升．隆升剥蚀速率为28m／Ma;65～20Ma为缓慢隆升,隆升剥蚀速率为14m／Ma;20～10Ma期间,研究区由缓慢隆升转为急剧隆升,隆井剥蚀速率为147m／Ma;10Ma到现今,该地区再次由快速隆升转为缓慢隆升。隆升剥蚀速率为10m／Ma。燕山期以来的隆升使大约2580m厚的地层被剥蚀掉。     

东昆仑野马泉地区磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学及构造意义

通过对东昆仑西段野马泉地区所获得的5个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹分析, 探讨该地区构造演化特征.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分为153.8 Ma、106.8~81.0 Ma、48.7~44.4 Ma 3个年龄组, 其中153.8 Ma记录了班公湖-怒江洋闭合事件; 106.8~81.0 Ma是拉萨地块与羌塘地块碰撞拼合事件对东昆仑地区的远程效应; 48.7~44.4 Ma是印度-欧亚大陆碰撞之后伸展事件的体现.野马泉地区热历史分为3个阶段:第1阶段(130~110 Ma)持续隆升, 对应班公湖-怒江洋闭合后拉萨地块与羌塘地块拼合事件; 第2阶段(110~14 Ma)持续隆升, 90 Ma之前隆升速度较快, 与阿尔金断裂走滑及西大滩断裂韧性变形有关, 90 Ma之后进入一个时间较长的平稳抬升期; 第3阶段(14 Ma至今)受青藏高原新近纪以来强烈构造活动的影响, 快速隆升.3个阶段的隆升速率和隆升量分别0.021 mm/a和0.42 km、0.01 mm/a和1.0 km、0.1 mm/a和1.43 km, 平均隆升速率为0.028 mm/a, 总隆升量为2.86 km.      

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the