包气带土层对氮素污染地下水的防护能力试验研究

包气带土层能够有效滞留和吸附污染物,是阻隔污染物进入地下水的重要屏障。通过对北京市典型地区包气带土体进行土柱淋溶试验,研究包气带土层对氮素污染地下水的防护能力,实验结果显示,包气带土层对氮素的截污性能具有明显的分段性。粘质粉土对氮素污染地下水具有较强的截留和防护能力,粉砂截留和防护能力相对较差。经计算粘质粉土和粉砂对再生水的净化能力分别为83.3%、29.1%。包气带土层颗粒粒径愈大,污染物浓度高,水动力条件好,包气带土层的防护能力愈差。     

包气带土体NO-3污染的微生态修复实验研究

社会经济的发展和资源的利用产生了一系列环境问题，尤其是化肥的超量施用，已经危及包气带土体和地下水的质量安全。大量的氮素没有被农作物吸收，经微生物硝化作用后，以硝态氮的形式进入包气带土体，使包气带土体普遍受到氮素不同程度的污染。本文简述了包气带土体硝态氮污染的室内微生态修复、阻控技术和实验研究，探讨了今后应用的可行性。     

包气带黏性土层对氮素污染地下水的防污性能试验研究

包气带土层是保护地下水的天然屏障,在阻控、拦截氮素污染源的过程中起到了重要作用。通过对北京市典型地区包气带土体进行定水位入渗的土柱淋溶试验,研究土体对于氮素的去除能力和包气带的截污容量。试验中采用了蒸馏水、再生水和河水3种不同的水源。试验结果显示,张家湾包气带土层对氮素污染地下水具有较强的截留和防护能力。对氮素的去除过程具有分段性特征,经历了较稳定和波动下降两个不同的阶段,其中稳定阶段是计算柱体去除能力的关键,提出了考虑滞后区间的时段去除率计算公式。水源对柱体的渗流速度及初期的吸附解析效应有明显影响。土体对氮素的去除作用受环境温度变化的影响,温度15 ℃左右时所达到的稳定阶段对氮素有极强的去除能力。     

包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定影响综述

施加氮肥是农业增产的有效途径,土壤反硝化作用可使其中的剩余、淋洗氮素得到消散和净化,使地下水免受污染。但影响包气带土层中反硝化测定的因素较复杂,目前还没有较完善的测定方法。文章在论述包气带土层反硝化作用的实质与影响因素基础上,总结了现行反硝化测定方法的影响与不足。结合现有监测技术的发展及对包气带土层中物质、能量的转化和分布认识,探讨分析了适宜于研究包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定方法,为相关学科研究提供借鉴。     

As(Ⅲ)在包气带土层中的自净作用实验研究

本文根据室内原状土混合溶液的淋滤实验,利用化学热力学的基本理论,研究As(Ⅲ)在包气带土层中的迁移、积累、分布特征。证明As(Ⅲ)在包气带土层中的吸附作用为其主要的自净作用,“不完全吸附作用”为其主要吸附作用特征。论证了包气带土层对于As(Ⅲ)的净化能力及对地下水的保护能力。     

运城盆地高氟地下水的分布及成因分析

本文通过对运城盆地高氟地下水的分布规律及成因探讨,确认高氟是受在本区半干旱的气候条件、富含氟化物的包气带土体、碱性的地球化学环境及独特的水文地质构造综合作用下形成的,并详细地揭示了区内高氟地下水的形成机理.     

干湿交替条件下包气带土柱中氮素迁移转化规律实验

干湿交替的回灌方法常被用于解决地面回灌补给地下水的堵塞问题。研究干湿交替条件下地面回灌对地下水的影响对于指导再生水回灌地下水具有重要实际意义。通过室内土柱模拟实验,在入渗强度为10.5 mm/h的条件下,日均进水量3 888 mL;用干湿交替的地面回灌模式持续运行136 d,累计灌入氨氮含量为5 mg/L的模拟再生水23 894 L,研究包气带土柱对氨氮的去除效果及氮素在包气带中的迁移转化规律。研究表明,充分利用包气带的好氧、兼氧和厌氧环境,生物脱氮是地下水回灌过程中脱氮的主要途径。包气带对氨氮的去除机理主要为土壤对氨氮的吸附作用和微生物的降解作用。回灌过程中累积在土颗粒表面的氨氮在干期发生硝化作用,干湿交替会加强氮素在包气带的迁移转化,导致干期后的回灌初期大量硝态氮迁移到饱和带地下水中。     

垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分在包气带中的迁移转化规律

通过室内土柱实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分氮、COD在包气带不同介质中的迁移转化特征。实验结果表明,岩性不同的包气带介质是影响氮素、COD迁移转化的重要因素之一,不同介质对氮、COD的净化能力不同;渗滤液对地下水不会造成氮素污染,但会造成有机污染。     

四川红层农业面源污染三氮等典型离子迁移研究——以金堂为例

通过分析成都金堂龙镇地下水赋存空间、村民施肥状况,来研究农业面源污染对地下水的影响。采用室内土柱淋滤实验模拟当地包气带土层进行实验,根据淋滤液中三氮等典型离子在一定时间内的浓度变化,分析离子在土壤包气带中的迁移变化以及得出离子在地下水中的迁移量及其浓度变化规律。最终提出切实可行的防治措施以降低施肥对土壤及地下水的污染。     

四川红层农业面源污染三氮等典型离子迁移研究——以金堂为例

通过分析成都金堂龙镇地下水赋存空间、村民施肥状况,来研究农业面源污染对地下水的影响。采用室内土柱淋滤实验模拟当地包气带土层进行实验,根据淋滤液中三氮等典型离子在一定时间内的浓度变化,分析离子在土壤包气带中的迁移变化以及得出离子在地下水中的迁移量及其浓度变化规律。最终提出切实可行的防治措施以降低施肥对土壤及地下水的污染。     

氮、氧同位素在地下水硝酸盐污染研究中的应用

硝酸盐是地下水中难以去除的稳定污染物之一,是地下水氮(N)污染的主要形式.不同氮来源的硝酸盐氮、氧(O)同位素组成不同,可利用N、O同位素并结合其他同位素技术示踪硝酸盐污染源,识别反硝化过程,对于有效控制污染源和评估地下水对硝酸盐污染的恢复自净能力有重要意义.本文介绍了N、O同位素技术在地下水硝酸盐污染源追踪和反硝化过程的识别方面的原理和应用以及目前发展状况.     

Spatial-temporal difference between nitrate in groundwater and nitrogen in soil based on geostatistical analysis

The study of temporal and spatial variations of nitrate in groundwater under different soil nitrogen environments is helpful to the security of groundwater resources in agricultural areas. In this paper,based on 320 groups of soil and groundwater samples collected at the same time, geostatistical analysis and multiple regression analysis were comprehensively used to conduct the evaluation of nitrogen contents in both groundwater and soil. From May to August, as the nitrification of groundwater i...     

Modeling the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland in the Baiyangdian Basin of the North China Plain

The water movement and soil nitrogen cycle of the Baiyangdian Basin were simulated, and the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland was assessed by using the distributed hydrological soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) in this study. The model assessment showed that SWAT was able to simulate water and nitrate movement in the region with satisfactory results. The modeling analysis indicated that fertilizer application was the overriding source of soil nitrogen and might result in a large amount of nitrate accumulation in soils; this nitrate might be lost by leaching or runoff driven by water movement. In 2009, nitrate nitrogen leaching represented 19.5 % of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application, while nitrate nitrogen runoff represented 1.7 % only. Thus, it showed that the nitrate leaching was the main approach of soil nitrogen movement in farmland because of strong percolation. It also showed a significant variation of nitrate leaching from different soil depths, with the largest amount leached from surface soil layers and the smallest amount leached from lower soil layers. Therefore, it could be further revealed that the nitrate concentration was very low at soil layers lower than the root zone of crops (1.2 m). Validated by groundwater observations, groundwater pollution by nitrate derived from fertilizers was not serious because of the deep groundwater level in the study plain. However, the risk of groundwater pollution would increase significantly if precipitation increased.     

Nitrate source and fate at the catchment scale of the Vibrata River and aquifer (central Italy): an analysis by integrating component approaches and nitrogen isotopes

The aim of this study is to apply an integrated approach to determine nitrate sources and fate in the alluvial aquifer of the River Vibrata (Abruzzi, central Italy) by coupling the Isotope and the Component approaches. Collected data include concentration and nitrogen isotope composition of groundwater samples from the alluvial aquifer and nitrogen loads arising from agricultural and non-agricultural sources. The adopted methodology identified synthetic fertilizers as main sources of nitrate in the Vibrata alluvial aquifer. At the catchment scale, two different zones have been identified: the Upper Valley, where infiltration to groundwater is dominant and nitrogen easily migrates into the aquifer; in this area, nitrate content in groundwater is stable and normally higher than EU requirements. Moreover, streamwaters are fed by groundwater with a nitrate content likely lowered by denitrification processes occurring in the hyporheic zone. In the Lower Valley, runoff processes dominate and the nitrate content in surface waters is higher. Nevertheless, groundwater is locally affected by denitrification that breaks down the nitrate content, which often reaches values consistent with law limits.     

地下水硝酸盐中氮、氧同位素研究现状及展望

农业区内浅层地下水中硝酸盐污染普遍存在。为保证供水安全和有效治理污染的地下水体。确定硝酸盐中氮的来源及影响硝酸盐浓度的物理、化学作用尤为重要。由于不同成因的硝酸盐中δ^15N值存在差异，利用N同位素可以确定氮污染源，但有时存在多解性问题；分析硝酸盐的δ^18O值，可提高地下水硝酸盐污染的研究深度。本文综述了用硝酸盐中N、O同位素来区分地下水污染中硝酸盐的不同来源和示踪氮循环过程这两方面的研究进展，并提出一些值得重视的研究方向。     

桂林甑皮岩岩溶地下水硝酸盐来源与转化

峰林平原是人类活动和居住的密集区，也是岩溶地下水系统的主要径流、排泄地段，地下水资源丰富。随着城市化的发展，地下水硝酸盐污染问题日渐突出。为研究桂林甑皮岩岩溶地下水硝酸盐来源与转化，分别于2018年10月、2019年2月、3月和4月采集地下水样，利用常规水化学及氮氧同位素技术识别硝酸盐来源与转化。结果表明:甑皮岩地下水中NO3-浓度在0~19.523 mg?L-1，δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-分别在-0.17‰～45.12‰和-5.82‰~16.47‰。硝酸盐氮氧同位素数据表明，甑皮岩地下水硝酸盐来源主要为粪便及污废水，少量来自降雨中的NH4+和土壤有机氮。受岩溶介质不均一性的控制，甑皮岩地下水中NO3-浓度、δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-均表现出明显的空间变异性。甑皮岩地下水硝酸盐的转化过程复杂，受控于季节和岩溶介质不均一性，表现为旱季以反硝化为主，雨季则以硝化过程为主。厘清硝酸盐来源与转化为治理甑皮岩地下水硝酸盐污染提供一定的科学依据。      

Nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Yellow River delta,China

Nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Yellow River delta, China is an important issue related not only to nitrate dispersion and health concerns but also to mass transport and interactions of groundwater, sea, and river waters in the coastal area. The spatial distribution of nitrate, nitrate sources, and nitrogen transformation processes were investigated by field surveys and geochemical methods. Nitrate occurred mainly in shallow layers and had a spatial distribution coinciding with geomorphology and land/water use. Irrigation water from the Yellow River and anthropogenic waste are two main nitrogen sources of nitrate in the delta, and both denitrification and mixing processes could take place according to characteristics identified by ionic and isotopic data.     

Modeling coupled unsaturated and saturated nitrate distribution of the aquifer Westliches Leibnitzer Feld, Austria

The aquifer Westliches Leibnitzer Feld, Austria, is a significant resource for regional and supraregional drinking water supply for more than 100,000 inhabitants, but the region also provides excellent agricultural conditions. This dual use implicates conflicts (e.g., non-point source groundwater pollution by nitrogen leaching), which have to be harmonized for a sustainable coexistence. At the aquifer scale, numerical models are state-of-the-art tools to simulate the behavior of groundwater quantity and quality and serve as decision support system for implementing groundwater protecting measures. While fully and iteratively coupled simulation models consider feedback between the saturated and unsaturated zone, sandy soil conditions and groundwater depths beneath the root zone allow the use of a unidirectional sequential coupling of the unsaturated water flow and nitrate transport model SIMWASER/STOTRASIM with FEFLOW for the investigation area. Considering separated inputs of water and nitrogen into groundwater out of surface water bodies, agricultural, residential and forested areas, first simulation results match observed groundwater tables, but underestimate nitrate concentrations in general. Thus, multiple scenarios assuming higher nitrogen inputs at the surface are simulated to converge with measured nitrate concentrations. Preliminary results indicate that N-input into the groundwater is strongly dominated by contributions of agricultural land.     

湖北泉水河流域水化学特征和硝酸盐来源示踪

目前针对喀斯特山区及平原过渡带天然河流硝酸盐的来源识别与追踪的研究鲜有报道,也较少考虑湿润气候区反季节性干旱气候特征对硝酸盐迁移规律的影响.以汉江二级支流泉水河流域为例,分析了从源头喀斯特地区、中间过渡区、平原区地表水和地下水硝酸盐含量及组成的空间变化,采用氮氧同位素识别地表水和地下水硝酸盐来源,利用SIAR模型定量计算各污染源的贡献率.结果表明:土壤有机氮、污水粪便、化肥和大气沉降对地下水硝酸盐来源贡献占比分别为31.4%、20.0%、29.6%和19.0%,对地表水硝酸盐来源的比例分别为32.0%、30.0%、25.0%和13.0%,污水粪便对地表水硝酸盐贡献比例较地下水增高;坝上水样因水体较大,自净能力较强,受污水粪便的影响很小（仅为9.0%）,坝上水样硝酸盐土壤有机氮、大气沉降和化肥的贡献占比分别为43.0%、11.0%和37.0%.枯水期河水主要由地下水缓慢补给,无地表径流汇入,土壤有机氮为河流主要的硝酸盐来源,河流中下游更易受人类活动影响,生活污水和化肥对河流硝酸盐贡献增大.      

北京西山岩溶水中硝酸盐来源及迁移特征

西山岩溶水作为北京市重要的供水水源,在区域水文地质调查过程中发现西山岩溶水补给区一些样品硝酸盐浓度偏高,然而其周围岩溶水中硝酸盐浓度并未见明显变化（浓度均值为18.81 mg/L）,具点状硝酸盐源特征。岩溶含水层中硝酸盐分布特征和影响因素具有重要的研究意义。文章利用岩溶水化学和同位素分析结果研究了岩溶水硝酸盐分布和来源,利用IsoSource软件计算各来源的贡献率。结果表明:军庄—永丰屯径流区和军庄—古城—玉泉山泉径流区岩溶水中硝酸盐主要来源于生活废水、土壤有机氮矿化和大气沉降,贡献率值分别为37.1%、36.3%、26.6%;潭柘寺—四季青岩溶水中硝酸盐在潭柘寺补给区有养殖场废水下渗影响,径流区中硝酸盐含量低并发生反硝化降解作用。永定河水源硝酸盐不是岩溶水硝酸盐的主要来源。研究成果对西山岩溶水中硝酸盐的控制具有重要参考价值。