数字表面模型与地形变化测量

在加利福尼亚州丘陵区和佛罗里达州滩涂区获得多时相航空摄影立体像对,构建数字表面模型。由于数字表面模型上记录着自然景观的三维表面坐标,我们可以测量沟壑侵蚀、河道窄化和深切以及海岸带滩涂地带盐沙地的移动,精度达到1m以内。本文使用的方法可为环境演变的定量化和进一步揭示环境演化规律提供精确参数。     

基于数字高程模型的中国岩溶地貌研究进展及前景分析

数字高程模型（DEM）蕴含丰富的地形地貌信息,基于DEM的数字地形分析方法为岩溶地貌研究提供了科学、有效的技术手段。文章针对前人应用DEM研究中国岩溶地貌所涉及的关键技术方法,从岩溶地貌识别的尺度效应、岩溶地貌的识别与分类、岩溶地貌的形态及格局分析、岩溶区生态环境变化等方面进行了梳理和分析,提出未来应构建科学的岩溶地貌数字分类体系,对岩溶地貌进行多尺度、深层次的地形分析和定量表达,并从地形现状研究拓展到地形演变的过程与机理研究,发掘出DEM在岩溶地貌研究中更多的应用。     

Episodic Carbonate Deposits on the Triassic Continental Slope in Southern China

Episodic carbonate deposits on the Triassic continental slope in southern China are mainly com-posed of gravity-flow limestones and contourite limestones. Gravity-flow limestones were well developed in thelower and middle Yangtze area in the Early Triassic and in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area in the Early and Mid-dle Triassic. Five fundamental types of gravity-flow limestones are recognized: slide limestone, debris-flow lime-stone, grain-flow limestone. turbidite limestone and rockfall limestone. They form six types of assemblage beds:slide-debris-flow limestones, slide-debris-flow-turbidite limestone, slide-debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite lime-stone, rockfall-debris-flow limestone, debris-flow-turbidite limestone, and debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite lime-stone. The first two were formed mainly in the Early Triassic slopes. The Middle Triassic slopes were charcterizedby widespread rockfall limestone. Growth faults, storms, earthquakes and oversteepened slopes are considered to bethe probable triggers of the gravity flows. Contourite limestones appear as isolated lenses or thin and ripple-laminated beds of grainstones occurring inhemipelagic argillaceous limestones and lime mudstones. They were formed at the base of the slope. Palaeocurrentdata indicate that the contour currents are perpendicular to the slope. The contourite limestones are not as common asthe gravity-flow ones, but they are important in the reconstruction of the palaeogeographical and palaeotectonic set-tings in southern China.     

黔南桂西早中三叠世碳酸盐台地边缘和斜坡沉积模式及其演化

黔南桂西地区(东经105°-107°,北纬24°20＇-26°40＇)地跨扬子准地台和加里东褶皱带(华南褶皱带)两个一级大地构造单元。属于南盘江沉积盆地的北部或西北边缘。区内早、中三叠世碳酸盐地层出露良好、层序完整,为台地边缘和斜坡沉积。详细研究该区碳酸盐台地边缘和斜坡沉积,对了解台地边缘特征和演化、海平面变化以及边缘的构造作用等有着重要的理论意义,为确定三叠糸南盘江沉积盆地的西北或北部边缘的构造性质提供可靠的沉积学依据。     

Evaluation of bulk carbonate δ13C data from Triassic hemipelagites and the initial composition of carbonate mud

Bulk carbonate samples of hemipelagic limestone–marl alternations from the Middle and Upper Triassic of Italy are analysed for their isotopic compositions. Middle Triassic samples are representative of the Livinallongo Formation of the Dolomites, while Upper Triassic hemipelagites were sampled in the Pignola 2 section, within the Calcari con Selce Formation of the Southern Apennines in Southern Italy. Triassic hemipelagites occur either as nodular limestones with chert nodules or as plane‐bedded limestone–marl alternations which are locally silicified. In the Middle Triassic Livinallongo Formation, diagenetic alteration primarily affected the stable isotopic composition of sediment surrounding carbonate nodules, whereas the latter show almost pristine compositions. Diagenesis lowered the carbon and oxygen isotope values of bulk carbonate and introduced a strong correlation between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. In the Middle Triassic successions of the Dolomites, bulk carbonate of nodular limestone facies is most commonly unaltered, whereas carbonate of the plane‐bedded facies is uniformly affected by diagenetic alteration. In contrast to carbonate nodules, plane‐bedded facies often show compaction features. Although both types of pelagic carbonate rocks show very similar petrographic characteristics, scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that nodular limestone consists of micrite (< 5 μm in diameter), whereas samples of the plane‐bedded facies are composed of calcite crystals ca 10 μm in size showing pitted, polished surfaces. These observations suggest that nodular and plane‐bedded facies underwent different diagenetic pathways determined by the prevailing mineralogy of the precursor sediment, i.e. probably high‐Mg calcite in the nodular facies and aragonite in the case of the plane‐bedded facies. Similar to Middle Triassic nodular facies, Upper Triassic nodular limestones of the Lagonegro Basin are also characterized by uncorrelated δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values and exhibit small, less than 5 μm size, crystals. The alternation of calcitic and aragonitic precursors in the Middle Triassic of the Dolomites is thought to mirror rapid changes in the type of carbonate production of adjacent platforms. Bioturbation and dissolution of metastable carbonate grains played a key role during early lithification of nodular limestone beds, whereby early stabilization recorded the carbon isotopic composition of sea water. The bulk carbonate δ¹³C values of Middle and Upper Triassic hemipelagites from Italy agree with those of Tethyan low‐Mg calcite shells of articulate brachiopods, confirming that Triassic hemipelagites retained the primary carbon isotopic composition of the bottom sea water. A trend of increasing δ¹³C from the Late Anisian to the Early Carnian, partly seen in the data set presented here, is also recognized in successions from tropical palaeolatitudes elsewhere. The carbon isotopic composition of Middle and Upper Triassic nodular hemipelagic limestones can thus be used for chemostratigraphic correlation and palaeoenvironmental studies.     

川西高原巴塘地区可溶岩地层分布与岩溶地貌发育特征

以川西高原巴塘县、白玉县为研究对象,详细阐述研究区从三叠系到寒武系出露的主要可溶岩地层的分布、岩石成分、结构特征以及各地层的岩溶发育特征,系统总结出研究区可溶岩地层的特征和碳酸盐岩地层岩溶发育的规律。结果表明:研究区可溶地层呈北西南东向展布,明显受区域地质构造影响;岩溶地貌发育特征显示出与青藏高原主要地区岩溶地貌的一致性,属第三纪时期热带—亚热带环境下发育演化的覆盖型岩溶剥露地表而形成的古岩溶,且岩溶类型多样,形态与规模空间差异性明显;不同碳酸盐岩地层的岩溶发育程度统计显示,泥盆系溶蚀洼地所占面积最大,三叠系与志留系碳酸盐岩地层中溶蚀洼地个数较多,但发育密度低于泥盆系,二叠系溶蚀洼地个数与面积均为最小,石炭系地层由于碳酸盐岩纯度高且集中出露,溶蚀洼地发育密度最大。      

The problem of rock assimilation by Somma-Vesuvius magma

Mineralogical and chemical compositions of ejected carbonate inclusions of Vesuvian gaseous phase are compared with those of carbonate sediments of the Somma-Vesuvius area. The basement of Vesuvius mainly consists of Mesozoic limestones. Most of these are characterized by extremely low insoluble residues. In this area thick dolomite beds occur in the Triassic system only. A calcareous layer of approximately 100 to 150 meters thickness characterized by high Sr contents (0.19% Sr in the average) is to be found within the Triassic dolostones. Several carbonate ejecta also show high Sr contents (0.1% Sr) but chemical composition of some of these ejecta differs somewhat from that of the Triassic layer high in Sr. Contact with the volcanic volatile phase and melt has produced some alterations in the composition of many ejecta. Magnesian calcites are abundant and periclase, brucite, tremolite, phlogopite and magnesite were found in the ejecta examined. Silicon, manganese, iron, zinc and, to a smaller extent, potassium and copper have been most probably transported from the volcanic gas phase into ejected carbonate inclusions. Owing to metasomatic actions of the volcanic volatile components, rearrangement and alteration of Ca and Mg contents occurred in the carbonate minerals of several ejecta. Under the influence of volcanic pressure and temperature, magnesium content originally in dolomite might be transformed into the calcite structure. \(\frac{{{\text{MgO}}}}{{{\text{CaO + MgO}}}}\) molar ratios of several carbonate ejecta do not correspond with those found in sedimentary limestones and dolostones. It cannot be proved whether the Mg of the mixed calcite-dolomite ejecta has been partially introduced from the volatiles or lost from the carbonate phases.     

西藏措勤打加错地区上三叠统江让组的发现及其地质意义

在西藏措勤打加错地区新发现上三叠统江让组,其为一套海相碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩沉积建造,岩性主要为不等厚层状石英质砾岩、深灰色薄层状—块状生物碎屑微晶灰岩、含砂粉砂质微晶灰岩、含石英砾质生物碎屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩夹钙质细砂岩,产珊瑚Distichophyllia sp.,Volzeia sp.,Montlivaltia sp.,M.cf.xainzaensis、海绵:Hartmanina sp.和双壳类Xenocardita?sp.,时代为晚三叠世卡尼期-诺利期,与下二叠统昂杰组呈角度不整合接触。江让组在该地区的发现,完善了冈底斯西部三叠纪的地层系统,为研究印支运动对冈底斯西部的影响和古特提斯洋的演化提供了依据。     

Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet,China

The nature of Phanerozoic carbonate factories is strongly controlled by the composition of carbonate‐producing faunas. During the Permian–Triassic mass extinction interval there was a major change in tropical shallow platform facies: Upper Permian bioclastic limestones are characterized by benthic communities with significant richness, for example, calcareous algae, fusulinids, brachiopods, corals, molluscs and sponges, while lowermost Triassic carbonates shift to dolomicrite‐dominated and bacteria‐dominated microbialites in the immediate aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. However, the spatial–temporal pattern of carbonates distribution in high latitude regions in response to the Permian–Triassic mass extinction has received little attention. Facies and evolutionary patterns of a carbonate factory from the northern margin of peri‐Gondwana (palaeolatitude ca 40°S) are presented here based on four Permian–Triassic boundary sections that span proximal, inner to distal, and outer ramp settings from South Tibet. The results show that a cool‐water bryozoan‐dominated and echinoderm‐dominated carbonate ramp developed in the Late Permian in South Tibet. This was replaced abruptly, immediately after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, by a benthic automicrite factory with minor amounts of calcifying metazoans developed in an inner/middle ramp setting, accompanied by transient subaerial exposure. Subsequently, an extensive homoclinal carbonate ramp developed in South Tibet in the Early Triassic, which mainly consists of homogenous dolomitic lime mudstone/wackestone that lacks evidence of metazoan frame‐builders. The sudden transition from a cool‐water, heterozoan dominated carbonate ramp to a warm‐water, metazoan‐free, homoclinal carbonate ramp following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the result of the combination of the loss of metazoan reef/mound builders, rapid sea‐level changes across Permian–Triassic mass extinction and profound global warming during the Early Triassic.     

汇集全球科技精英，打造岩溶地质研究的国际平台

中国是一个岩溶大国,全国岩溶区面积344万km^2,其中碳酸盐岩出露面积90．7万km^2,占国土面积的9．5％。中国岩溶发育具有四大显著的特点：首先碳酸盐岩古老、坚硬、质纯,出露的碳酸盐岩地层主要为三叠系至前寒武系,使岩溶形态挺拔、陡峭;其次中国岩溶发育主要受到太平洋季风气候的影响,水热配套,有利于碳酸盐岩的溶蚀、沉积,有利于岩溶的发育;再次新生代地壳强烈抬升,[第一段]     

复合海平面变化控制下的碳酸盐向上变浅层序──以贵阳地区三叠系大冶组灰岩为例

碳酸盐向上变浅层序形成的主因乃因在被动大陆边缘至克拉通盆地中，构造沉降速率一般要小于碳酸盐生产速率，而碳酸盐生产速率又要小于海平面变化相对上升速率。由此就形成了台地淹没事件形成的“淹没不整合”界面之上发育的碳酸盐向上变浅层序。这种低频率海平面变化快速上升超过碳酸盐生产速率形成的向上变浅层序，可由许多种类型的米级旋回层序有规律的垂直叠加所构成。在低频率海平面变化的上升阶段则以淹没节拍为主的米级旋回层序为特征，而在停滞至下降阶段则以暴露节拍的米级旋回层序为特征。而且组成向上变浅层序的下部单元──淹没事件形成的凝缩面具有从靠近盆地区到靠近台地区变薄的趋势。贵阳地区三叠系大冶组灰岩由两个向上变浅层序组成，每一层序包括若干个不同类型的米级旋四层序。     

鄂尔多斯盆地周边地区岩溶发育模式及岩溶地下水开发利用探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶区岩溶含水岩组主要由奥陶系和寒武系灰岩组成,岩溶发育受层状裂隙和构造裂隙控制,主要分布在盆地的东缘、南缘和西缘。文中通过对鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶区碳酸盐岩分布特征和埋藏条件的分析,提出3种岩溶发育模式:斜坡顺层岩溶发育模式、裂谷逆层岩溶发育模式和逆冲断层岩溶发育模式,对3种模式下岩溶发育的地质构造特点、水动力及水化学条件、岩溶发育特点进行分析和总结。初步探讨了3种模式下岩溶地下水资源量和开发利用规划。结果表明鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶地下水具有巨大的开发潜力。     

鄂东南地区早三叠世中晚期沉积相和沉积古地理

鄂东南地区早三叠世大冶群为一套以碳酸岩为主的地层。在发育较全的阳新龙港新屋铺剖面可以划分出10个岩性段。本文着重探讨早三叠世中、晚期的沉积相特征。早三叠世鄂东南地区为下扬子海域的一部分,推测早三叠世早期奉区与赣西北为统一的开放海,可能与分隔华北和扬子大陆的秦岭-大别山海域相连。沉积物以深水盆地相和陆棚相泥质页岩和灰岩为主,夹风暴成因的砾屑灰岩和重力流成因的碎屑灰岩。早三叠世中期,大别山、九岭山古陆成为局限盆地,发育潮坪、渴湖、障壁丘和鲕粒滩;晚期因周期性的海平面变化导致形成局限浅水盆地、蒸发岩沉积和深水盆地泥岩和重力流沉积。这些变化与Haq等人(1988)提出的全球海平面变化曲线相吻合。     

Speleogenesis in aeolian calcarenite: A case study in western Victoria

Most studies of karst landscapes and their processes have been concerned with consolidated, often well-jointed limestones. There are particular problems involved in the study of karst procesess in softer, less-compact limestones such as chalk, coral reefs, and aeolian calcarenite. Previous studies in aeolian calcarenite indicated these problems and a scheme was developed of speleogenesis in aeolian calcarenite. A study of karst processes in aeolian calcarenite at Bats Ridge in western Victoria has developed this scheme further. The karst features and processes at Bats Ridge are an integral part of the landscape of a mid-Pleistocene calcarenite dune system. The resolution of problems of the rapid subaerial speleogenesis in the area is achieved by the synthesis of the known karst features of the ridge and the geology and geomorphology of the area. Karst development on this aeolianite ridge depends on lithological conditions as well as the availability of aggressive water capable of solution. The diagenesis of the calcarenite is occurring now and must have been occurring by the mid-Pleistocene. This simultaneous lithification of the carbonate dunes into aeolian calcarenite rock and the development of solutional karst features in the dunes is the characteristic feature of the speleogenesis in this area. It is the formation of a hardened kankar layer (cap rock) in the dunes of sufficient compressive and tensile strength to support cavities, which is the result of these interrelated factors, that has strongly determined the formation of the karst features.     

显生宙罕见的巨鲕及其鲕粒形态多样性的意义:以湖北利川下三叠统大冶组为例

上扬子区早三叠世印度期的地层,从西向东由滨岸相砂泥岩(飞仙关组)到台地碳酸盐岩(大冶组),代表了一个二叠纪与三叠纪之交的大规模碳酸盐台地淹没事件之后、三叠纪早期缓坡型台地的生长发育过程。受制于三叠纪早期的两个海侵—海退旋回,早三叠世印度期大冶组中的鲕粒滩相灰岩经历了自西向东的进积作用。上述沉积作用过程的结果,在湖北利川的三叠系大冶组顶部发育厚层块状鲕粒滩相灰岩;该鲕粒灰岩,较大的粒径以及多样的宏观形态,成为一个窥视鲕粒成因的典型地点。这些主要由碳酸盐泥晶粘聚而成的粒径多超过2 mm的鲕粒,包括同心鲕粒、椭圆鲕粒、复合鲕粒、不规则鲕粒、核心不太清楚的鲕粒等多种类型。这些粒径超过2 mm的巨鲕,不但代表了显生宙较为罕见的沉积学现象,而且有可能代表了二叠纪末期生物大灭绝之后荒凉海底环境的沉积响应,为进一步了解成因还未完全明了的鲕粒所代表的碳酸盐世界提供了一个有意义的实例。     

苏南地区碳酸盐岩的溶蚀性分析

为了解江苏南部地区碳酸盐岩地层的岩溶发育潜力,采集代表性岩石样品,并制作成统一规格的试片,开展一个水文年的溶蚀试验。结果表明,本地区碳酸盐岩的平均溶蚀速度约为1.42 mm?ka-1,与国内其它地区相比处于较低的水平,大致相当于西南地区的1/30,略高于北方岩溶区。实验证明了苏南地区二叠系、三叠系碳酸盐岩具有最强的溶蚀性,这为解释上述地层区的岩溶现象提供了地质依据。研究还表明,岩石的溶蚀性与Ca含量关系密切,同时也受岩石矿物成分、微构造影响,一般高Ca碳酸盐岩具有较高的溶蚀性。苏南地区的岩溶发育性以岩石溶蚀性为基础,但水动力条件也十分关键,宜兴地区二者兼备,岩溶最为发育。     

利用ASTER卫星立体像对提取喀斯特数字地形模型——以广西大化高峰丛深洼地喀斯特地貌为例

ASTER卫星立体像对已经被成功地用于提取全球数字地形模型（DEM）,其有效性已经在不同类型的非喀斯特地貌区域得到验证。和一般地貌相比,喀斯特地形,特别是中国南方喀斯特,具有自己独特的形态特征。能否从ASTER影像中精确地提取喀斯特地貌DEM目前尚未见到有任何报道。本文利用ASTER影像成功地提取了广西大化地区高峰丛深洼地的喀斯特地貌DEM,并且将提取结果与同一地区1∶5万地形图控制点的高程和4个剖面的高程变化进行了对比。研究区内绝大部分区域是喀斯特地貌,但在其西北部有一舌状砂岩地貌分布,从而提供了一个很好的喀斯特和非喀斯特地貌DEM精度对比的机会。本文的研究结果表明,从ASTER影像提取出来的砂岩地貌的DEM均方根误差要小于喀斯特地区,表明从ASTER影像中能更有效地提取非喀斯特地貌的DEM。相比之下,提取得到的喀斯特DEM精确度则稍差。究其原因主要是因为研究区内独特的高峰丛深洼地地形形态。由于峰丛地形的阴影在构成立体像对的两幅影像（nadir-looking和aft-loo-king）上的大小和形态差异很大,导致了DEM生产过程中两幅影像不能精确配准,从而产生比较大的误差。相比之下,砂岩地区地貌相对比较平坦,地形阴影大小和形态在两幅影像上差别不大,故而能得到精度比较高的数字地形模型。本文研究结果同时还表明适当增加地面控制点能在一定程度上改善提取出来的喀斯特地貌DEM的精度。尽管提取的数字地形模型精度稍低,其均方根误差仍然远远小于该地区峰丛和洼地个体体量。因此本研究认为从ASTER立体像对提取的数字地形模型可广泛用于喀斯特地貌形态特征研究。     

云南建水白显锰矿沉积和岩溶双重成矿作用

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