Artificial screen for reducing seismic vibration generated by blasting

The purpose of blasting operations is rock fragmentation. Blasting is a key component in the overall rock fragmentation system - the first element of the ore extraction process. It provides appropriate rock material granulation or size that is suitable for loading and transportation. However, in spite of many advantages explosives have, their usage may cause environmental problem such as seismic vibration. One of the solutions to this particular problem may be application of an artificial screen as a barrier to the seismic wave path. The results of experimental research on the artificial screen concept, its characteristics and role in attenuation of seismic effects generated by blasting are presented. The experiment is based on two physical phenomena: (1) the size and degree of discontinuity and (2) the reflection and refraction of seismic waves. More than 1,500 laboratory measurements were conducted with different combinations of screen sizes, positions of the screen to blasting source, and intensities of blasting impulses. The results of the study show reduction of generated vibrations up to 58% by employment of artificial screens.     

推移质输沙对阶梯-深潭系统消能的影响

阶梯-深潭系统是山区河流上一种河床结构形态,具有稳定河床和消能减灾的作用。推移质运动会影响水流结构并改变河床形态,从而影响阶梯-深潭系统的消能效率。在野外构建阶梯-深潭系统,通过人工加沙试验,研究不同来水来沙对阶梯-深潭系统流场及消能的影响。研究表明,推移质运动使阶梯上紊动略增强,深潭中紊动大为减弱,从而使阶梯-深潭系统消能率降低。推移质运动的增强改变水流能量分配,其消能附加作用使阶梯-深潭结构消能降低和深潭淤埋。     

Incremental explosive energy distribution in blasting design

Summary The increasing range of explosive types and methods of initiation available to the blasting design engineer, and the possibilities of obtaining more detailed rock property data, require improvements in the precision of blasting design methods. Average design values, such as powder factor and specific charge, have little significance where rock properties vary in any lithological section of the blast. Application of the concept of incremental explosive energy distribution will increase the design sensitivity and control over blastability variations. In this paper the use of this concept is described for different levels of complexity. These range from the simple allocation of explosive energy for large rock sections, to the use of more complex energy attentuation functions to allocate incremental specific energy levels. Procedures to develop rock fragmentation predictions from such data are also outlined.     

溪洛渡水电站出线竖井爆破振动效应研究

对溪洛渡水电站左岸出线竖井开挖爆破的振动速度进行了现场测试。运用萨道夫斯基公式对测试数据进行回归分析,得到了竖井爆破掘进中地震波传播衰减公式。利用该式预测距离井底高程差为18.2～24.5 m处范围内测点的振动速度,并与实测数据进行对比。结果显示,竖井爆破振动的传播存在高程放大效应,水平振速放大系数约为1.49～2.24,垂直振速放大系数约为1.78～2.73;通过考虑高程效应对萨道夫斯基公式进行了修正,得到考虑高程因子的衰减公式,线性关系显著,对存在高程放大效应的爆破振动预测具有借鉴意义。运用动力有限元分析方法对竖井结构在爆炸冲击波荷载作用下的结构响应进行数值模拟,数值模拟结果与现场测试结果的对比表明,当相对高差不大时,两者整体趋势比较吻合,距离井底0～15 m,振动速度快速衰减,振动速度峰值衰减幅度超过总体幅度的60%;距离井底超过30 m,衰减不超过总幅度的10%。采用岩石-混凝土强度破坏准则对竖井构筑物在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的稳定性进行了强度校核,为竖井后续施工安全提供了参考。     

On the measurement of the surface energy budget over a land surface during the summer monsoon

The measurement of surface energy balance over a land surface in an open area in Bangalore is reported. Measurements of all variables needed to calculate the surface energy balance on time scales longer than a week are made. Components of radiative fluxes are measured while sensible and latent heat fluxes are based on the bulk method using measurements made at two levels on a micrometeorological tower of 10m height. The bulk flux formulation is verified by comparing its fluxes with direct fluxes using sonic anemometer data sampled at 10Hz. Soil temperature is measured at 4 depths. Data have been continuously collected for over 6 months covering pre-monsoon and monsoon periods during the year 2006. The study first addresses the issue of getting the fluxes accurately. It is shown that water vapour measurements are the most crucial. A bias of 0.25% in relative humidity, which is well above the normal accuracy assumed by the manufacturers but achievable in the field using a combination of laboratory calibration and field intercomparisons, results in about 20W m⁻² change in the latent heat flux on the seasonal time scale. When seen on the seasonal time scale, the net longwave radiation is the largest energy loss term at the experimental site. The seasonal variation in the energy sink term is small compared to that in the energy source term.     

基于小波包能量谱的建（构）筑物爆破地震安全评估

基于现场实测爆破振动数据,采用小波包分析技术对爆破振动信号进行了时频特征分析。根据小波包变换的分层分解关系,推导出爆破振动信号不同频带的小波包频带能量,小波包频带能量能同时反映爆破振动3要素（振动的强度、频率和持续时间）的作用影响。基于小波包能量谱,获得了爆破振动信号不同频带能量的分布特征,根据受控结构体对爆破振动动态响应特性,首次建立了能考虑爆破振动3要素以及受控建（构）筑物本身的动态响应特性（固有频率和阻尼比）等因素综合的安全判据--响应能量判据,并用工程实例验证了该判据的可行性和可靠性。该判据较之现行的速度-频率安全判据来说,能准确地描述爆破振动对受控建（构）筑物的影响程度,更能全面地评估建（构）筑物爆破地震效应。     

颗粒物质在微剪切振动下的能量耗散研究

采用改进的低频内耗仪研究了几种常见颗粒体系（沙子、玻璃珠）的相对能量耗散性质：能量耗散的振幅谱和频率谱。实验发现,振幅谱中随振幅增大形成一个能量耗散峰,而频率谱线中则观察到随着频率的增加依次出现四个能量耗散峰,对应着体系模量的四个衰减。随探针插入深度的增加相对能耗先增加后减小,出现一个能耗峰值,该峰值对应的深度为体系的临界深度。基于对颗粒体系的介观分析,提出一个流变模型来阐述流变耗散机制,结果表明摩擦在颗粒力学响应中除耗散能量外还起到增加体系弹性的作用。频率谱的分析表明颗粒中还存在另一种耗散机制：颗粒链的共振耗散。     

Microscale characterization of energy dissipation mechanisms in liquefiable granular soils

This study utilizes the discrete element method (DEM) to present a microscopic energy monitoring approach to characterize energy dissipation mechanisms in seismically loaded soils. Numerical simulations were conducted on saturated deposits of granular particles subjected to seismic excitations, modeled using a transient fully-coupled continuum–fluid discrete-particle model. The onset of liquefaction is illustrated through macroscopic and microscopic response patterns. A novel in-depth look at the individual microscale energy components both before and after the onset of liquefaction is presented. Local microscopic energies are also presented and are compared with local macroscopic energies calculated from stress–strain loops. Finally, an assessment of existing hypotheses to quantify liquefaction potential based on energy consideration is presented through a discussion of a number of simulations that resulted in liquefaction.     

底流消能方式水电站泄洪雾化模型试验研究

泄洪雾化现象是伴随着高坝泄洪消能带来的一个负面效应,它对于电厂的安全运行、周围环境等有一定的影响。采用大比尺模型试验方法研究向家坝水电站泄洪雾化问题,利用类似消能工的湾塘水电站泄洪雾化原型观测成果,反馈分析了雾化模型尺度效应,得到了雾化量的相似律,并预测和评价了向家坝水电站泄洪雾化影响。     

弯曲溢洪道挑流消能试验研究

为避免加剧弯曲溢洪道的不良振动,对弯道水流的挑流消能问题进行研究。通过试验研究的方法,提出了一种适用于弯曲溢洪道的新型挑流消能工,结合渠底超高法对弯道水流的干扰,使水流在质量力的作用下分流,有效降低和减小了回水的流量范围,增加了挑流水舌的纵向长度。通过对比两种不同凹岸边墙半径的弯曲束窄差动式斜切挑坎和弯曲连续斜切挑坎的回流、挑流和分流等特性,根据水流运动特性和流线的几何关系,提出了一种判断该新型挑坎发生回水的半理论半经验方法。研究发现高坎的收缩程度和凹岸边墙半径是影响分流和回水的主要因素,通过对高坎水流运动特性的分析,拟合流量、凹岸边墙半径与高坎折冲水流出流方向角γ的经验公式,推导了高坎分流临界角度γc的计算表达式,计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,可以为弯道水流挑流消能的工程应用和运行提供参考。     

弯曲溢洪道挑流消能试验研究

为避免加剧弯曲溢洪道的不良振动，对弯道水流的挑流消能问题进行研究。通过试验研究的方法，提出了一种适用于弯曲溢洪道的新型挑流消能工，结合渠底超高法对弯道水流的干扰，使水流在质量力的作用下分流，有效降低和减小了回水的流量范围，增加了挑流水舌的纵向长度。通过对比两种不同凹岸边墙半径的弯曲束窄差动式斜切挑坎和弯曲连续斜切挑坎的回流、挑流和分流等特性，根据水流运动特性和流线的几何关系，提出了一种判断该新型挑坎发生回水的半理论半经验方法。研究发现高坎的收缩程度和凹岸边墙半径是影响分流和回水的主要因素，通过对高坎水流运动特性的分析，拟合流量、凹岸边墙半径与高坎折冲水流出流方向角γ的经验公式，推导了高坎分流临界角度γ_c的计算表达式，计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好，可以为弯道水流挑流消能的工程应用和运行提供参考。     

Stochastic modeling of seismic surface rotations

In this paper, a stochastic analysis of surface rotations during earthquakes is presented. The surface motion is modeled by a spacetime random field. A method to obtain rotation based on direct differentiation of the random field is proposed with a reference to a second method based on wave decomposition. The first method leads to a spectral density of surface rotations in terms of point translation spectral density, coherence function and apparent waves velocity, while the second method formulates the rotational spectrum in terms of point translation spectral density and wave parameters. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed in detail.On leave from: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University, ul. Katowicka 48, 45–951 Opole Poland.     

土工袋减振与耗能的数值模拟

土工袋减振效果良好且造价低、施工简单,现研究与应用多基于现场重复试验,而少见有减振机制研究。根据土工袋的消能减振作用原理,利用离散单元法,建立土工袋减振过程中能量耗散方程;模拟单一竖向加载条件下各部分的能量耗散,从能量守恒角度对计算结果进行合理性分析,验证所建立的能量耗散方程与计算方法的正确性;然后利用经验计算模型,对土工袋单体进行1 000 N/s加载速率条件下3次循环加载时各部分能量耗散数值模拟,定量研究土工袋单体的减振效果。理论研究表明,土工袋袋子及袋内材料总消耗能量百分比随着加荷与卸荷的进行而呈“波浪状”增减趋势,占总能量的百分比在75%以上,可以起到较好的消能效果。     

The effects of out-of-plane seismic energy on reflections in crustal-scale 2D seismic sections

Crustal-scale seismic surveys mostly collect data along single profiles, and the data processing has an underlying assumption that the data have imaged two-dimension (2D) structure striking at right angles to the seismic profile. However, even small amounts of out-of-plane topography on a reflector can result in reflections that do not map the reflector shape accurately. Out-of-plane energy will migrate within the plane of the section to an apparent depth (represented as two-way-time, TWT) that is greater than the depth of the reflection point out of the plane of the section. It will fall within the plane of the section at depths less than, equal to or greater than the intersection of the reflector with the plane of the section, depending on both the amount of out-of-plane topographic relief on the reflector, and the offset of the topographic relief from the plane of the section. Reflectors that are a single surface can therefore be manifested in the seismic section as a band of several reflections, rather than a single reflection. More complex reflectors, such as shear zones that have a finite thickness because they are made up of several to many anastomosing layers of altered and anisotropic rock embedded in protolith, will appear as laterally short reflections within a laterally continuous reflection band. Other examples of such reflectors would be the Moho in some places, and rock with compositional layering. With increasing out-of-plane topographic relief on the reflector, the top of the reflection band for both single- and multi-layer reflectors will be a poor indicator of the top of the reflector in the Earth. The bottom of the reflection band will always be a poor indicator of the bottom of the reflector. Because out-of-plane energy can arrive at TWTs that are different from those of the reflector in the plane of the section, out-of-plane energy has the potential to interfere constructively or destructively with the in-plane energy. In synthetic data calculated for a simple model assuming one layer and topographic relief of 250 m over wavelengths of 4–5 km, similar to that imaged in a real sub-horizontal detachment, amplitudes ranged up to 2.6 times the expected amplitude for the layer. A model with anastomosing layers built to resemble a thick shear zone rather than a discrete fault surface allowed tuning between layers. The effects of out-of-plane energy when combined with the effects of tuning caused amplitudes up to 3.1 times those expected. Larger amplitudes could be achieved if a suitable model was contrived. The results indicate that care must be taken when calculating impedance contrasts using real data. The highest amplitude reflections are likely to yield overestimates of the true impedance contrast.     

Evaluation of monotonic and non-monotonic dissipation test results

The dissipation test evaluation method presented here employs: (i) a point-symmetric, linear, coupled consolidation model with a new boundary condition and a new time factor, (ii) an automatic and mathematically precise, non-linear, inverse problem solver which includes some reliability testing methods and a kind of regularization technique, and (iii) a method to identify the initial condition.The evaluation method is equally applicable to pore water pressure data displaying monotonic or non-monotonic time variation, with the only difference that the initial condition is identified differently during the inverse problem solution.The necessary testing time is very short provided that the pore water pressure is measured well above the tip. This is attributed to the ability of the one-dimensional, linear consolidation model to account for the geometry and the unloading effects that occur when steady penetration of the static cone penetrometer ceases.     

深筒式消力井水力特性试验研究

结合一个深筒式消力井工程的水力学模型试验,说明在高水头、小流量条件下,当水流从管道水流转换为明渠水流时,深筒式消力井是一种合理、可行的消能措施.深筒式消力井能承受输水管道很高的水头,与消力井进水管上安装有控制阀门密切相关.结合理论分析说明,输水管道的压力水头大部分耗散或损失在阀门处,阀门是消力井工程的关键部位,其开度应随压力水头的变化而变化;试验表明消力井出水管出口处的流速呈外弯大、内弯小的流速分布.     

Distribution of partial melt in a felsic system: the importance of surface energy

The texture, distribution, and infiltration tendency of a quartz-albite melt in equilibrium with a synthetic, texturally-equilibrated quartzite was examined in a series of distribution and infiltration experiments at 1,250° C and 8 kbar hydrostatic pressure. Wetting angle measurements from melt distribution experiments show a dihedral angle () of 60 degrees, implying a quartz/quartz interfacial energy approximately 1.7 times the quartz/melt value. Because of this specific relationship between interfacial energies, the system can achieve its lowest surface free energy state with the melt either in pools or along grain edge intersections, possibly forming some interconnected channels. Stability of melt in pockets and along grain edge intersections was observed in a fourteen-day, dispersed-melt experiment, yet melt pools failed to disperse into the quartzite during infiltration experiments. Comparison of the observed dihedral angle with previously measured surface energy values for the melt and quartz shows excellent agreement, and also demonstrates that an aggregate of randomly orientated anisotropic grains acts approximately isotropically.While these experiments are not strictly applicable to real crustal systems, they do indicate that, at least in some felsic systems, the melt has no preference for uniform grainedge wetting relative to collection at grain corners or in large pools. This ambivalent behavior is attributable to the 60-degree wetting angle, which has been shown to separate systems in which melt tends to disperse in interconnected channels (<60°) from those in which melt tends to become isolated at grain corners (> 60°).     

超深孔一次成井微差爆破技术研究

起爆时差是超深孔一次成井爆破设计中的一个重要参数,合理设计起爆时差和起爆顺序,能够达到先起爆炮孔为后起爆炮孔创造良好自由面和补偿空间,实现筒状硐室分层、分段爆破的目的,并能降低围岩震动破坏。为合理选取起爆时差,基于超深孔微差爆破破岩机制,从理论上推导了一次成井预裂爆破延期时间,掏槽孔与相邻辅助孔、同分段辅助孔、相邻分段辅助孔的起爆时差等计算公式;同时提出了自下而上预裂爆破、先上下后中间光面爆破等6种一次成井起爆顺序。在华恒矿-650矸石仓,结合施工条件合理确定起爆时差等爆破参数,形成爆破设计方案。爆破过程中实现了分层、分段爆破,获得了良好的硐室成型,验证了形成的超深孔微差爆破技术是成功的,其结果对类似工程的实施具有一定的参考价值。