Full‐scale shaking table test of a base‐isolated medical facility subjected to vertical motions

Base isolation is a well known technology that has been proven to reduce structural response to horizontal ground accelerations. However, vertical response still remains a topic of concern for base‐isolated buildings, perhaps more so than in fixed‐base buildings as isolation is often used when high performance is required. To investigate the effects of vertical response on building contents and nonstructural components, a series of full‐scale shaking table tests were conducted at the E‐Defense facility in Japan. A four‐story base‐isolated reinforced concrete building was outfitted as a medical facility with a wide variety of contents, and the behavior of the contents was observed. The rubber base isolation system was found to significantly amplify vertical accelerations in some cases. However, the damage caused by the vertical ground motions was not detrimental when peak vertical floor accelerations remained below 2 g with three exceptions: (1) small items placed on shelves slid or toppled; (2) objects jumped when placed on nonrigid furniture, which tended to increase the response; and (3) equipment with vertical eccentricities rocked and jumped. In these tests, all equipment and nonstructural components remained functional after shaking. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Disorder and damage of base‐isolated medical facilities when subjected to near‐fault and long‐period ground motions

A series of full‐scale shaking table tests were conducted at E‐Defense for a four‐story base‐isolated hospital. The operation room in the specimen was chosen for detailed examination of its disorder and damage during large ground motions. It was arranged with various medical appliances in as a realistic manner as possible, and the appliances were characterized by casters installed at the bottom to ensure mobility. Two types of ground motion, the near‐fault ground motion and long‐period ground motion, were adopted, and the responses of the appliances were recorded using the motion capture technique. Thanks to the base isolation, the floor response was greatly reduced, and no disorder or damage was observed in the operation room except for the case when subjected to a long‐period ground motion. In this case, the unlocked appliances moved seriously (by more than 3 m), and collisions occurred between the appliances and between appliances and the surrounding wall. The force of collision reached 36 kN, which is sufficient to injure a person. The acceleration due to collision was as high as 10 g, which is far beyond what can be tolerated by acceleration‐sensitive appliances. It is notable that such large motion was not observed once the appliances were locked. The test was also carried out for the corresponding fixed‐base structure. Among all cases in the experiment, by far the most serious damage occurred in the fixed‐base structure when subjected to the near‐fault ground motion, clearly because the floor response was significantly amplified from the ground motion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维隔震系统振动台实验研究

针对目前隔震体系尚不能减小竖向地震反应的缺陷,提出并研制了采用碟形弹簧的竖向半主动隔震装置。竖向半主动隔震装置是由碟形弹簧和外套油缸组成的,且由电磁阀控制油缸内油体与外接蓄油箱内油体间的油路,可实现竖向半主动隔震控制,提出了竖向隔震控制的半主动策略,结合水平隔震支座可实现三维隔震。通过振动台地震模拟实验,验证了三维隔震体系的效能,该研究对高烈度地区隔震技术的改善具有应用参考价值。     

Component and shaking table tests for full‐scale multiple friction pendulum system

The use of base isolation in developed countries including the U.S. and Japan has already been recognized as a very effective method for upgrading the seismic resistance of structures. In this study, an advanced base‐isolation system called the multiple friction pendulum system (MFPS) is investigated to understand its performance on seismic mitigation through full‐scale component and shaking table tests. The component tests of the advanced Teflon composite coated on the sliding surface show that the friction coefficient of the lubricant material is a function of the sliding velocity in the range of 0.03–0.12. The experimental results also indicate that there were no signs of degradation of the sliding interface observed after 2000 cycles of sliding displacements. A full‐scale MFPS isolator under a vertically compressive load of 8830 KN (900 tf) and horizontally cyclic displacements was tested in order to assess the feasibility of the MFPS isolator for its practical use. After 248 cycles of horizontal displacement reversals, the behaviour of the base isolator was almost identical to its behaviour during the first few cycles. The experimental results of the shaking table tests of a full‐scale steel structure isolated with MFPS isolators show that the MFPS device can isolate seismic transmitted energy effectively under soft‐soil‐deposit site earthquakes with long predominant periods as well as strong ground motions with short predominant periods. These test results demonstrate that the MFPS isolator possesses excellent durability and outstanding earthquake‐proof capability. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the mathematical model proposed in this study can well predict the seismic responses of a structure isolated with MFPS isolators. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Appropriate viscous damping for nonlinear time‐history analysis of base‐isolated reinforced concrete buildings

There is no consensus at the present time regarding an appropriate approach to model viscous damping in nonlinear time‐history analysis of base‐isolated buildings because of uncertainties associated with quantification of energy dissipation. Therefore, in this study, the effects of modeling viscous damping on the response of base‐isolated reinforced concrete buildings subjected to earthquake ground motions are investigated. The test results of a reduced‐scale three‐story building previously tested on a shaking table are compared with three‐dimensional finite element simulation results. The study is primarily focused on nonlinear direct‐integration time‐history analysis, where many different approaches of modeling viscous damping, developed within the framework of Rayleigh damping are considered. Nonlinear direct‐integration time‐history analysis results reveal that the damping ratio as well as the approach used to model damping has significant effects on the response, and quite importantly, a damping ratio of 1% is more appropriate in simulating the response than a damping ratio of 5%. It is shown that stiffness‐proportional damping, where the coefficient multiplying the stiffness matrix is calculated from the frequency of the base‐isolated building with the post‐elastic stiffness of the isolation system, provides reasonable estimates of the peak response indicators, in addition to being able to capture the frequency content of the response very well. Furthermore, nonlinear modal time‐history analyses using constant as well as frequency‐dependent modal damping are also performed for comparison purposes. It was found that for nonlinear modal time‐history analysis, frequency‐dependent damping, where zero damping is assigned to the frequencies below the fundamental frequency of the superstructure for a fixed‐base condition and 5% damping is assigned to all other frequencies, is more appropriate, than 5% constant damping. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复合隔震结构模型振动台试验研究

作者对一个二层复合隔震结构钢框架模型进行了振动台试验,该模型采用夹层橡胶支座与摩擦滑移支座并联组合作为隔震层,既能提供足够的弹性恢复力,又具有良好的结构耗能能力。试验测得结构各项动力响应,并将软件计算数据与试验数据进行了比较,结果表明复合隔震结构的加速度反应小,楼层层间位移也较小,上部结构基本为平动,结构耗能能力显著,而且软件可以很好地模拟结构的地震反应规律。     

饱和粉土液化特性的大型振动台模型试验研究

京沪高速铁路徐沪段路基的粉土粘粒含量少于1.5%、粉粒含量约为80%,在强烈地震作用下存在着液化可能性.为充分研究这一饱和粉土地层的液化特性,本文作者利用大型地震模拟振动台,进行了模拟自由场地饱和粉土的地震液化模型试验,试验结果再现了自然地震触发的粉土液化的各种宏观震害现象,揭示了饱和粉土的地震液化规律和特征。试验结果为京沪高速铁路徐沪段路基的抗震设计提供了参考依据。     

Shaking table test and analysis method on ultimate behavior of slender base‐isolated structure supported by laminated rubber bearings

This paper describes the results of shaking table tests to ascertain the ultimate behavior of slender base‐isolated buildings and proposes a time history response analysis method, which can predict the ultimate behavior of base‐isolated buildings caused by buckling fracture in laminated rubber bearings. In the tests, a base‐isolated structure model weighing 192 kN supported by four lead rubber bearings is used. The experimental parameters are the aspect ratio of height‐to‐distance between the bearings and the shape of and the axial stress on the bearings. The test results indicate that the motion types of the superstructure at large input levels can be classified into three types: the sinking type; the uplift type; and the mixed type. These behaviors depend on the relationship between the static ultimate lateral uplifting force on the superstructure and the lateral restoring characteristics of the base‐isolated story. In the analysis method, bearing characteristics are represented by a macroscopic mechanical model that is expanded by adding an axial spring to an existing model. Nonlinear spring characteristics are used for its rotational, shear, and axial spring. The central difference method is applied to solve the equation of motion. To verify the validity of the method, simulation analysis of the shaking table tests are carried out. The results of the analysis agree well with the test results. The proposed model can express the buckling behavior of bearings in the large deformation range. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人工质量在砖混结构振动台试验中的作用

通过组合墙片的拟静力试验和模型房屋的振动台试验，分析研究了人工质量模拟对砖混结构振动台试验的作用和影响。研究表明，重力对结构的弯曲刚度有较大影响，但不影响结构的剪切刚度。在主拉应力破坏的条件下，结构的破坏荷载随重力的增加而增大。提出了不完全模拟的人工质量模型应满足的相似条件及如何根据模型试验结果估计原型结构的抗震能力。     

SMA绞线-叠层橡胶复合支座振动台试验研究

对一组SMA绞线-叠层橡胶复合支座进行了振动台试验。根据试验结果比较分析了SMA绞线-叠层橡胶复合支座与普通叠层橡胶支座的隔震性能,着重分析了位移幅值对支座工作性能基本参数如等效水平刚度、最大恢复力、单位循环耗能和等效阻尼比的影响以及这些参数的变化规律。从而证明了在罕遇地震作用下发生较大水平位移幅值时,SMA绞线-叠层橡胶复合支座比普通叠层橡胶支座可提供更大的恢复力和阻尼,更有利于阻隔地震对上部结构的作用和强震作用后上部结构的自动复位。     

复合隔震墩隔震性能的振动台试验研究

通过对农村民居特点的研究,提出一种新型、经济、简单、可靠的隔震技术—钢筋-沥青复合隔震墩.根据相关理论设计了相应的隔震墩试件.通过地震模拟振动台试验输入E1 Centro和Taft地震动与结构地震反应的对比,研究了钢筋-沥青复合隔震墩模型的振动特性.试验结果表明,隔震墩加速度折减系数在0.34 ～ 0.55之间,可有效...     

变阻尼半主动结构控制振动台试验

在一个１：４的五层模型刚架结构上进行了变阻尼半主动结构控制振动台试验．在结构的底层安装了一个溢流阀式变阻尼控制器,输入几种不同的地震动并采用几种不同的控制算法对结构进行了变阻尼半主动控制。振动台试验结果表明,受阻尼半主动结构控制仅需要很少的电能,就可以达到较好的控制效果,是一种很有应用前景的结构振动控制方案。结合溢流阀式变阻尼控制器的特点,分析了一些因素对控制效果的影响．     

土-地铁隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台试验:试验方案设计

以南京地铁的建设背景为基础,对含有可液化土层的深厚软弱场地上双洞单轨的地铁区间隧道结构进行了大型振动台模型试验研究。根据本次试验的目的和特性,首先给出了模型体系相似比的设计基本原则,并对整个模型体系进行了相似设计,对模型土和模型结构的制备方法和模型材料的物理特性进行了室内试验研究,同时,根据对隧道地震反应分析的数值模拟结果,对传感器的选择及其布置方案进行了分析。最后,根据南京及其周边地区的地震环境,对台面输入地震动的选取及其加载方法进行了具体的阐述。试验结果表明本文对土-地铁区间隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台模型试验的设计方案是合理的,对相关试验结果的整理和分析见另文。     

基础隔震房屋模型振动台试验研究

本文结合日本在建的基础隔震实际工程,采用中国有关工厂生产的铅芯橡胶支座的作为基础隔震支座,进行了基础隔震房屋模型和基础固家房屋模型模拟地震动台试验,并引入能量分析方法对两种试验结果进行了分析比较。结果表明,基础隔震模型隔震效果明显,隔震层滞回变能有效吸收地震动入能量,减小模型结构的塑性变形和累积损伤。     

Experimental investigation on the seismic response of a steel liquid storage tank equipped with floating roof by shaking table tests

In this paper, the effectiveness of the base isolation on steel storage tanks has been investigated through numerical models and then checked by shaking table tests on a reduced scale (1:14) model of a real steel tank, typically used in petrochemical plants. In the experimental campaign the floating roof has also been taken into account. The tests have been performed on the physical model both in fixed and isolated base configurations; in particular two alternative base isolation systems have been used: high‐damping rubber bearings devices and sliding isolators with elasto‐plastic dampers. Finally, a comparison between experimental and numerical results has also been performed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

在振动台模型试验中黏滞阻尼器的设计方法

通过有限元分析,计算出原型结构中黏滞阻尼器的合理参数,然后利用阻尼力相似原则,对原型结构中黏滞阻尼器参数进行相似比运算,转化为模型结构中的黏滞阻尼器参数.运用该方法,在连续梁桥纵向消能减震振动台试验中设计模型黏滞阻尼器,从试验结果来看,黏滞阻尼器发挥了良好的消能减震效果.     

桥墩地震动水效应的水下振动台试验研究

进行了水下桩基础桥墩的振动台试验研究。从试件模型、试验装置和工况设置等方面介绍了水下桥墩振动台试验的实施过程。通过模型试验,分析与讨论了动水力对桩基础桥墩地震动响应的影响程度以及不同地震动输入条件下结构与水的相互作用规律。试验结果表明水的存在会改变结构动力特性和地震动响应。     

Response of base‐isolated nuclear structures for design and beyond‐design basis earthquake shaking

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 43‐05 presents two performance objectives for the design of nuclear structures, systems and components in nuclear facilities: (1) 1% probability of unacceptable performance for 100% design basis earthquake (DBE) shaking and (2) 10% probability of unacceptable performance for 150% DBE shaking. To aid in the revision of the ASCE 4‐98 procedures for the analysis and design of base‐isolated nuclear power plants and meet the intent of ASCE 43‐05, a series of nonlinear response‐history analyses was performed to study the impact of the variability in both earthquake ground motion and mechanical properties of isolation systems on the seismic responses of base‐isolated nuclear power plants. Computations were performed for three representative sites (rock and soil sites in the Central and Eastern United States and a rock site in the Western United States) and three types of isolators (lead rubber, Friction Pendulum and low‐damping rubber bearings) using realistic mechanical properties for the isolators. Estimates were made of (1) the ratio of the 99th percentile (90th percentile) response of isolation systems computed using a distribution of spectral demands and distributions of isolator mechanical properties to the median response of isolation systems computed using best‐estimate properties and 100% (150%) spectrum‐compatible DBE ground motions; (2) the number of sets of three‐component ground motions to be used for response‐history analysis to develop a reliable estimate of the median response of isolation systems. The results of this study provide the technical basis for the revision of ASCE Standard 4‐98. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土-地铁隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台试验——试验结果分析

在进行土-地铁隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台模型试验中,分别测出了模型地基的加速度反应、隧道结构的加速度反应、结构的侧向土压力反应和隧道结构的应变反应。本文首先对模型体系的加速度反应实测值进行整理,分析了模型地基的边界模拟效果、模型地基和隧道结构的加速度反应规律。其次,对模型隧道结构的应变实测结果进行了分析,给出了地铁区间隧道在水平向地震动作用下横截面的应变分布规律,分析了模型箱侧壁与地基土以及隧道结构与土体接触面上的动土压力实测结果及其反应的规律。最后,对试验中模型土的液化现象、地震裂缝和地下结构上浮等震害现象进行了描述。     

Improved external device for a mass‐carrying sliding system for shaking table testing

Shaking tables are suitable facilities to assess and validate the behavior of structures and nonstructural components under actual seismic actions. Because of the size and weight limitations of the tables, some approaches, like testing reduced‐scale models or testing only the main structural components, are deemed necessary. In these cases, to comply with modeling requirements, large amount of extra‐mass should be added to the specimen. Therefore, to avoid the risk of lateral instability of models, to maintain the weight of test specimens within table payload, while maintaining the amount of mass needed, an external device for transmitting the inertia forces to the models using an improved sliding system is proposed. Although friction devices for similar purposes have been developed using sliding bearings (Teflon pads or rollers), the measured coefficient of dynamic friction and the energy dissipated by friction have been very high. In order to drastically diminish the damping added to the specimen response when a friction device is used, the improved device employs a linear motion guide system (LMGS) with very low friction. Shaking table tests to collapse of reinforced concrete walls were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed device. Measured dynamic friction coefficients, spectral accelerations and hysteresis loops show that friction developed in the LMGS did not add any significant amount of damping into the specimen response. Thus, the proposed device is a reliable and suitable mass‐carrying sliding system (MCSS) for dynamic testing using medium‐size shaking tables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.