Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components: The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering, harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event, failure of architectural, mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover, nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities, such as hospitals, following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore, it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes, losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore, the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings, or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems, there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse, and the available codes and guidelines are usually, for the most part, based on past experiences, engineering judgment and intuition, rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often, design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components, identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore, considering recent trends in earthquake engineering, the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components, drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.     

Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components:The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.     

Effect of asymmetry and irregularity of seismic waves on earthquake-induced differential settlement of buildings on natural subsoil

The effect of asymmetry and irregularity of the inputted seismic waves on the earthquake-induced differential settlement of the buildings on natural subsoil is investigated in terms of the earthquake damage phenomena, theoretical analyses, dynamic triaxial tests and shaking table tests. A conclusion can be drawn from the investigation results that, the asymmetrical and irregular character of the inputted seismic waves themselves may have a significant contribution to the differential settlement of subsoil and buildings in some cases, and this is a necessary factor to be considered in reasonable evaluation for the differential settlement and other problems relating to the soil deformation due to earthquakes.     

云南漾濞6.4级地震公共建筑的震害特征

2021年5月21日云南漾濞发生6.4级地震,成为继2014年6.5级鲁甸地震和6.6级景谷地震之后云南省内时隔7年的又一次震级大于6级的破坏性地震。漾濞地震虽然与鲁甸地震在震级、震源深度和震源机制等方面均较相似,但漾濞地震震中附近的地面运动强度远不及鲁甸地震,且漾濞县的抗震设防烈度远高于鲁甸;相应地,漾濞地震对抗震设防建筑造成的破坏也远轻于后者。本文首先通过比较这三次地震震中附近的强震记录的反应谱,并结合公共建筑的震后应急评估结果,说明漾濞地震和鲁甸地震中公共建筑破坏程度的显著差异。进而以位于漾濞县城的两栋钢筋混凝土公共建筑为例,介绍此次地震中砌体填充墙和吊顶等典型非结构构件的震害。     

Seismic stability of jointed rock slopes under obliquely incident earthquake waves

Seismic stability of slopes has been traditionally analyzed with vertically propagated earthquake waves. However, for rock slopes, the earthquake waves might approach the outcrop still with a evidently oblique direction. To investigate the impact of obliquely incident earthquake excitations, the input method for SV and P waves with arbitrary incident angles is conducted, respectively, by adopting the equivalent nodal force method together with a viscous-spring boundary. Then, the input method is introduced within the framework of ABAQUS software and verified by a numerical example. Both SV and P waves input are considered herein for a 2D jointed rock slope. For the jointed rock mass, the jointed material model in ABAQUS software is employed to simulate its behavior as a continuum. Results of the study show that the earthquake incident angles have significance on the seismic stability of jointed rock slopes. The larger the incident angle, the greater the risk of slope instability. Furthermore, the stability of the jointed rock slopes also is affected by wave types of earthquakes heavily. P waves induce weaker responses and SV waves are shown to be more critical.     

单体建筑无筋砌体加固体系的抗震韧性研究

单体建筑无筋砌体结构的抗震韧性较差,在地震中容易发生严重破坏和倒塌。为此,以抗震韧性为参数指标,对单体无筋砌体结构进行加固并分析,研究其在地震作用下的抗震能力。以某实际工程作为研究对象,运用ANSYS软件建立单体建筑无筋砌体加固有限元模型,选取中国汶川地震波、日本阪神大地震波、美国克恩县地震波、中国台湾集集地震波及人工地震波作为地震动输入,利用韧性指数法和韧性等级法,从无筋砌体加固体系在震后的修复费用、修复时间及人员伤亡等方面进行分析,得到抗震韧性评估结果。研究表明：(1)在罕遇地震、设防地震和多遇地震的情况下,单体建筑无筋砌体结构的层间位移、层间剪应力、破坏程度均大于单体建筑无筋砌体加固体系;(2)在受到地震强弱因素影响下,无筋砌体结构的抗震韧性指数最高为0.877,而其加固体系的抗震韧性指数最低为0.908;(3)在经历不同地震波后,无筋砌体结构受到较大损害等级占比较高,人员伤亡较重,需要花费较长的时间和较多的费用完成灾后重建;而经过加固后的无筋砌体结构,加固体系受到较小损害等级占比较高,人员伤亡较轻,且能够用较短的时间和较少的费用完成灾后重建。     

青海玛多M7.4地震中剪力墙结构抗震性能初步分析

本文选取2021年5月22日青海玛多县发生的M7.4地震的大武地震台实测加速度及课题组用经验格林函数法模拟的野马滩大桥处的加速度,并将二者的绝对加速度反应谱与中国地震动参数区划图(GB18306—2015)给出的“双参调整”设计反应谱进行对比分析,得到地震波观测值和模拟值对当地抗震设防结构的影响程度应视结构形式而定.然后将两条地震波分别输入到某11层剪力墙结构,用PKPM的SATWE模块进行多遇地震、设防地震下的线弹性分析,并用PUSH模块进行罕遇地震下的静力弹塑性分析.该剪力墙结构在两地区不同地震波作用时,均达到了“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的设防目标,其抗震性能目标达到C级.结论可为房屋建筑的抗震设防及震后应急响应提供很重要的参考.     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的城市桥梁震害预测模型研究

针对地震中城市桥梁震害状态具有较强的非线性、复杂性的特点,采用了具有RBF核函数的最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)算法。在大量收集我国地震中城市桥梁震害资料的基础上,将此算法引入桥梁的震害预测中,选取了地震烈度、上部结构、地基失效程度、支座类型、墩台高度、桥梁跨数和场地类别等因素作为模型的特征输入向量,建立了最小二乘支持向量机的桥梁震害预测模型。通过反复地样本训练及模型参数设置,仿真结果表明,该方法具有一定的准确度和可行性。基于最小二乘支持向量机的桥梁震害预测方法是一种可以用于地震中桥梁震害预测的良好方法。     

基于复杂网络的建筑物强震下抗毁性估计模型

城市所处的地震危险性环境和城市建筑物的易损性是影响复杂网络建筑物强震环境下抗毁能力的关键因素。由于现阶段对建筑物抗震抗毁能力的评定仍存在一定困难,对建筑物震害程度测评只能通过强震之后建筑物受破坏的程度进行评估,且评估结果不够精准,因此提出基于复杂网络的建筑物抗震能力的评估方法。考虑到地震中的危险性因素,以地面峰值加速度为参数对强震环境下复杂网络建筑物抗毁性进行测评和分析,在此基础上提出对复杂网络下建筑物的防震抗毁能力进行评估的相对建筑物抗震性能指数,并结合建筑物抗震能力评估标准确定其抗震能力水平;再进行仿真实验加以测量,并结合震害经验,证实该方法的有效性。     

地震作用下柱承式筒仓仓壁侧压力试验研究

地震作用下贮料对筒仓产生的超压是造成筒仓损伤破坏的原因之一。为研究地震作用下贮料的地震响应特性及变化规律,对缩尺比例为1∶25的柱承式筒仓模型开展了单向和双向地震作用下的振动台试验,揭示了筒仓仓壁动态侧压力分布规律和超压系数,建立了仓壁动态侧压力的计算方法。研究表明:（1）地震时筒仓内贮料的运动滞后于仓壁,随着地震动持续滞后逐渐明显,且沿仓壁顶部至底部滞后不断减弱;（2）动态侧压力分布规律与测点布置位置、地震波的输入方式相关;（3）仓体顶部范围内超压系数试验值大于规范采用值,现行规范中采用的修正系数偏小;（4）仅依据单向地震激励,尚不足以真实反映地震作用下筒仓贮料的动力学特性,筒仓结构强度设计时不应忽略双向地震作用。研究成果可为柱承式筒仓的抗震设计提供参考和依据。     

Full‐scale shaking table test of a base‐isolated medical facility subjected to vertical motions

Base isolation is a well known technology that has been proven to reduce structural response to horizontal ground accelerations. However, vertical response still remains a topic of concern for base‐isolated buildings, perhaps more so than in fixed‐base buildings as isolation is often used when high performance is required. To investigate the effects of vertical response on building contents and nonstructural components, a series of full‐scale shaking table tests were conducted at the E‐Defense facility in Japan. A four‐story base‐isolated reinforced concrete building was outfitted as a medical facility with a wide variety of contents, and the behavior of the contents was observed. The rubber base isolation system was found to significantly amplify vertical accelerations in some cases. However, the damage caused by the vertical ground motions was not detrimental when peak vertical floor accelerations remained below 2 g with three exceptions: (1) small items placed on shelves slid or toppled; (2) objects jumped when placed on nonrigid furniture, which tended to increase the response; and (3) equipment with vertical eccentricities rocked and jumped. In these tests, all equipment and nonstructural components remained functional after shaking. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

损失分布和非结构损失对房屋建筑地易损性的影响

房屋建筑的地震易损性是地震损失评估和地震巨灾风险模型的基础。作为房屋建筑的重要组成部分,各类非结构构件的损失在现有的易损性模型中并未得到足够重视。本文以一栋典型钢筋混凝土框架结构教学楼为对象,通过将房屋建筑中的各类构件划分为具有不同地震损伤特性和损失后果的易损性组,考察建筑内的损失分布和非结构损失对房屋建筑地震易损性的影响。分析结果表明:由于许多非结构构件在中小地震作用下即可能发生较严重的破坏,房屋建筑在中小地震下的易损性主要受非结构损失控制;随着地震动强度等级的不断提高,结构损伤渐趋严重,结构损失对整体建筑易损性的影响不断增大;在结构进入震后不可修状态之前,建筑不同楼层的损失分布是评估建筑地震损失时不可忽略的因素。     

Intelligent seismic isolation system using air bearings and earthquake early warning

Recently strong seismic waves or long period seismic waves have been observed in various earthquakes that occurred in Japan. As a result improvements of existing seismic isolation systems are deemed necessary. The present study proposed an intelligent seismic isolation system encompassing air bearings and earthquake early warning (EEW) system. Such system exhibits adequate isolation performance. The air bearings are isolation device that may render infinite the superstructure natural period by floating them, and the EEW is applied for a trigger of isolation. This paper illustrates the proposed system and discusses the experimental results of a test carried out with the system. Laboratory tests carried out in the present research demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed base isolated systems and prove its efficacy in mitigating the effects of three-dimensional seismic waves. For example, the system suppressed the horizontal response acceleration of an isolation target to 38% of input acceleration.     

混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估

提出基于构件性能的混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估方法,采用强度与延性法分析混凝土高层建筑构件强度和变形,以对强震作用下混凝土高层建筑结构性能实施准确描述。基于建筑结构性能以及多条地震波情况下高层建筑结构倒塌极限状态的分析规范,采用IDA方法设置建筑结构抗倒塌能力系数,并依据该系数获取基于构件性能的混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估流程,实现建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力的准确评估。实验结果说明,所提方法实现了混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力的准确评估。     

Seismic performance evaluation of plasterboard partitions via shake table tests

The damage of nonstructural components represents the largest contribution to the economic loss caused by an earthquake. Since nonstructural components are not amenable to traditional structural analysis, full-scale experimental testing is crucial to understand their behaviour under earthquake. For this reason, shaking table tests are performed to investigate the seismic behaviour of plasterboard partitions. A steel test frame is properly designed in order to simulate the seismic effects at a generic building storey. The tests are performed shaking the table simultaneously in both horizontal directions. To investigate a wide range of interstorey drift demand and seismic damage, the shakes are performed scaling the accelerograms at eleven different intensity levels. The tested plasterboard partitions from Siniat exhibit a good seismic behaviour, both in their own plane and out of plane, showing limited damage up to 1.1 % interstorey drift ratio. The correlation between the dynamic characteristics of the test setup and the recorded damage is evidenced. Finally, an interesting comparison between the experimental results and the analytical model is also performed.     

北京机场新塔台结构模拟地震作用试验研究

本文对首都机场新塔台钢筋混凝土筒-钢框架组合结构缩尺模型进行了模拟地震振动台试验研究,分析了高耸塔台结构的地震反应和破坏特征,并对这种下部为混凝土筒体,上部为钢框架结构的锚固连接及钢榧架结构层间位移控制进行了探讨,为提出这类钢-混凝土组合结构体系抗震计算模型和设计理论提供了试验依据。     

An attenuation model for distant earthquakes

Large magnitude earthquakes generated at source–site distances exceeding 100km are typified by low‐frequency (long‐period) seismic waves. Such induced ground shaking can be disproportionately destructive due to its high displacement, and possibly high velocity, shaking characteristics. Distant earthquakes represent a potentially significant safety hazard in certain low and moderate seismic regions where seismic activity is governed by major distant sources as opposed to nearby (regional) background sources. Examples are parts of the Indian sub‐continent, Eastern China and Indo‐China. The majority of ground motion attenuation relationships currently available for applications in active seismic regions may not be suitable for handling long‐distance attenuation, since the significance of distant earthquakes is mainly confined to certain low to moderate seismicity regions. Thus, the effects of distant earthquakes are often not accurately represented by conventional empirical models which were typically developed from curve‐fitting earthquake strong‐motion data from active seismic regions. Numerous well‐known existing attenuation relationships are evaluated in this paper, to highlight their limitations in long‐distance applications. In contrast, basic seismological parameters such as the Quality factor (Q‐factor) could provide a far more accurate representation for the distant attenuation behaviour of a region, but such information is seldom used by engineers in any direct manner. The aim of this paper is to develop a set of relationships that provide a convenient link between the seismological Q‐factor (amongst other factors) and response spectrum attenuation. The use of Q as an input parameter to the proposed model enables valuable local seismological information to be incorporated directly into response spectrum predictions. The application of this new modelling approach is demonstrated by examples based on the Chi‐Chi earthquake (Taiwan and South China), Gujarat earthquake (Northwest India), Nisqually earthquake (region surrounding Seattle) and Sumatran‐fault earthquake (recorded in Singapore). Field recordings have been obtained from these events for comparison with the proposed model. The accuracy of the stochastic simulations and the regression analysis have been confirmed by comparisons between the model calculations and the actual field observations. It is emphasized that obtaining representative estimates for Q for input into the model is equally important.Thus, this paper forms part of the long‐term objective of the authors to develop more effective communications across the engineering and seismological disciplines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake early warning scenarios at critical facilities in the Eastern Caribbean

A feasibility study of an earthquake early warning (EEW) system was conducted for the Eastern Caribbean region using scenario earthquakes, corresponding to the maximum credible earthquakes and to the earthquakes associated with a return period of 475 years. Broadband synthetic seismograms were produced at selected critical facilities, where there is potential interest in the installation of an EEW system. The expected damage was derived from the synthetic seismograms and compared with the lead-time determined for both a regional and on-site EEW configuration. Next, the Virtual Seismologist EEW algorithm, as included in SeisComP3, was tested. Additional broadband synthetic seismograms were produced for the stations in the Eastern Caribbean seismic networks in order to simulate the real time behaviour of the seismic networks during the occurrence of the synthetic earthquakes and to assess the predictive capacity of the selected ground motion prediction equation. Expected peak ground parameters and lead-times at the critical facilities constitute the major outcome of the study.     

基于GIS的地震烈度定量化输入

无论是震害预测还是震害快速评估工作,都需要进行地震烈度定量化输入。通过地震烈度衰减关系,在地理底图上绘制地震烈度等震线,将地震影响烈度定量化到地理底图中的面与点中,从而为地震灾害快速评估提供依据。     

汶川地震农居震害特征及其成因分析与恢复重建建议

本文总结了汶川地震中农居倒塌、严重破坏与中等破坏的特点,并分析了破坏程度与地震动、地震地表破裂、滑坡、滚石和房屋质量等因素的关系。为了减轻未来地震造成的震害,城镇选址应避开危险地段和抗震不利地段,且农居设计与施工应严格遵循抗震设计规范中的相关条款。同时,本文也强调了当地政府在灾区重建中的重要作用。