Energy dissipation behaviour of shear panels made of low yield steel

This paper presents the results of a pilot test conducted for evaluating the energy dissipation behaviour of shear panels made of low yield steel whose 0.2 per cent offset yield stress is 120 MPa. A total of six full-scale shear panels were tested with the loading condition, stiffener spacing, and magnitude of axial force as test variables. The shear panels tested yielded at a shear force that is approximately 1/3 of the yield shear force of equivalent shear panels made of common mild steel. Shear panels with proper stiffener arrangement exhibited stable hysteresis, thus ensuring large energy dissipation capacity. Sufficient strain hardening was observed in the shear panels tested, with their energy dissipation capacity about 1.5 times larger than that of an equivalent linear-elastic and perfect-plastic system. Plate buckling did not lead the shear panels to immediate degradation in their energy dissipation capacity. Post-buckling resistance was found to be a subject that requires further studies for quantifying the performance of shear panels made of low yield stress steel as hysteretic dampers.     

An innovative methodology for seismic retrofitting of existing RC buildings by metal shear panels

In the present paper, the seismic upgrading of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures by means of steel and pure aluminium shear panels is examined. After a preliminary experimental evaluation of the performance of the bare RC structure, a design approach based on the capacity spectrum method has been developed according to the procedure provided in the ATC 40 American guidelines. First, the geometrical configuration of the applied shear panels has been defined according to simplified analytical relationships, while appropriate steel members have been designed to allow the insertion of shear panels in the existing RC structure. Then, complex finite element models have been implemented in order to check the reliability of the proposed design procedure. Also, a numerical evaluation of the global response of the upgraded structure has been processed aiming at evaluating the interaction between the RC structure and the metal devices. Finally, the effectiveness of the applied shear panels has been proven by means of full‐scale experimental tests, which confirmed the significant improvement of the RC structure performance, in terms of strength, stiffness and deformation capacity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pure aluminium shear panels as dissipative devices in moment‐resisting steel frames

The use of energy dissipation systems for the seismic control of steel structures represents a valid alternative to conventional seismic design methods. The seismic devices currently employed are mostly based on the metallic yielding technology due to the large feasibility and efficiency they can provide. Within this context, in the current paper an innovative solution based on the adoption of low‐yield‐strength pure aluminium shear panels (SPs) for seismic protection of steel moment‐resisting frames is proposed and investigated. In order to prove the effectiveness of the system, a wide numerical study based on both static and dynamic non‐linear analyses has been carried out, considering a number of different frame‐to‐shear panel combinations, aiming at assessing the effect of the main influential parameters on the seismic response of the structure. The obtained results show that the contribution provided by aluminium SPs is rather significant, allowing a remarkable improvement of the seismic performance of the structure in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility, with the possibility to strongly limit the damage occurring in the members of moment‐resisting frames. In particular, it is clearly emphasized that the stiffening effect provided by SPs allows a more rational design procedure to be adopted, since the serviceability limit state check does not lead to unavoidable and uneconomical increase of the size of main structural members. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An experimental study of a damage‐controllable plastic‐hinge‐supported wall structure

The reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall serves as one of the most important components sustaining lateral seismic forces. Although they allow advanced seismic performance to be achieved, RC shear walls are rather difficult to repair once the physical plastic hinge at the bottom part has been formed. To overcome this, a damage‐controllable plastic hinge with a large energy dissipation capacity is developed herein, in which the sectional forces are decoupled and sustained separately by different components. The components sustaining the axial and the shear forces all remain elastic even under a rarely occurred earthquake, while the bending components yield and dissipate seismic energy during a design‐level earthquake. This design makes the behavior of the system more predictable and thus more easily customizable to different performance demands. Moreover, the energy dissipation components can be conveniently replaced to fully restore the occupancy function of a building. To examine the seismic behavior of the newly developed component, 3 one third‐scale specimens were tested quasi‐statically, including 1 RC wall complying with the current design codes of China and 2 installed with the damage‐controllable plastic hinges. Each wall was designed to have the same strength. The experimental results demonstrated that the plastic‐hinge‐supported walls had a better energy dissipation capacity and damage controllability than the RC specimen. Both achieved drift ratios greater than 3% under a steadily increasing lateral force.     

低层装配式钢筋混凝土水平坐浆墙体抗震性能试验研究

为了研究低层装配式钢筋混凝土水平坐浆墙体的抗震性能,对3个不同剪跨比的低层装配式钢筋混凝土水平坐浆墙体进行了低周反复荷载试验。根据试验结果,分析了剪跨比对墙体的破坏形态、承载力、变形能力、刚度退化和耗能能力的影响。结果表明:随着剪跨比的减小,墙体的破坏形态由弯曲破坏转为剪切破坏;试件SW2和试件SW3的承载力相对于试件SW1分别提高68%和110%,延性分别降低21.8%和37.5%;试件SW1的耗能能力最好,刚度退化速度最缓慢;预制钢筋混凝土墙板与现浇边缘构件协同合作,连接处无竖向裂缝,墙体整体性较好,具有良好的抗震性能,可用于我国城镇建设中的低层住宅结构。     

Aluminium shear-links for enhanced seismic resistance

An aluminium beam shear-link is developed for earthquake-resistant structures. The aluminium beam is designed to yield in shear mode to limit the maximum lateral force which is transmitted to primary structural members and to provide significant energy dissipation potential. Aluminium was chosen because of its low yield strength, which enables the use of thicker webs, reducing the problems of web buckling. Cyclic load tests on medium scale (1:4) models were conducted to study the hysteretic behaviour and energy dissipation potential of shear-links made of two alloys of aluminium (3003-O and 6061-O). The links were also tested at faster rates (cycling frequencies of 5, 10 and 17 Hz) to determine the effect of strain rate. The links exhibited very ductile shear yielding and excellent energy dissipation capacity. Unpinched and full hysteresis loops were observed until 10 per cent shear strain, and a relatively small influence of strain rates was observed on the link's performance. Simple design equations are developed to proportion these shear-links, using data from the cyclic load tests. In chevron-type braced systems, the shear-link is sandwiched between the tops of diagonal braces and a girder from the floor above, resulting in yielding at a lateral force less than that required to buckle the compression brace. A Shear-Link Braced Frame (SLBF) system was designed and its seismic performance was compared to that of an Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame (OCBF) with chevron braces. The SLBF system demonstrated more uniform distribution of storey drifts, reduced base shear, and a larger energy dissipation capacity per unit drift. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on a new shear wall system with shaking table test and finite element analysis

A new seismic energy dissipation shear wall structure is proposed in this paper. The new shear wall is one with purposely built‐in vertical slits within the wall panel, and rubber belts as seismic energy dissipation devices are installed in the vertical slits. In order to verify this concept, shaking table tests of a 10‐storey shear wall model with rubber belts filled in the vertical slits were carried out, and comparison of seismic behaviour was made between the new shear wall system and a shear wall with reinforced concrete connecting beams as energy dissipation. Furthermore, the seismic behaviour of this new shear wall is analysed by a finite element time history analysis method. The test and analysis show that the new shear wall system has a very good ability to dissipate seismic energy and is easy to use in engineering practice. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental research on the seismic behavior of CSPSWs connected to frame beams

The seismic performance of composite steel plate shear walls (CSPSWs) that consist of a steel plate shear wall (SPSW) with reinforced concrete (RC) panels attached to one or both sides by means of bolts or connectors is experimentally studied. The shear wall is connected to the frame beams but not to the columns. This arrangement restrains the possible out-of-plane buckling of the thin-walled steel plate, thus significantly increasing the bearing capacity and ductility of the overall wall, and prevents the premature overall or local buckling failure of the frame columns. From a practical viewpoint, these solutions can provide open space in a floor as this type of composite shear walls with a relatively small aspect ratio can be placed parallel along a bay. In this study, four CSPSWs and one SPSW were tested and the results showed that both CSPSWs and SPSW possessed good ductility. For SPSW alone, the buckling appeared and resulted in a decrease of bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity. In addition, welding stiffeners at corners were shown to be an effective way to increase the energy dissipation capacity of CSPSWs.     

Seismic safety assessment of existing masonry infill structures in Nepal

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Nepal are constructed with RC frames and masonry infill panels. These structures exhibit a highly non-linear inelastic behavior resulting from the interaction between the panels and frames. This paper presents an extensive case study of existing RC buildings in Nepal. Non-linear analyses were performed on structural models of the buildings considered as a bare frame and with masonry infill, in order to evaluate the influence of infill walls on the failure mechanisms. Five three-storey buildings with different structural configurations and detailing were selected. The effect of masonry infill panels on structural response was delineated by comparing the bare-framed response with the infill response. Seismic performance is evaluated with regard to global strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, inter-storey drift, and total deflection of the structure. A parametric analysis of structures with masonry infill is also performed. For this, the influence of different material properties is studied, namely diagonal compressive stress, modulus of elasticity and tensile stress of masonry infill panels. Study results show that masonry infill increases the global strength and stiffness of the structures; it decreases the inter-storey drift and hence the total displacement of the structure. The results quantify the influence of the infill panels on structural response and, in particular, the effect of the diagonal compressive strength of the masonry wall.     

再生混凝土低矮剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为了研究不同再生骨料取代率对剪力墙性能的影响,进行了4个剪跨比为1.0的低矮剪力墙的低周反复荷载试验研究,包括1个普通混凝土剪力墙和3个再生混凝土剪力墙.在试验的基础上,分析了各剪力墙的承载力、延性、刚度、滞回特征、耗能及破坏特征.研究表明:与普通混凝土剪力墙相比,再生混凝土低矮剪力墙的抗震性能略差,且随着再生骨料掺量的增加,再生混凝土剪力墙的性能呈下降趋势;暗支撑的设置能够明显改善再生混凝土低矮剪力墙的抗震性能;在一定的条件下,再生混凝土可用于一些剪力墙结构的抗震设计.     

改善钢筋混凝土低矮剪力墙抗震性能的研究

普通钢筋混凝土低矮剪力墙抗震性能较差，其抗震性能的改善一直受到工程界的关注。总结了一些改善低矮剪力墙抗震性能的国内外研究成果，包括：开缝低矮剪力墙、带暗支撑低矮剪力墙、设耗能装置的低矮剪力墙和低矮组合剪力墙等。在此基础上，提出了一种新型耗能剪力墙，并进行了初步的试验研究。     

不同构造措施的钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙是一种新型抗震剪力墙,为了比较不同构造措施对该新型剪力墙抗震性能的影响,进行了3个剪跨比为1.5的钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙低周反复荷载试验。其中,试验模型1为墙体钢板与边框柱钢管焊接,试验模型2为墙体钢板与边框柱钢管螺栓连接,试验模型3为墙体钢板开孔并与边框柱钢管焊接。通过试验研究,比较了各剪力墙的破坏特征、滞回特性、承载力、刚度、延性以及耗能能力。结果表明：在墙体钢板与边框柱钢管的连接方式中,采用焊接或栓接对剪力墙的整体性能影响不大;与普通钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙相比,钢板开孔钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙在开孔率不大的情况下,其承载力、延性、刚度和耗能能力没有明显变化。     

低屈服点钢剪切板阻尼器滞回性能试验研究

为改善传统滞变型阻尼器在小振动变形时不明显的耗能效果,利用国产低屈服点钢设计了5个剪切板阻尼器（LYPSSP）,并对其进行低周往复循环荷载试验,重点考察阻尼器核心板连接方式、高厚比、十字加劲肋对其滞回性能的影响。研究结果表明：核心板与翼缘板通过熔透焊缝连接与螺栓连接相比,构造简单、可靠度高且易加工;由国产低屈服点钢制作的剪切板阻尼器滞回曲线饱满,耗能性能好,在同一位移级别下循环的滞回曲线基本上重合,稳定性好,并且在整个循环加载过程中,强化现象非常明显,破坏之前也没有出现强度和刚度的突然改变;以P/Py为设计目标时,核心板高厚比越小、面外屈曲越小,滞回曲线就越饱满,耗能性能就越好;根据等效粘滞阻尼器系数和平均耗能指数,能够对阻尼器的耗能性能很好地做出评价。     

应用ANSYS对夹层橡胶垫耗能低剪力墙结构的性能分析

本文针对低剪力墙结构延性差、耗能能力差、结构抗震性能差等问题，提出一种新型耗能低剪力墙结构，并应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对同截面整体墙结构及耗能墙结构进行了数值模拟计算，并对其破坏形态、耗能能力、承载力情况、变形性能等进行了对比分析。结果表明，夹层橡胶垫耗能低剪力墙结构具有良好的延性和抗震性能。     

Development of a new rubber seismic isolator: ‘Ball Rubber Bearing (BRB)’

This paper presents an experimental research aimed at developing a new rubber‐based seismic isolator called ‘Ball Rubber Bearing (BRB)’. The BRB is composed of a conventional steel‐reinforced multi‐layered rubber bearing with its central hole filled with small diameter steel balls that are used to provide energy dissipation capacity through friction. A large set of BRBs with different geometrical and material properties are manufactured and tested under reversed cyclic horizontal loading at different vertical compressive load levels. Extensive test results indicate that steel balls do not only increase the energy dissipation capacity of the elastomeric bearing (EB), but also increase its horizontal and vertical stiffness. It is also observed that the energy dissipation capacity of a BRB does not degrade as the number of loading cycles increases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新型耗能剪力墙的滞回曲线计算分析

为了验证一种耗能剪力墙的抗震控制效果,本文进行了这种剪力墙模型的低周反复荷载试验。利用多垂直杆元模型建立了耗能剪力墙的力学计算模型,并利用该模型建立了计算耗能剪力墙荷载－位移骨架曲线和滞回曲线的计算方法,编制了相应的计算程序,利用该程序对试验进行了分析。计算曲线与试验曲线一致,表明本文采用的计算模型是正确的。     

不同连梁跨高比带暗支撑双肢剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为探讨不同连梁跨高比带暗支撑双肢剪力墙的抗震性能,进行了2组连梁跨高比分别为1．0和1．5的4个4层双肢剪力墙1／4缩尺模型的抗震性能试验研究。较系统地分析了结构的刚度及其退化过程以及承载力、延性、耗能、破坏机制和破坏特征等。结果表明,连梁跨高比相对小的带暗支撑双肢剪力墙抗震性能较好。承载力计算结果与实测值符合较好。     

Evaluation of plastic energy dissipation capacity of steel beams suffering ductile fracture under various loading histories

The energy dissipation capacity of a structure is a very important index that indicates the structural performance in energy‐based seismic design. This index depends greatly on the structural components that form the whole system. Owing to the wide use of the strong‐column weak‐beam strength hierarchy where steel beams dissipate the majority of earthquake input energy to the structures, it is necessary to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Under cyclic loadings such as seismic effects, the damage of the beams accumulates. Therefore, loading history is known to be the most pivotal factor influencing the deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Seismic loadings with significantly different characteristics are applied to structural beams during different types of earthquakes and there is no unique appropriate loading protocol that can represent all types of seismic loadings. This paper focuses on the effects of various loading histories on the deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Cyclic loading tests of steel beams were performed. In addition, some experimental results from published tests were also collected to form a database. This database was used to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity of steel beams suffering from ductile fracture under various loading histories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙适用于多层住宅结构。对4个原型的剪跨比为1.0配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙进行了低周反复荷载试验研究,包括1个双向双排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙和3个双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙。其中1个双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙加设暗支撑,用以研究暗支撑对这种新型墙体的作用。在试验研究的基础上,对比分析了各剪力墙的刚度及其衰减过程、承载力、延性、滞回特征、耗能能力及破坏特征。试验表明,经过合理设计,这种双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙可以满足多层住宅结构抗震要求。     

Reinforced concrete beam–column joints with crossed inclined bars under cyclic deformations

This experimental study investigates the effectiveness of crossed inclined bars (X‐bars) as joint shear reinforcement in exterior reinforced concrete beam–column connections under cyclic deformations. Test results of 20 joint subassemblages with various reinforcement ratios and arrangements including X‐bars in the joint area are presented. The X‐type, non‐conventional reinforcement is examined as the only joint reinforcement and in combination with common stirrups or vertical bars. The experimental results reported herein include full loading cycle curves, energy dissipation values and a categorization of the observed damage modes. Based on the comparisons between the overall hysteretic responses of the tested specimens, it is deduced that joints with X‐bars exhibited enhanced cyclic performance and improved damage mode since a distinct flexural hinge was developed in the beam–joint interface. Further, the combination of crossed inclined bars and stirrups in joint area resulted in enhanced hysteretic response and excellent performance capabilities of the specimens. However, in some specimens with X‐bars as the only joint shear reinforcement, the deformations of the bent anchorage of the beam's bars caused considerable damages at the back of the joint area. Discussion for a potential replacement of the joint stirrups with X‐type reinforcement in some cases of exterior joints is also included. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.