On the effect of narrow and long corrosion defects on the collapse pressure of pipelines

Internal corrosion in pipelines is often caused by water, sediment, or chemical contaminants present in the multi-phase flow. This normally occurs at the bottom of the pipe and at low points in the pipeline where sediment and water can settle out of the product being transported, therefore creating narrow and long defects. The effect of corrosion defects on the collapse pressure of offshore pipelines was studied through combined small-scale experiments and nonlinear numerical analyses based on the finite element method. After calibrated in view of the experimental results, the model was used to determine the collapse pressure as a function of material and geometric parameters of different pipes and defects. An extensive parametric study using two and three-dimensional numerical models was carried out encompassing different defect geometries and their interaction with pipe ovalization. This paper reports these results which are subsequently used to develop a simple procedure for estimating the collapse pressure of pipes with narrow defects.     

海洋纤维增强柔性管压溃失效特性研究及参数敏感性分析

以一种黏结型的纤维增强柔性管作为研究对象,基于ABAQUS建立纤维增强柔性管的实体单元模型。根据二维 Hashin失效判据判断柔性管失效情况,充分考虑管道内外护套层塑性及纤维增强层复合材料渐进失效,建立纤维增强柔性管的压溃数值模型。将特征值法与弧长法相结合,计算得到了较为精准的纤维增强柔性管临界压溃压力及对应的外压—椭圆度曲线;并对影响柔性管临界压溃压力的几个敏感性参数如椭圆度、纤维缠绕角度、直线度进行分析。研究结果表明椭圆度和直线度偏差的增大及纤维缠绕角度的降低均会使柔性管的临界压溃压力下降,该结果对纤维增强柔性管的设计与使用均具有一定的参考意义。     

On elastic-plastic collapse of subsea pipelines under external hydrostatic pressure and denting force

This paper presents analytical and numerical researches on the buckling or collapse of offshore pipelines under external hydrostatic pressure. Firstly the case of homogeneous ring model is investigated followed by a detailed study on corroded rings. The elastic-plastic collapse pressure could be treated as the least root of an elementary function. We prove that collapse pressure is a strictly increasing function of mode number in this paper and present some interesting structures of the roots. Partially corroded ring is parametrized by corrosion depth and angle extent. A comprehensive comparison shows that plasticity should not be neglected when the ring is thick-walled. Moreover, a study on large deflection deformation of 3D cylindrical shells quasi-statically dented under constant external pressure is carried out theoretically and numerically. The buckle propagation pressure is shown to be a meaningful value to normalize external pressure. This paper serves to enhance the understanding of destabilizing effect of external pressure mainly applicable and relevant to subsea offshore industry.     

A design chart for the plastic collapse of corrugated cylinders under external pressure

The paper presents a theoretical and an experimental investigation into the plastic collapse of circular steel corrugated cylinders under external hydrostatic pressure. The experimental investigation gives a detailed study of 9 steel corrugated cylinders which were tested to destruction. Six of these cylinders failed by plastic non-symmetric bifurcation buckling and three failed by plastic axisymmetric deformation. The results of these tests were used, together with the results obtained from previous tests, to present a design chart for the plastic collapse of these vessels. The design chart was obtained by a semi-empirical approach, where the thinness ratios of the vessels were plotted against their plastic knockdown factors. The process of using the design chart is to calculate the theoretical elastic instability pressure for a perfect vessel by the finite element method and also to calculate the thinness ratio for this vessel. Using the appropriate value of the thinness ratio, the plastic knockdown factors are obtained from the design chart. To obtain the actual collapse pressure of the vessel, the theoretical elastic instability pressure for a perfect vessel is divided by the plastic knockdown factor. This work is of importance in ocean engineering. A large safety factor must also be introduced.     

三向载荷联合作用下的大型集装箱船结构可靠性研究

大型集装箱船（LCS）具有较大的甲板开口,抗扭刚度非常低。在恶劣海况下航行时,大型集装箱船可能会遭遇斜浪的作用,此时船体将受到三向载荷的联合作用,水平波浪弯矩和扭转波浪弯矩可能会接近甚至超过垂向波浪弯矩,船体可能因发生组合变形而破坏。因此有必要研究大型集装箱船在三向载荷联合作用下的结构可靠性。在研究三向载荷联合作用下各维度极限强度的相互关系的基础上,提出了大型集装箱船的极限承载能力的可靠性评估方法,并对目标船在各浪向角下的结构可靠性进行评估。结果表明：目标船在0°浪向角下的失效概率最高;考虑水平波浪弯矩影响后目标船的结构可靠性有所降低;扭转波浪弯矩对目标船船中剖面的结构可靠性影响较小。     

内压载荷下输氢复合柔性管力学性能研究

中国氢能产业正随着碳中和愿景的不断推进而快速发展,由于氢气在钢管中容易引发“氢脆”现象,使用钢管输送氢气存在较大挑战,纤维增强复合柔性管作为一种非金属管道在氢气输送领域备受关注,其结构设计及强度分析是产业化应用的瓶颈。为探讨内压工况下输氢复合柔性管的结构响应,考虑不同层材料的各向同性及各向异性,基于三维各向异性弹性力学,建立了纤维增强输氢复合管道在内压作用下的力学理论模型,并采用数学方法求解管道位移微分方程,进而获得了N层缠绕增强层输氢复合管道在内压作用下的应力应变解析解,计算结果与内压作用下13层输氢复合柔性管的数值计算结果相符。管道的环向应力最大值出现在防渗透层,输氢软管的增强层承担约70%的载荷作用,径向应力绝对值大小随距离管道截面中心点的距离增大而减小。提出的力学行为分析模型及求解方法为设计输氢复合柔性管提供了重要的理论支撑。     

Effect of thickness variation on collapse pressure of seamless pipes

The present paper is concerned with determining the effect of thickness variation on collapse pressure of seamless pipes. There exists extensive information on the effects external pressure has on pipelines. A substantial amount of literature deals with results of analysis, numerical modelling and testing of pipes those are gradually subject to external pressure. This knowledge has been incorporated into standards which are intended for designing linepipe operating in deepwater locations. One such example is the DNV-OS-101 (DNV, 2007) Submarine Pipeline Systems standard. This code only addresses pipes with a nominally uniform wall thickness making it inadequate for designing seamless pipe which is prone to thickness variation arising from the manufacturing process. The DNV (2007) code effectively ignores the problem as it simply provides a vague statement regarding a conservative value of wall thickness that should be used in the design calculations.The present paper uses finite element analysis (FAE) modelling to predict the external pressure acting on the pipes. The present paper explains the manner in which FEA models will be used to study the effect wall thickness variation will have on the pressure at which the pipe will collapse. An improvement to the DNV (2007) code is then suggested by interpreting the results of the FEA models. The case study that follows provides insight on the savings the improved method is projected to offer.     

A finite element method for dynamic analysis of long slender marine structures under combined parametric and forcing excitations

This paper presents a numerical analysis of lateral responses of a long slender marine structure under combined parametric and forcing excitations. In the development of the 3-D numerical program, a finite element method is implemented in the time domain using the Newmark constant acceleration method. Some example studies are performed for various water depths, environmental conditions and vessel motions. The relative amplitudes of combined excitations to a conventional forcing excitation are examined. The response amplitude of a combined excitation is much greater than that of a forcing excitation in the even number of instability regions of the Mathieu stability chart. The results demonstrate that a combined excitation needs to be considered for the accurate dynamic analysis of long slender marine structures subjected to a surface vessel motion.     

套管加强T型管节点在平面外弯矩作用下极限强度分析

对用套管加强的T型管节点在平面外弯矩作用下的极限强度作了参数化分析。同时将相应的套管以及管节点的几何参数对极限强度的影响进行评估,并且和未加强的T型管节点作了比较。在计算结果中可以得出在管节点的弦管和撑管的连接处用合适的套管加强,可以将管节点在平面外弯矩作用下的极限强度提高到3倍多。     

A modified numerical calculation method of collapse pressure for thick-walled offshore pipelines

Considering the shear deformation and thickness stretching of large deformation, a modified numerical calculation method based on the thick shell theory is established to determine the collapse pressure of thick-walled pipes. Verification experiments are conducted on ten pipe specimens in hyperbaric chambers. The good agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions shows the validity and reliability of the new numerical calculation method. Combining DNV specification, the characteristic collapse pressure is also calculated for comparison. The difference between experimental results and DNV calculations illustrates the latter one is much conservative in predicting collapse pressure for thick-walled pipes. Sensitivity analysis on manufacturing imperfections and material properties is investigated for pipes with different D/t ratios. Thick-walled pipes are easier to be affected by initial ovality, residual stress and hardening factor. Based on the stress distribution at the moment of collapse, a novel discovery is found that the collapse pressure of thick-walled pipes is dominated by material plastic behavior.     

含腐蚀缺陷高强钢厚壁管道压溃压力预测方法

腐蚀是管道常见的缺陷形式之一,会极大降低管道的压溃压力,同时深海环境下高静水外压易引发管道压溃失效,威胁管道的安全运行,因此准确预测管道压溃压力显得尤为重要。采用数值模拟方法研究了含腐蚀缺陷的高强钢厚壁管道压溃失效模式,分析了管材、管道径厚比、腐蚀深度、长度和宽度等参数对高强钢厚壁管道压溃压力的影响规律。分析结果表明:管道径厚比愈大,对厚壁管道的承压能力提升愈显著;腐蚀缺陷的存在对管道压溃压力具有减小作用;随着管道材料等级的提升,压溃压力有明显提高。提出了相应的压溃压力预测公式,为厚壁管道完整性评价提供了参考依据。     

Degradation of rope properties under increasing monotonic load

This paper describes the development of a computational model to predict the response of synthetic-fiber ropes under both monotonic and cyclic loads. The model addresses the issue of damage to a rope cross-section and its effect on rope response. Isotropic damage is assumed and is therefore characterized by a scalar quantity known as the damage index. The damage index is used to quantify the amount of deterioration that takes place in a damaged rope throughout its loading history. For the current study, data obtained from static tension tests are used to determine the evolution relationship for the damage index. This relationship is based on the stiffness ratio between experimental data and simulation of rope response without any source of damage and is assumed to be described by an exponential equation. Numerical simulations of damaged rope behavior compare well with experimental results.     

Investigation of three-dimensional active earth pressure and load transfer according to aspect ratio

ABSTRACT

Although there is a noticeable difference between two-dimensional and three-dimensional earth pressures, most researchers have suggested various earth pressure theories under the two-dimensional condition. Only a few studies have been conducted on the three-dimensional load transfer to the adjacent ground, whereas most studies in literature on the three-dimensional active earth pressure have been conducted by focusing on the stability of active wall. For accurate prediction of the three-dimensional active earth pressure, it is required to study not only the three-dimensional earth pressure distribution but also the three-dimensional load transfer to the adjacent ground. In this paper, size and distribution of the three-dimensional active earth pressure as well as the load transfer according to aspect ratio of retaining wall are investigated through a series of model tests. As a results, the three-dimensional active earth pressure distribution showed the highest value at the wall height of 0.5–0.55h when the aspect ratio of equal to 1.2 or higher. The load transfer showed higher values in vertical direction than horizontal direction. The load transfer distribution can be evaluated by applying the size and effect range of the loads transferred to the adjacent soil of the retaining wall.     

Buckling of cross-ply cylinders under hydrostatic pressure considering pressure stiffness

Buckling behavior of cross-ply cylinders under hydrostatic pressure is investigated using a semi-analytical finite element based on a consistent first order shear deformable shell theory. Potential loss due to external pressure, also called pressure stiffness (PS) is taken into account by making use of Koiter's related energy expression. A number of verification problems are solved and the numerical results are compared with the analytical results available in the literature and excellent agreement is observed. New numerical results are presented to assess the effect of PS on buckling due to hydrostatic pressure. It is shown that PS causes a decrease in the buckling load and this decrease depends on the size of the cylinder and the material. Also, issues related to thickness optimization are examined and optimal lamina thicknesses are determined for a number of cases with and without PS taken into account.     

Parametric study of geometrical effects on the degree of bending (DoB) in offshore tubular K-joints under out-of-plane bending loads

In this paper, results of comprehensive finite element (FE) analyses carried out on 81 generated models of tubular K-joints are presented. Results of FE models were verified against experimental data and parametric equations. The fatigue life of a tubular joint, which is commonly found in offshore industry, is not only dependent on the value of hot-spot stress (HSS), but is also significantly influenced by the through-the-thickness stress distribution characterized by the degree of bending (DoB). Data extracted from FE analyses was used to study the effects of geometrical parameters on the DoB values in tubular K-joints subjected to two types of out-of-plane bending (OPB) moment loads. The determination of DoB values in a tubular joint is essential for improving the accuracy of fatigue life estimation using the stress-life (S–N) method and particularly for predicting the fatigue crack growth based on the fracture mechanics (FM) approach. Geometrically parametric investigation was followed by a set of nonlinear regression analyses to develop DoB parametric formulas for the fatigue analysis of K-joints under OPB loadings.     

船舶受冲击力作用时的水动力试验研究

根据冲量相似的要求进行船舶在冲击作用下的模型试验，并将模型试验结果与理论计算及实际试验进行了对比和分析。     

潜器在冲击载荷下的运动和控制研究

潜器在水下发射火箭时会产生复杂的运动变化,对其研究很有实际意义。参照格特勒运动方程,建立潜器运动的非线性数学模型。导入实验模型的参数,对其六自由度基本运动进行了仿真,并与水池实验结果相比较,验证了仿真模型的有效性。导入发射火箭时潜器受到的完整载荷,计算分析了不同航速下潜器的运动响应和运动控制。结果表明,发射载荷对潜器运动将产生较长时间的显著影响,包括速度损失、升沉运动和纵倾角振荡。航速越小,运动变化越大,恢复所需时间越长,控制越困难。     

Full-scale field load testing of long drilled shafts with enlarged base constructed in marine sediment

Long drilled shafts with enlarged bases are generally used to transfer heavy loads from superstructures to the underlying soils. Due to the large slenderness ratio, the load transfer mechanism for these long enlarged base-drilled shafts differs from that of a conventional drilled shaft. This paper presents field-instrumented, full-scale load tests on long drilled shafts longer than 58 m, including one straight and two enlarged base-drilled shafts in marine sediment. The field test results show that compared with straight shafts, the use of an enlarged base increases both toe resistance and shaft resistance. The drilled shafts with enlarged bases have higher load-bearing capacity. The shaft resistance and toe resistance were not simultaneously mobilized. The bottom sediment under the shaft toe has a significant influence on toe resistance and shaft resistance. Shafts having bottom sediment with a relatively large thickness exhibited lower shaft and toe resistance. Thus, the bottom sediment thickness should be strictly controlled.     

水平循环荷载作用下单桩动力特性的数值模拟

采用修正的p-y曲线方法，分析了桩基础振动过程中桩土之间由于土体塑性变形导致的桩土脱开现象，给出了计算桩土脱开现象的数值模拟方法，并据此分析计算了中国渤海湾JZ20－2MUQ平台的桩基础动力特性，得到了桩基础振动过程中桩土脱开的区域，分析了桩土之间的脱开对桩基础动力响应的影响等问题。     

Transient response of harbours to long waves under resonance conditions

This paper presents the results of a study aimed at quantifying the time–response of harbour basins to long waves under resonance conditions. On the basis of numerical simulations reproducing long waves in the yacht harbour of Rome (Ostia, Italy), it shows that the results valid for periodic forcing waves, acting for an infinitely long time, as those provided by models based on elliptic equations like the Helmoltz and the mild-slope equations, can be misleading with respect to the more realistic ones that can be obtained using time-varying wave equations. Taking advantage of the similarity between the processes studied here and a simple one-dimensional resonator, a method is also proposed to roughly estimate a time–response parameter of each mode of the harbour, using results from steady-state numerical model results, commonly applied for studying harbour resonance in engineering practice. On the basis of further numerical simulations, aimed at reproducing schematic harbour layouts, the effect on resonance of the position of the entrance and of an outer harbour is studied. The results indicate that the effects of design solutions to reduce resonance, by placing the entrance at the middle of the harbour, or using the outer harbour as a resonator, can be correctly evaluated only when considering the time needed for the oscillations to fully develop.