Understanding size and boundary effectsin scaled model blasts - plane problems

This contribution addresses model blasting and focuses on size and boundary effects on wave propagation, fracture pattern development and fragmentation in small scale laboratory size specimen. Small cylindrical specimens are centre-line loaded by linear high velocity of detonation explosive charges and detonated.

Using elastic wave propagation theory and fracture mechanics it is shown that the type of boundary conditions which prevail at the outer boundary of the cylinder control the extension of bore-hole cracking and fragmentation within the body of the cylinder. In the case of a composite cylinder with dissimilar mantel and core materials, the level of fracturing and fragmentation is controlled by the delamination of the interface. This, in turn, depends on the relative diameters of the core and the mantel. The most important parameter though is the ratio between the length of the pulse (space-wise or time-wise) and the characteristic dimensions of the models, i.e. in this case the diameters of the core and the mantel.

The theoretical basis for a simplified two-dimensional plane treatment is developed. Simple or composite, thin, plate-like specimens are centrally loaded; whereas the core is always a circle, the mantel can be either a circle or a square.     

On size and boundary effects in scaled model blasts—fractures and fragmentation patterns

This contribution is the third part of a paper addressing size and boundary effects on explosively induced wave propagation, fracturing and fracture pattern development in small scale laboratory specimens, which are frequently used for model blast tests. Small cylindrical and block type specimens fabricated from concrete, sandstone and amphibolite are centre-line loaded by linear explosive charges and supersonically detonated. Using shock wave theory, elastic wave propagation theory, and fracture mechanics it is shown that the type of boundary conditions prescribed at the outer boundary of the cylinder controls the extension of stem cracking and the development of the fragmentation pattern within the body of the cylinder and the cube specimens. In the case of a composite specimen, where a cylindrical core of different material is embedded in a cylinder or in a cube, the level of fracturing and fragmentation is controlled by the conditions and possible de-lamination of the interface which, in turn, depends on the relative dimensions of the core and the block. Using known results from the theory of wave interaction with free boundaries and interfaces it will be shown that the fracture strain and the notch sensitivity of the material expressed by imperfections play an important role. Equally important is the ratio between the length of the pulse (space-wise or time-wise) and the characteristic dimensions of the models. Axi-radial boundary cracks and spalling will be explained on the basis of earlier wave propagation studies associated with supersonic blasting. Theoretical results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and recent experimental findings.     

冲击作用下的压头破岩机制研究

与静态岩石破碎过程相比,冲击作用下岩石的应力改变具有时间效应,应力波传播过程中表现出压、拉变化。基于损伤演化原理和有限元数值模拟方法,针对冲击荷载作用下的压头破岩机制进行了模拟分析。为排除边界上反射波的影响,黏弹性边界被纳入计算中。首先论证了黏弹性边界在均质和非均质介质中的计算精度,然后分析了冲击作用下不同均质度的岩石以及砂砾岩的响应规律,结果显示：在弹性情况下,压头与岩石接触边缘以及自由面附近是拉应力分布区,接触边缘拉应力最大。剪应力最高值并不位于接触面附近,而是离接触面有一定距离。较均质岩石主要呈现拉伸破坏模式,先出现赫兹裂缝,然后是径向裂缝和侧向裂缝,拉应力的产生成为诱发裂缝萌生和扩展的主因。当岩石均质度较低时,岩石的破坏形式呈现多元化,剪切破坏比重加大,表现为复杂的拉剪破坏模式。对于砾石粒径较大、含量较多的砂砾岩,砾石和基质的非均匀性不可忽略,冲击下破坏模式以绕粒环行和穿粒破坏为主。总体说来,对于岩石类准脆性材料,应力波传播过程中产生的拉应力是失稳的诱发和扩展的关键。     

Validating the ability of the discontinuous deformation analysis method to model normal P‐wave propagation across rock fractures

The effects of fractures on wave propagation problems are increasingly abstracting the attention of scholars and engineers in rock engineering field. This study aims to fully validate the ability of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) to model normal P‐wave propagation across rock fractures. The effects of a single fracture and multiple parallel fractures are all tested. The results indicate that DDA can accurately reflect the fracture effects, including the fractures stiffness, the fracture spacing and the fracture number, and the effects of incident wave frequency on one‐dimensional P‐wave propagation problems. Thus, DDA is able to deal well with normal incident P‐wave propagation problems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于离散颗粒模型的岩体结构面动-静态刚度系数对比的数值模拟研究

岩体工程计算分析中结构面刚度系数是至关重要的力学参数,计算分析的精度和可靠程度与这个参数密不可分,结构面刚度系数取值仍然是一个难点.岩体中应力波传播至结构面处将会发生反射和透射现象,利用应力波透射系数可反演结构面动态刚度系数.本文从细观力学角度运用颗粒离散元方法,开发分段线性接触模型及应力波吸收边界模型,开展宏观岩体中...     

Finite element simulation of time dependent fracture and fragmentation processes in rock blasting

Two constitutive models for the simulation of fracture and fragmentation processes in rapidly loaded rocks are studied. The models were included in a wave propagation finite element code. The results obtained from the two models were compared by a study of the intensity and extent of fracturing obtained from two different configurations of explosive charge and reflecting surfaces in a plane strain problem. The evolution of the time dependent fracture pattern and fragmentation process is also presented.     

Numerical simulation of crack propagation in layered formations

In the present study, a boundary element method based on the higher order displacement discontinuity formulation is presented to solve the general problem of hydraulic fracture propagation in layered formations. Displacement collocation technique is employed to model the higher order displacement variation along the crack and the special crack tip element near its ends. The hydraulic fracture propagation and its interaction with the layer interface in non-homogenous rock materials are studied by the proposed semi-analytical (hybridized boundary element-boundary collocation) method. The maximum tangential stress criterion (or σ-criterion) of fracture mechanics considering different elastic constants (Young modulus and Poisson’s ratio) is used to obtain the fracture path. The fracture propagation from stiff to soft and soft to stiff media for cracks having different inclination angles is modeled, and the effects of elastic constants on the hydraulic fracture propagation is studied. The results show that if the hydraulic fracture originates in the stiffer layer, its capability to cross the layer increases and is vice versa for the softer material. The comparison of the results gained from the numerical method with those in the literature show a good performance of the method in the case of propagation of hydraulic fracture in layered formations.     

青藏高原的构造分区及其边界的变形构造特征

宏观构造特征的确立对青藏高原隆升和“动力学建模”具有重要意义。青藏高原是由来自塔里木-中朝板块的北昆仑-阿尔金-祁连地体,华南-东南亚板块的南昆仑地体、可可西里-巴颜喀拉地体和冈瓦纳古陆的羌塘地体、冈底斯地体及喜马拉雅地体等3大板块(或古陆)的6个地体经多次裂解、会聚和陆内俯冲作用拼合而成的巨型“会聚-陆内俯冲型”岩石圈块体,它以青藏高原南缘结合带、青藏高原北缘结合带和青藏高原东缘结合带依次与印度岩石圈块体、塔里木-阿拉善-鄂尔多斯岩石圈块体和扬子岩石圈块体相隔。按现今动力学特征,这一巨型岩石圈块体(一级构造单元)又可进一步划分为喜马拉雅、藏北、青南和昆仑-阿尔金-祁连等4个二级构造单元(地块),它们依次以雅鲁藏布江结合带、西金乌拉-金沙江结合带、中昆仑结合带为界。4个地块又可进一步划分为若干以断裂为界的三级构造单元(地体)。组成青藏岩石圈块体的各构造单元处于统一的地球动力学系统,它总的表现为:在印度板块向欧亚板块持续、强烈俯冲和热的、具柔性流变学特征的青藏块体整体向北北东方向移动的区域构造背景上,其南、北两侧的喜马拉雅地块、昆仑-阿尔金-祁连地块分别向冷的、刚性的印度岩石圈块体和塔里木- 阿拉善-鄂尔多斯岩石圈块体不对称逆冲叠覆。位于青藏高原腹部的藏北地块和青南地块,在深部存在大量低速体向上涌动和整体自西向东扩展的区域构造背景上,前者叠置近南北向挤压,形成以南北向断陷带及北西和北东向共轭走滑为主的构造格局,而青南地块除松潘-甘孜地体显示自北而南的逆冲叠覆外,可可西里-巴颜喀拉地体以逐一向东挤出的左行走滑作用为主,以致整个青南地块呈现向扬子岩石圈块体逆冲扩展和向三江构造带平移扩展。因此,就现今动力学而言,青藏高原在随着时间推移、隆升速度不断加快的同时,还逐渐向外缘的刚性地块扩展,即高原面积在不断增大。因此青藏高原的边界具有扩展性质,按扩展机制可区分两类扩展型动力边界:走滑型扩展边界和逆冲型扩展边界。典型的走滑型扩展边界位于青藏高原北缘的阿尔金山和青藏高原东缘的三江地区,青藏高原南缘的动力边界属典型的逆冲型扩展边界,而位于祁连山和龙门山的动力边界兼有逆冲和走滑双重扩展性质。     

裂隙形式对岩体强度特征及破坏模式影响的试验研究

利用RMT－150C电液伺服机对含不同预制裂隙形式（单、双、T形交叉及X形交叉裂隙）的类岩石试样进行了单轴压缩试验,系统地研究了裂隙形式对试样强度特征及失稳模式的影响。试验发现,（1）不同裂隙形式下裂隙的起裂破坏模式主要表现为初始裂隙起裂破坏,裂隙形式与破坏模式关系不突出;（2）单轴抗压强度受裂隙形式影响明显,随着裂隙形式由单裂隙到X形交叉裂隙变化,裂隙试样抗压强度呈现增高趋势,同时试样起裂和失稳时的声发射总能量也逐渐增大。进一步对裂隙形式影响强度特征的机制进行了初步分析,研究成果可以反映不同裂隙形式组合对工程岩体稳定性的影响规律。     

The effect of stress boundary conditions on fluid-driven fracture propagation in porous media using a phase-field modeling approach

A phase-field approach for fluid-driven fracture propagation in porous media with varying constant compatible stress boundary conditions is discussed and implemented. Since crack opening displacement, fracture path, and stress values near the fracture are highly dependent on the given boundary conditions, it is crucial to take into account the impact of in situ stresses on fracturing propagation for realistic applications. We illustrate several numerical examples that include the effects of different boundary conditions on the fracture propagation. In addition, an example using realistic boundary conditions from a reservoir simulator is included to show the capabilities of our computational framework.     

应力波在非线性结构面介质中的传播规律

用切线刚度和法线刚度描述结构面特性,研究结构面初始刚度、频率、法向闭合量与其最大允许闭合量的比值对透射系数的影响。采用基于连续介质的块体离散元程序（CDEM）模拟结构面发生非线性变形条件下块体响应,研究结果表明,应力波在岩体中传播是一个传播和块体响应的过程,结构面的存在影响了应力波传播和响应,存在一个特征频率能够有效反映结构面刚度变化,给出了近似计算该特征频率的表达式,对岩体结构探测具有一定的指导意义。     

路基边界对瑞利波检测影响的数值模拟研究

瑞利波检测被广泛应用于路基工程质量检测中,但对于瑞利波沿三维路基体的传播规律以及对检测结果的影响,尚缺乏深入研究.笔者利用有限差分软件FLAC3D,对单层介质半无限大体和三维路基体的瑞利波传播特性以及频散曲线进行了数值模拟分析;并与半无限体的瑞利波理论频散曲线进行了对比;讨论了三维路堤边界对瑞利波检测路基路面的影响.     

非饱和土地基中复合多层波阻板对S波的隔离效应

基于弹性波在非饱和多孔介质与单相弹性介质中的传播理论,考虑在非饱和土地基中设置一定厚度的复合多层波阻板（复合多层波阻板以3层为例）,利用Helmholtz矢量分解定理,推导了非饱和土地基中S波通过复合多层波阻板的透射、反射振幅比的解析解。通过数值算例,分析了层间波阻板剪切模量和密度等物理力学参数对非饱和土地基中S波通过复合多层波阻板时传播特性的影响规律。结果表明：复合多层波阻板中层间波阻板材料的剪切模量和密度对透反射系数影响显著。复合多层波阻板是一种有效的隔振屏障,严格控制层间波阻板的剪切模量和密度可以获得最佳隔振效果,这为复合多层波阻板在地基振动控制领域中的应用提供理论指导。     

块系岩体非协调动力响应特征试验研究

岩体在块系构造状态下的动力传播存在块体和块体间软弱介质的非协调变形现象，对岩体结构的动力稳定产生重要影响。目前块系岩体的非协调动力传播响应研究尚不充分，导致不能进行有效的动力响应特征识别。通过试验对块系岩体非协调动力传播过程岩块动力响应特征进行研究，分别从动力传播速度、岩块加速度振幅衰减、岩块振动位移响应、岩块振动持续时间、块体动能显现、块体振动频域响应特性等方面对比纵波传播，给出块系岩体非协调动力传播的特征分析。通过分析可知，块系介质非协调变形运动产生的动力传播现象相比于纵波传播是一种低频低速波，并伴随着岩块的大位移运动，同时岩块振动持续时间较长，蕴含着动能与势能的相互转换过程，这些现象构成了块系岩体非协调动力传播的重要特征。该研究将为识别岩体非协调动力传播特征及块系岩体的冲击预警波动特征识别提供参考。     

排量对水力压裂网络扩展影响的试验研究

在页岩气水力压裂开发领域中,压裂液注入排量对裂缝网络的扩展形态具有显著影响。而页岩储层中的随机天然裂缝,会给水力压裂的参数敏感性分析带来不同程度的干扰。首先,根据页岩储层裂缝发育特征,制备了包含3组正交预制裂缝的混凝土试样;然后,采用真三轴压裂系统,对试样进行三向应力加载模拟地应力环境,并以恒定排量向其内部注入流体;最后,将单位体积裂缝面积P₃₂作为体积压裂指标,来定量描述排量对压裂缝网扩展形态的影响。试验结果表明:（1）在块体单元边长较小（即预制裂缝密度较大）的试样中,体积压裂的效果更加显著;（2）小排量压裂液所产生的裂缝一般是激活的预制裂缝,而中排量和高排量压裂液可以使已激活的预制裂缝发生偏转,在混凝土基质中重新开启水力裂缝,从而增加裂缝网络的复杂性;（3）随着排量的增加,试样压裂后的P₃₂值会升高;但排量增加到一定程度后,P₃₂值不再增长,甚至略微下降。     

Pseudo-outcrop Visualization of Borehole Images and Core Scans

A pseudo-outcrop visualization is demonstrated for borehole and full-diameter rock core images to augment the ubiquitous unwrapped cylinder view and thereby assist nonspecialist interpreters. The pseudo-outcrop visualization is equivalent to a nonlinear projection of the image from borehole to earth frame of reference that creates a solid volume sliced longitudinally to reveal two or more faces in which the orientations of geological features indicate what is observed in the subsurface. A proxy for grain size is used to modulate the external dimensions of the plot to mimic profiles seen in real outcrops. The volume is created from a mixture of geological boundary elements and texture, the latter being the residue after the sum of boundary elements is subtracted from the original data. In the case of measurements from wireline microresistivity tools, whose circumferential coverage is substantially <100 %, the missing circumferential data are first inpainted using multiscale directional transforms, which decompose the image into its elemental building structures, before reconstructing the full image. The pseudo-outcrop view enables direct observation of the angular relationships between features and aids visual comparison between borehole and core images, especially for the interested nonspecialist.     

Considerations of the discontinuous deformation analysis on wave propagation problems

In rock engineering, the damage criteria of the rock mass under dynamic loads are generally governed by the threshold values of wave amplitudes, such as the peak particle velocity and the peak particle acceleration. Therefore, the prediction of wave attenuation across fractured rock mass is important on assessing the stability and damage of rock mass under dynamic loads. This paper aims to investigate the applications of the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) for modeling wave propagation problems in rock mass. Parametric studies are carried out to obtain an insight into the influencing factors on the accuracy of wave propagations, in terms of the block size, the boundary condition and the incident wave frequency. The reflected and transmitted waves from the interface between two materials are also numerically simulated. To study the tensile failure induced by the reflected wave, the spalling phenomena are modeled under various loading frequencies. The numerical results show that the DDA is capable of modeling the wave propagation in jointed rock mass with a good accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种用于水压致裂试验的水压供给装置研制及应用

为研究水压致裂过程中水力裂缝的起裂、扩展规律及机制,研制了一种新型水压供给控制装置。该装置由水泵、增压泵、空气压缩机和导水钢垫板等组成。该装置的主要特点是易于与目前广泛存在的压力伺服机相配合,共同完成水压致裂试验,具有操作简便、效率高、成本低、组装方便等优点,使水压致裂试验更易大面积推广。利用该试验装置对类岩石试块进行了水压致裂试验,研究了不同围压下含预置裂隙试件的水力裂缝扩展规律,并与无预置裂隙试件水力裂缝扩展规律进行了对比。试验结果表明,对于含预置裂隙试块,当水平应力差较小时,预置裂隙裂尖对水力裂缝扩展影响较大,水力裂缝起裂后向预置裂隙裂尖方向扩展;随着水平应力差的增大,水力裂缝向最大水平应力方向偏转。试验证明该装置可靠性高,试验过程稳定。该研究对水压致裂试验具有促进意义。     

基于LSDYNA的射流式液动锤回程动力 外传机构研究

设计一种改变冲击应力波在射流式液动锤内传播途径的结构,分析在不同传播途径中应力波衰减程度的改变,基于LSDYNA显式动力学分析方法,对冲锤回程阶段进行仿真分析,探究冲锤回程冲击在液动锤内两种不同传播途径的模型中射流元件受到的应力变化。研究表明,动力外传机构通过避免对缸体上部的刚性碰撞,能大大降低射流元件所受到的冲击应力,并且外传机构的几何参数对应力的衰减也有一定的影响。     

Experimental studies on the effects of fracture on the P and S wave velocity propagation in sedimentary rock (“Calcarenite del Salento”)

Experimental studies were carried out in laboratory in order to investigate the effects of fracture on compressional (P) wave and shear (S) wave velocity propagation and therefore the relations between seismic properties and rock mass parameters. The discontinuity index, I_d, fracture density parameter C, linear fracture parameter Γ and the rock quality designation (RQD) were used to describe the rock mass parameters. These parameters are analyzed and then related to the seismic properties. Four vertical aligned fractures were created on an intact calcarenite block, 0.6 m long, 0.4 m thick and 0.4 m width, by sawing. The measures were carried out in four different blocks of cacarenite, having the same physical properties, and in four different phases: in first block the fractures were filled with air; in the second block the fractures were filled with “terra rossa”; in third block the fractures were filled with wet “terra rossa” and in the fourth block the fractures were filled with clay. The test results were statistically analysed using the method of least squares regression and polynomial relationships with high correlation coefficient were found between the fractured rock parameters and P-wave, S-wave velocities and V_p/V_s ratio. The investigations suggest that the P-wave and S-wave velocities decrease with increasing the fracture parameters, while the V_p/V_s ratio increases with decreasing the fracture parameters.

Furthermore the results of the experimental studies were applied on the seismic refraction tomography data acquired in a great measurements campaign undertaken in the Adriatic salentina coast (south Italy) in order to monitor the coastal erosion.

The geophysical results, using the polynomial relationships between the fractured rock parameters and P-wave velocity, are in good agreement with the geomorphological and geological results.