半地堑反转构造的砂箱实验模拟

设计了两组半地堑反转垢理想砂箱实验模型。实验结果表明，边界条件对半地堑反转构造形成特征有着十分明显的影响。刚性边界条件下，沿着边界断层可以产生一定的反转逆冲现象，反转逆冲的程度与边界断层的倾角大小有关，倾角越缓反转逆冲现象越显著，而在自由边界条件下，边界断层均无反转逆冲现象，只是发生倾角变陡现象。沿半地堑边界断层的反转逆冲作用十分有限，反转逆冲主要通过新生低角度逆冲断层得以实现，地堑内部断层通常不     

大陆活化克拉通与裂谷地堑地区的地震构造模型

经常观察到这样的现象：活化的克拉通在其演化的不同阶段经历过裂谷作用，在这些地区有分割的地堑构造，有些地堑已变成现代的活跃地震带，如中国山西临汾地堑，中国河北邢台地堑和美国的新马德里地堑。大量资料表明，这些地区的地震成因与许多地质、地球物理条件有关，而不仅仅是活动断层。以临汾地堑为例，地震发生过程涉及到下列因素：（１）地堑周围强度较大的变质岩，这些岩体在区域应力场作用下产生应力积累；（２）地堑内５－     

山西地堑系强震的活动规律和危险区段的研究

山西地堑系是我国著名的历史强震活动带之一。作者系统地分析了山西地堑系历史强震的重复和迁移现象、M≥7级地震前中强地震的活动特征、蠕变曲线的线性分段性,并根据近期地震活动的特点,判断了现今地震活动暂态和未来地震活动性;最后,在现有的形变测量资料、历史地震和古地震研究成果的基础上,确定了山西地堑系内可能发生强震的危险区段     

西藏打加错南北向地堑系的形成特征及其与成矿的关系

西藏打加错南北向地堑系处于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,地堑系总体延伸方向（175～190°）,延伸长度＞50 km,延伸宽度5～15 km.根据该地堑构造带内发育的鱼鳞山组（N2Qy）玄武岩测年结果以及地堑构造带内发育的活动温泉,判断该地堑构造活动时期早于13.43 Ma,现今仍在强烈活动.在打加错地堑系东西两侧的地垒中共发现5处金属矿（化）点,各矿（化）点与中酸性岩体活动及近SN断裂构造有密切关系,特别是近南北向展布的中酸性小岩体更易形成斑岩型铜矿.     

西藏北部双湖地堑构造与新生代伸展作用

以双湖地堑为代表, 羌塘地体内最新构造表现为东西向伸展作用下产生的南北向地堑构造, 双湖地堑由一系列近于平行的北东至北北东向正断层组成. 断层几何学、运动学及断陷盆地内沉积作用研究表明, 断层活动具明显阶段性, 其早期活动始于上新世, 并造成上新统与下覆双湖组和上覆第四系间不整合接触. 第四纪以来断层运动速率显著增大, 是断层强烈活动期. 地堑构造是青藏高原隆升后重力作用的结果, 预示高原腹地正在进行的伸展塌陷作用.     

汤阴地堑及邻区的壳幔结构与地震危险性

利用菏泽－林县－长治剖面西段和郑州－济南剖面南段深地震测深资料,进行一、二维计算与解释,获得了汤阴地堑及邻区的二维速度结构。结果显示：该区地壳上地幔结构在纵、横向上均具有明显的差异。地壳厚度变化大,局部存在低速块体,对应汤阴地堑为一Ｍ面隆起,隆起高点Ｍ面埋深为３１ｋｍ,向东浚县方向,隆起区Ｍ面逐渐加深到３２ｋｍ,向西太行山前方向,隆起区Ｍ面为一陡变带,至长治附近,Ｍ面埋深增至４０ｋｍ。根据华北地区历史地震与深部结构和构造的相关分析认为,汤阴地堑及邻区可能存在发震危险。     

用地震反射剖面研究汤阴地堑上地壳结构与断裂特征

汤阴地堑位于太行山脉与华北平原的过渡带,是太行山前重要的地质构造单元。为研究汤阴地堑上地壳结构和断裂特征,利用安阳市与新乡市活断层探测获得的深、浅地震反射剖面,结合研究区已有地震、地质资料,对汤阴地堑浅部结构、汤东断裂特征进行分析研究。结果表明,汤阴地堑北部与南部地壳结构差异明显。地堑北部是由汤东断裂控制的半地堑,地堑内反射震相丰富、反射波层组关系清晰,多组新生代、古生代沉积层强反射不整合地覆盖在自西向东倾伏的结晶基底反射T_g上,且随着深度增加,地层倾角增大,显示出明显的多期掀斜运动特征。地堑南部表现为由汤东、汤西断裂共同控制的断陷型地堑,地堑内新近系底界面反射波TN自西向东倾伏,其下为一些横向呈水平或东倾、延续性较短的反射震相。地堑南部与北部不同的反射震相特征表明,测线控制区域内的汤阴地堑沉积环境与运动特征可能有所差异。汤东断裂为走向NE,倾向NW的铲型正断层,汤西断裂为走向NE、倾向SE的正断层,北部中深层地震反射剖面上未发现该断层的存在。     

西藏中部申扎—定结地堑系北段中新世以来构造地貌学研究

利用ETM遥感影像与30 m分辨率的ASTER DEM数据, 构建申扎—定结地堑系北段遥感影像三维数字高程模型, 结合野外地质地貌调查结果, 对地堑系地貌特征进行总体分析。并根据对主要断裂的产状和活动性野外调查与活动断裂展布的遥感解译结果, 认为地堑系由一条东倾的铲式主要断裂和一系列同倾向和反倾向的次级断裂组成的半地堑构造。基于半地堑系模式, 将地堑系简化成书斜式模型, 根据地堑的沉降量和地堑宽度值, 计算地堑系的滑脱面深度在3.6～9.7 km之间, 因此地堑中地震震源深度也多集中于滑脱面附近。最后探讨地堑的形成机制, 表明在印度板块的挤压作用下, 高原上地壳与下地壳发生应力解耦, 上地壳在重力作用下, 向南向东发生滑脱, 形成东倾的半地堑构造。     

汤阴地堑及邻区的壳幔结构与地震危险性

本文利用荷泽－林县－长治剖面西段和郑州－济南剖面南段深地震测深资料,通过一、二维计算与解释,获得了汤阴地堑及邻区的二维速度结构。结果显示：该区地壳上地幔结构在纵、横向上均具明显的差异,地壳厚度变化大局部存在低速块体,对应汤阴地堑为Ｍ面隆起,隆起高点Ｍ面埋深为３１ｋｍ,向东往浚县隆起区Ｍ面逐渐加深３２ｋｍ,向西往太行山前隆起Ｍ面为一陡变带,至长治附近Ｍ面埋深增至４０ｋｍ。根据华北地区历史地震与深部结     

利用接收函数研究渭河地堑及其周边地壳结构

利用接收函数方法对横跨秦岭造山带、渭河地堑及鄂尔多斯块体的15个地震观测台站下方的地壳结构进行研究分析,结果表明三种不同类型（造山带型、拉张盆地型和稳定克拉通型）的构造单元的地壳结构和物质组成存在明显的差异．秦岭北缘平均地壳厚度为37．8km,泊松比为0．247,相对偏低的泊松比表明地壳物质长英质组分增加．鄂尔多斯块体南缘平均地壳厚度为39．2km,泊松比为0．265,偏高的泊松比与鄂尔多斯下方古老的铁镁质结晶基底以及浅部沉积有关．通过接收函数正演计算表明低速的、厚度较大的松散沉积层对Mohorovicic不连续面（Moho）的震相具有较大影响,是渭河地堑内部台站的接收函数Moho转换震相不清楚的主要原因．S波速度结构反演结果表明渭河地堑上覆松散沉积层,其厚度约为4-8km,该沉积层使得位于渭河地堑内台站的接收函数Moho震相复杂．另外渭河地堑下方中下地壳位置存在一高速区域,该高速体可能与渭河断裂系统的活动有关．     

THE HYDROGEOLOGY OF GHANA

SUMMARY

Many hydrological systems exhibit long periods of quiescent behaviour, broken only occasionally by short periods of comparatively intense activity. Clear examples arise in stream run-off measurements and in ground water table observations. The number of measurements recorded can then be considerably reduced by reducing the frequency of recording over the quiescent periods. The paper describes an algorithm whereby this reduction is attained in an optimum manner. When recordings can be accepted directly by a computer, the algorithm simply provides a translation programme Whereby the quality of data may be very considerably reduced. Other applications are, however, discussed.

The problems of Optimum representations is first presented, and choices of norm indicated. Using a particular norm, it is shown that the optimum representation is characterised, under certain limiting conditions, by the property that the second moments of the second derivatives are constant over all optimum intervals. This characterisation is used to construct an iterative difference scheme, whereby a certain truncation error is accepted. Sufficient conditions for stability of the scheme are determined and these incorporated into a computer programme. The programme has been tested on a variety of data with satisfactory results. In conclusion, a further development of the method is indicated.     

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A THREE-STOREY UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING DURING THE 1992 ERZİNCAN EARTHQUAKE

Seismic performance of a three-storey unreinforced masonry building which survived the 1992 Erzincan earthquake without damage is evaluated. Mechanical properties of the masonry walls have been determined experimentally by using identical brick and mortar used in construction. An accurate material model is developed for masonry and employed in a computer program for the non-linear dynamic analysis of masonry buildings. The analytical results based on measured material properties indicated that masonry buildings which satisfy basic seismic code requirements possess remarkable lateral strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity. Accordingly, a simple elastic design approach is rendered suitable for unreinforced masonry under seismic excitations, provided that realistic material properties are employed in design.     

热状态对地震发生的影响

考虑地震是由于震源材料软化导致的一种基本机制,假设区域构造应力场在地震孕育过程中基本不变,震源区震前存在着热异常.我们根据热弹塑性增量理论,提出了两种材料模型,用弹塑性有限单元法模拟热状态对地震发生的影响. 模型1用来模拟断层外部区域的物质,其强度只和塑性变形有关而与热状态无关;模型2用来模拟断层物质,其强度只同热状态有关而与塑性变形无关.断层外部地震的发生被认为是岩石应变软化的结果;而断层内部地震的发生被认为是断层热软化的结果. 本文用上述模型分析了只有单一断层的热软化情况,并且得到了相应的断层错距、应力降和地震距.     

FAULT ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN SEGMENT OF THE EASTERN BRANCH OF XINYI-LIANJIANG FAULT ZONE IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

The NE-trending Xinyi-Lianjiang fault zone is a tectonic belt, located in the interior of the Yunkai uplift in the west of Guangdong Province, clamping the Lianjiang synclinorium and consisting of the eastern branch and the western branch. The southwestern segment of the eastern branch of Xinyi-Lianjiang fault zone, about 34km long, extends from the north of Guanqiao, through Lianjiang, to the north of Hengshan. However, it is still unclear about whether the segment extends to Jiuzhoujiang alluvial plain or not, which is in the southwest of Hengshan. If it does, what is about its fault activity? According to ‘Catalogue of the Modern Earthquakes of China’, two moderately strong earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 and 6.5 struck the Lianjiang region in 1605 AD. So it is necessary to acquire the knowledge about the activity of the segment fault, which is probably the corresponding seismogenic structure of the two destructive earthquakes. And the study on the fault activity of the segment can boost the research on seismotectonics of moderately strong earthquakes in Southeast China. In order to obtain the understanding of the existence of the buried fault of the southwestern segment, shallow seismic exploration profiles and composite borehole sections have been conducted. The results indicate its existence. Two shallow seismic exploration profiles show that buried depth of the upper breakpoints and vertical throw of the buried fault are 60m and 4~7m(L5-1 and L5-2 segment, the Hengshan section), 85m and 5~8m(L5-3 segment), 73m and 3~5m(Tiantouzai section), respectively and all of them suggest the buried fault has offset the base of the Quaternary strata. Two composite borehole sections reveal that the depth of the upper breakpoints and vertical throws of the buried segment are about 66m and 7.5m(Hengshan section) and 75m and 5m(Tiantouzai section), respectively. The drilling geological section in Hengshan reveals that the width of the fault could be up to 27m. Chronology data of Quaternary strata in the two drilling sections, obtained by means of electron spin resonance(ESR), suggest that the latest activity age of the buried fault of the southwestern segment is from late of early Pleistocene(Tiantouzai section) to early stage of middle Pleistocene(Hengshan section). Slip rates, obtained by Hengshan section and Tiantouzai section, are 0.1mm/a and 0.013mm/a, respectively. As shown by the fault profile located in a bedrock exposed region in Shajing, there are at least two stages of fault gouge and near-horizontal striation on the fault surface, indicating that the latest activity of the southwestern segment is characterized by strike-slip movement. Chronology data suggest that the age of the gouge formed in the later stage is(348±49) ka.     

圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点迁移的构造热效应

由于圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点向北迁移，或北美板块的相对向南运动，驱动角落流使地幔热物质向板片窗上涌，造成地幔温度升高和部分熔融．本文通过二维暂态有限单元法计算表明，当北美盖层厚度为20km时，计算预测的地热分布、部分熔融百分比、岩浆岩活动的时空分布特征等都与实际地热、地震和地质观测很好地吻合，确认了角落流机制和它引起的暂态热过程的重要性．     

太白维山山前断裂活动特征的初步研究

本文立足于大量的野外第一手资料，综合解剖了太白维山山前断裂的几何结构，并就其运动学特征进行了初步探讨。认为：太白维山山前断裂第四纪以来的活动表现为正断型，其几何结构和运动特征都有着相同的分段性。我们将其划分为三段，西段结构简单，晚更新世以来无明显活动；中段结构复杂，一直强烈活动；东段活动强度较低。晚更新世晚期以来断裂（中段）的平均滑动速率０．４ｍｍ／ａ，全新世以来达到０．６７ｍｍ／ａ，而且这种速率     

THE STUDY OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF HANCHENG FAULT

Based on the 1︰50000 geological and geomorphologic mapping of active fault, the structural geomorphic features and activity of Hancheng Fault are investigated in detail. In the study, we divide the fault into three sections from north to south: the section between Xiweikou and Panhe River, the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao and the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing, the three sections show different characters of tectonic landform. The section between Xiweikou and Panhe River is a kind of typical basin-mountain landform, where diluvial fans spread widely. In the north of Yumenkou, the fault deforms the diluvial fans, forming scarps, along which the fault extends. In the south of Yumenkou, the fault extends along the rear edge of the diluvial fans. In the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao the fault extends along the front of the loess mesa. In the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing the fault forms scarp in the loess and extends as an arc shaped zone, and the landform is formed by the accumulative deformation of the fault. The activity of the fault becomes weak gradually from northeast to southwest. The fault activity of the section between Xiweikou and Panhe River is the strongest, and the latest age of activity is Holocene. The slip rate since the mid-Holocene is bigger than 0.8mm/a at Yumenkou. The fault activity of the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao is weaker than the north part, the fault's latest active age is identified as the later period of Late Pleistocene and the activity becomes weak gradually from northeast to southwest. At the estuary of the Jushui River the slip rate of the fault is about 0.49mm/a since late Late Pleistocene. The fault activity of the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing is the weakest. There is no evidence of paleosol S1 deformed in fault profiles, and only some phenomena of fracture and sand liquefaction in the earlier Late Pleistocene loess. The activity of the fault is in line with the fault landform feature. At macro level, the relationship between the uplifted side and the thrown side of the fault switches gradually from the Ordos uplifting region and the rifted basin to the interior blocks of the rifted basin, which maybe is the regional reason why the activity of the Hancheng Fault becomes weak from the northeast to the southwest.     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND PALEOSEISMIC RUPTURE BEHAVIOR FOR THE SOUTHEAST SECTION OF THE GANZI-YUSHU FAULT

The Ganzi-Yushu Fault, the boundary of Bayan Har active tectonic block, Qiantang active tectonic block and Sichuan-Yunan active tectonic block, is a sinistral strike-slip fault zone with intensive Holocene activity. Thus, the study of activity characteristics and rupture behavior of paleoearthquakes in the late Quaternary on the Ganzi-Yushu Fault is of fundamental importance for understanding the future seismic risk of this fault. The southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault is made up of three segments of Ganzi, Manigange and Dengke, where a M_S7.3 earthquake in 1866, a M_S7.7 earthquake in 1854 and a M_S7.3 in 1896 occurred, respectively. There is still lack of in-depth study on the active features and the cascading rupture possibility of these segments, which hindered the evaluation of seismic risk for the southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault. By the means of field geological survey and micro topography measurement, this paper studied the geological and geomorphological features of the southeast section of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault. The results show that the Ganzi and Dengke segments show obvious extension movement, in addition to the left-lateral movement. For Manigange segment, the characteristics of the movement are mainly left-lateral strike-slip and thrusting, and the maximum vertical displacement of the Holocene strata is greater than 2m. In part areas, the movement is normal faulting, which perhaps relates to the left stepping zone in the local stress environment. Therefore, combining the research results such as the fracture distribution in different motion characteristics, rupture behavior of paleoearthquakes, and the distribution of historical earthquake surface ruptures, we divide the southeast section of Ganzi Yushu Fault into Ganzi, Manigange and Dengke segment, and consider the Yakou and the Dengke Basin as the stepovers and the segments' boundaries. As the small scale of impermanent barriers including Dengke Basin and the ridge near Yakou, of which the width is about 1~2km, they may be broken through in great earthquake rupture in future. A trench was excavated in Zhuqing township to investigate the paleoearthquakes on the Manigange segment, radiocarbon dating was employed and 3 paleoseismic events were revealed in the Zhuqing trench, which are the seismic events occurring respectively at 3875~3455BC, after 775BC, and the latest one that ruptured the surface. Compared with the previous results of paleoseismology in the southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault, it is found that the paleoseismic events in the Manigange segment are obviously different with that in Ganzi segment and Dengke segment. Due to the lack of sufficient data on the southeast section of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault, it still needs further discussion whether the cascade-rupturing between these segments exists.     

活动断裂带中地震分布时空结构的信息维 D1sub>特征初探

活动断裂带中地震时空分布的信息维 D1避免了容量维 D0的缺陷,考虑了每一地震事件对信息所作的贡献,从新的角度反映了地震分布时空结构特征.计算表明,炉霍大震前鲜水河断裂带地震分布时间结构信息维 D1=0.1051,这是该区大震活动的一个参考性判据.安宁河断裂带十七年现今地震分布时间结构信息维:北段,D1（tN）=0.1363;南段,D1（tS）=0.06710.地震空间分布信息维:北段,D1（KN）=1.053;南段,D1（Ks）=0.7758.南北两段分属信息维维数不同的两个自相似系统.南段地震活动自组织程度较高.这有助于强震重点监测区内主要危险段的判定地震时空分布 D1特征探索对于活断层研究以及地震预报都有一定的意义.      

邯郸市周边断裂带的活动特征分析

断裂活动和地震活动具有互为因果的关系,而不同于一般做法,文中用地震的活动性来分析断裂带的活动特征.为了解邯郸市周边存在的断裂带的活动特征,基于邯郸市附近地震台网监测的地震数据,利用地震纵波速度和震源位置联合反演方法,得到了邯郸市周边主要断裂带上地震波速度及震中在空间和时间上的分布特征,确定了地下壳质的纵波速度结构特征.综合分析表明:邯郸市周边小震的活动主要由磁县断裂和林州-武安断裂引起,太行山山前断裂带南端(邯郸-磁县段)几乎没有活动;地震活动集中在6 ～ 10km的范围内;活动时间特征是,从开始的2条断裂带同时活动逐渐演变为以磁县断裂活动为主.