盐碱池塘浮游动物的群落演替和多样性

于1997年4月5日至1998年9月1日对山东高青赵店乡渔场34个盐碱池浮游动物群落演替及其多样性进行了研究,采集了389个浮游动物定量水样。结果表明,轮虫主要是在夏秋高温季节占主导地位,桡足类在春季和秋末冬初在大部分养鱼池和所有无鱼对照池中占绝对优势,原生动物在养鱼池浮游动物中占相当比重,浮游动物生物量的冬季变动一般都有放养早期的春季生物量峰值和盛夏至初秋的生物量高峰,浮游动物多样性指数的季节变动形式与浮游动物生物量的季节变动不尽相同,其季节变动的总趋势是,冬季最低,春季开始上扬,夏季最高,秋季又开始下降;浮游动物多样性指数在浮游动物生物量峰值时多是低谷,而生物量下降时多样性指数又上升,无鱼对照池和新挖池塘的浮游动物多样性指数和生物量均较一般养鱼池塘的高。     

Effect of temperature on contents of essential highly unsaturated fatty acids in freshwater zooplankton

In 11 lakes from cold and warm regions we studied the content of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in seston (<130 μm) and crustacean zooplankton using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. An increase of temperature correlated with a decrease of HUFA content in zooplankton. A multivariate canonical correlation analyses revealed, that the decrease of HUFA content was related with a decrease of per cent of copepods in zooplankton communities, which are known to have higher HUFA levels in their biomass, than cladocerans. This means that temperature primarily affected the HUFA levels indirectly, via changing of taxonomic structure of zooplankton community, while the homeoviscous adaptation of zooplankton individuals had comparatively lower importance. As found, water temperature was better predictor of HUFA contents of zooplankton, than the fatty acid composition of seston. Thus, it can be predicted, that a probable climate warming will decrease the content of the essential HUFA in freshwater zooplankton with possible negative consequences for animals of higher trophic levels.     

浮游动物生态学研究进展

本文综述了近年来浮游动物生态学研究的最新进展,内容包括：长期生态学研究,浮游动物种类组成和现存量动态的研究,捕食生态研究,温度、食物等因子对浮游动物影响的研究此外,还对浮游动物分子生物学、微表层浮游动物生态学、大型水利工程和能源设施建设对水生态系和浮游动物的影响及浮游动物大规模高密度培养技术等热点问题进行了讨论．     

生物操纵与非经典生物操纵的应用分析及对策探讨

分析了生物操纵(biomanipulation)和非经典生物操纵(non-traditional biomanipulation)理论的原理、应用条件及局限性,提出了在局部水体治理湖泊富营养化的对策.分析认为:生物操纵的核心内容是利用浮游动物控制藻类;但浮游动物不能有效控制丝状藻类和形成群体的蓝藻水华;我国的大型浅水湖泊浮游动物数量一般并不多,对浮游植物摄食压力不大;在浅水湖泊,浮游动物摄食藻类后很快分解、释放又进入物质循环,因此不能治理湖泊富营养化;浮游动物是浮游植物和鱼类等经济水生动物之间重要的营养通道,过分追求保护浮游动物是值得思考和研究的问题.而非经典生物操纵的核心内容是利用鱼类直接控制蓝藻水华;当鲢、鳙鱼达到阈值密度可以控制蓝藻水华,但很难控制所有藻类和降低N、P治理湖泊富营养化.在局部水体治理湖泊富营养化的对策是:把鱼类控藻、水生植被恢复和局部水域生态系统重建相结合,形成具有利用与控制蓝藻生产鱼类、吸收氮磷净化水质功能的"水质生物调控单元".     

渍涝洼地鱼塘中浮游动物的变化

1987-1989年对山东省禹城渍涝洼地新开鱼塘水体中浮游动物进行了调查。1987、1988、1989年成鱼养殖期间共检出浮游动物种类分别为29、34、52种,平均数量为11911、39366.1、77889.2个/L,平均生物量为5.145、5.7675、9.6285mg/L。1988、1989年,鱼塘水体中浮游动物的数量高峰在7月。新开鱼塘养鱼前,只检出5种。数量为600个/L,生物量为0.0585mg/L。养鱼后三年来,鱼塘水体中浮游动物种类、数量及生物量的逐年增加,表明了新开鱼塘富营养化的演变程度。鱼塘施肥前后,水体中原生动物与轮虫的数量均有明显变化,其中原生动物变化更为明显。     

Zooplankton response to long-term liming: Comparison of 15 limed and 15 reference lakes in Sweden

Taxonomic composition and variation in density of zooplankton were studied since 1989 to investigate possible long-term effects of anthropogenic acidification and liming in Sweden (the Integrated Studies of the Effects of Liming in Acidified Water (ISELAW) programme). In the programme, 15 long-term (18-31 years) limed lakes were studied in parallel with 8 untreated circumneutral lakes (representing target conditions) and 7 acid lakes. Five-year means from these lakes were used to evaluate differences between the three lake groups. Water chemistry (including trace metals), phytoplankton, invertebrate predators and fish were also monitored. Older records from 8 of the limed lakes obtained during the acid period preceding the initial liming were compared with records from the limed period. The number of taxa more than doubled in 6 lakes after liming. Total present-day zooplankton biovolume showed insignificant differences between the neutral and limed groups, i.e., conformed with the target conditions. Trace metals, including inorganic aluminium, appeared in low concentrations in limed and neutral lakes whereas zooplankton in one acid lake was Al-intoxicated. Daphnid populations in 4 other lakes may suffer from effects of high Cd or Cu concentrations. “Bottom-up” regulation of the zooplankton biovolumes was indicated by positive regressions between total phosphorus-phytoplankton and phytoplankton-zooplankton. Corresponding tests showed no “top-down” regulation of zooplankton by fish and of phytoplankton by zooplankton. Biomasses of planktivorous fish were higher in the neutral reference lakes than in both the acid and the limed lake groups, but neither zooplankton density and biovolume nor mean body size were lower in the neutral references. A higher production and turnover of zooplankton in neutral reference lakes may explain similar densities and structure of zooplankton in spite of a heavier predation pressure.     

热带浅水湖泊后生浮游动物群落结构对生态修复的响应

热带浅水湖泊后生浮游动物群落以轮虫和小型枝角类为主,往往缺乏大型浮游动物,其影响因子还存在争议,因此通过减少鱼类,提高大型后生浮游动物密度,从而增强对浮游植物的下行控制、修复热带富营养化湖泊的方法受到质疑.暨大南湖位于广州暨南大学校园内,是热带富营养化浅水湖泊,于2014年1—2月实施以鱼类去除和水生植被重建为主的生态系统修复工程,以期改善水质.通过对南湖修复前后水质、后生浮游动物以及修复后鱼类群落的调查分析,研究了后生浮游动物群落对修复的响应.结果表明:与修复前相比,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著降低,透明度显著上升.枝角类丰度和生物量显著增加,修复后初期出现较高密度的大型枝角类蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex),桡足类丰度和生物量没有显著变化,轮虫丰度下降而生物量上升;后生浮游动物体长和生物多样性显著增加.随着鱼类密度的增加,蚤状溞丰度快速降低,后期鱼类减少后蚤状溞丰度又有所升高.因此,本研究显示鱼类是控制热带浅水湖泊大型浮游动物种群的主要因素,由于控制鱼类密度以维持较高大型浮游动物密度较为困难,因此单纯生物操纵在热带浅水湖泊修复中难以取得显著效果.     

Factors affecting seasonal patterns in epilimnion zooplankton community in one of the largest man-made lakes in Africa (Lake Nasser, Egypt)

The objective of the study was to determine which factors regulate zooplankton organisms along Lake Nasser. Temperature, pH, DO, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients, and zooplankton abundance were measured. Twenty-three species of zooplankton were recorded in Lake Nasser included in Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera. Copepoda represented the main bulk of the community. The lowest standing stock of zooplankton was noticed during spring due to the highest fish predation during this season associated with the lowest turbidity. Big difference in temperature in Lake Nasser along the year round is considered as a controlling factor related to range of tolerance of species. The oscillation of the lake water level and the different factors affect the standing stock of zooplankton in the lake. Thus, continuous monitoring of Lake Nasser biota should be undertaken to follow the changes in the ecosystem.     

Integrated measurements of acoustical and optical thin layers I: Vertical scales of association

This study combined measurements from multiple platforms with acoustic instruments on moorings and on a ship and optics on a profiler and an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to examine the relationships between fluorescent, bioluminescent, and acoustically scattering layers in Monterey Bay during nighttime hours in July and August of 2006 and May of 2008. We identified thin bioluminescent layers that were strongly correlated with acoustic scattering at the same depth but were part of vertically broad acoustic features, suggesting layers of unique composition inside larger biomass features. These compositional thin layers nested inside larger biomass features may be a common ecosystem component and are likely to have significant ecological impacts but are extremely difficult to identify as most approaches capable of the vertical scales of measurement necessary for the identification of sub-meter scale patterns assess bulk properties rather than specific layer composition. Measurements of multiple types of thin layers showed that the depth offset between thin phytoplankton and zooplankton layers was highly variable with some layers found at the same depth but others found up to 16 m apart. The vertical offset between phytoplankton and zooplankton thin layers was strongly predicted by the fraction of the water column fluorescence contained within a thin phytoplankton layer. Thin zooplankton layers were only vertically associated with thin phytoplankton layers when the phytoplankton in a layer accounted for more than about 18–20% of the water column chlorophyll. Trophic interactions were likely occurring between phytoplankton and zooplankton thin layers but phytoplankton thin layers were exploited by zooplankton only when they represented a large fraction of the available phytoplankton, suggesting zooplankton have some knowledge of the available food over the entire water column. The horizontal extent of phytoplankton layers, discussed in the second paper in this series, is likely an important factor contributing to this selective exploitation by zooplankton. The pattern of vertical offset between phytoplankton and zooplankton layers was consistent between studies in different years and using different combinations of platforms, indicating the importance of the relationship between zooplankton layers and the fraction of phytoplankton within a layer at night within Monterey Bay. These results highlight the value of integrating measurements of various types of organisms to understand thin layers processes and the importance of assessing ecological interactions in plankton thin layers within the context of the properties of the entire water column, like the animals themselves do.     

滇池不同湖区浮游动物群落稳定性及其驱动因子分析

为了揭示滇池不同湖区浮游动物群落稳定性及其驱动因子,于2020年对滇池草海、大泊口、外海3个具有一定空间分隔的区域,按季度进行4次采样调查。结果表明,大泊口区域的溶解氧、透明度指标显著高于外海,总氮、总磷、悬浮物、叶绿素a和化学需氧量等指标浓度显著低于外海,草海理化因子浓度介于大泊口与外海之间。研究期间3个区域共鉴定出浮游动物41属(枝角类12属、桡足类8属、轮虫21属),轮虫种类和密度均占较大比例。浮游动物年平均密度大泊口(7771.3 ind./L)>草海(2901.1 ind./L)>外海(634.8 ind./L);年平均生物量草海(3.72 mg/L)>大泊口(2.15 mg/L)>外海(2.09 mg/L)。非参数多元方差分析(PERMANOVA)与相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)结果表明,滇池3个区域间浮游动物群落结构差异极显著,导致大泊口与草海、外海群落结构呈极显著差异的属种为轮虫类群的种类,导致草海与外海群落结构呈极显著差异的属种为枝角类和轮虫类群的种类。此外,浮游动物群落稳定性与物种多样性呈显著的正相关关系,且经过生态修复后水质有所改善的湖区...     

利用real-time RT-PCR研究大型蚤对铜绿微囊藻毒素合成基因转录水平影响

近年来关于浮游动物与微囊藻相互作用的研究逐渐被关注,其中有的研究认为浮游动物能够诱导产毒细胞毒素含量的变化.微囊藻毒素是由微囊藻毒素合成基因编码翻译的,目前关于浮游动物对微囊藻毒素合成基因相对表达的影响并无报道,本文首次通过实时定量逆转录PCR方法研究铜绿微囊藻PCC7806产毒相关基因mcyB和mcyD在大型蚤胁迫下相对表达变化.结果显示微囊藻mcyB、mcyD基因相对表达均有上调,表明铜绿微囊藻PCC7806通过上调产毒基因的转录水平达到对大型蚤的诱导防御,从而为浮游动物与微囊藻相互作用研究提供新的依据.     

The effects of nutrients and zooplankton community structure on phytoplankton growth in a subtropical Australian reservoir: An enclosure study

Patterns of zooplankton–phytoplankton interactions in subtropical lakes of the Southern Hemisphere may deviate from those established for north-temperate lakes. We tested the responses of phytoplankton growth to different community structures of zooplankton and nutrient enrichment in a subtropical Australian reservoir for the prediction of potential outcomes of lake biomanipulation. Two zooplankton communities were created in lake enclosures over 4 weeks: a rotifer-dominated community developed in the presence of planktivorous fish (Hypseleotris spp.) and a Ceriodaphnia-dominated community developed in the absence of fish. Biomass gradients of both communities were established in 20 L containers and several separate containers received no additions (controls) or were enriched with nitrogen and/or phosphorus. The growth rate of total phytoplankton significantly increased in response to nutrient enrichment, indicating nutrient limitation. Most phytoplankton taxa were not markedly affected by grazing of either zooplankton community. However, both communities had significant stimulatory effects on the growth of inedible chlorophytes. The ability of zooplankton grazing to negatively affect phytoplankton growth during the summer was counteracted regardless of zooplankton community structure, possibly by nutrients regenerated by zooplankton. We hypothesise that in the subtropical system studied, changes in food web nutrient recycling may be more important for the outcome of biomanipulation than grazing impacts.     

强化生态浮床原位修复技术对污染河流浮游动物群落结构的影响

对强化生态浮床原位修复技术修复南方重污染感潮河流过程中浮游动物的种群动态变化进行研究,探讨浮游动物群落结构变化特征与河流水质改善状况的相互关系.结果显示,经强化生态浮床处理后,重污染感潮河流水质得到改善,浮游动物的种类由修复工程实施前的5种增加到49种,且由单一耐污种转变为多种种类共存;示范区各月浮游动物个体丰度较对照...     

The effect of thermal flow of large power facilities on zooplankton community under subarctic conditions

Subarctic water bodies are extremely vulnerable with respect to changes in the environmental characteristics, including an increase in temperature. The thermal effect of spent waters of power plants in water bodies of the Kola Peninsula was found to cause changes in communities comparable, within certain limits, with the effect of eutrophication. The most informative indices, characterizing the response of zooplankton community to the thermal impact of spent waters of the Kola NPP are determined for the case of Lake Imandra, the Kola Peninsula. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of zooplankton are shown to have some specific features depending on the extent of the thermal pollution of the water body and to adequately reflect the difference between the conditions of zooplankton existence in its individual parts. The indicator role of zooplankton is evaluated, and the possibility to incorporate it in the monitoring system of water bodies is substantiated.     

渭河干流与其秦岭北麓典型支流浮游动物群落结构及影响因素

浮游动物作为食物链中重要的初级消费者,其群落结构特征是水生态系统健康评价的重要指标之一.本研究于2017年秋季和2018年春季对渭河干流及秦岭北麓五条典型支流开展了系统的水环境及浮游动物群落调查.结果表明,渭河干流营养盐浓度整体高于秦岭北麓支流,干流浊度远高于支流.两次调查共鉴定出浮游动物种类数136种(原生动物65种,轮虫44种,枝角类15种,桡足类12种),其中2017年秋季渭河干流浮游动物种类数、密度和生物量分别为14种、9.02 ind./L和0.0051 mg/L,秦岭北麓支流为37种、42.78 ind./L和0.0229 mg/L;2018年春季渭河干流浮游动物种类数、密度和生物量分别为52种、292.89 ind./L和0.1734 mg/L,秦岭北麓支流为68种、70.15 ind./L和0.0508 mg/L.秋季渭河干流下游浮游动物种类数、密度和生物量最低,而春季随上、中、下游三者均依次增大;秋季秦岭支流中罗敷河浮游动物密度和生物量最高,而春季灞河最高.春、秋两季干支流间浮游动物优势种差异较小,但秋季优势种种类数少于春季.秋季渭河干流中游Shannon-Wiene...     

A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton at different depths near the southern California shore

Previous studies of neustonic debris have been limited to surface sampling. Here we conducted two trawl surveys, one before and one shortly after a rain event, in which debris and zooplankton density were measured at three depths in Santa Monica Bay, California. Surface samples were collected with a manta trawl, mid-depth samples with a bongo net and bottom samples with an epibenthic sled, all having 333 micron nets. Density of debris was greatest near the bottom, least in midwater. Debris density increased after the storm, particularly at the sampling site closest to shore, reflecting inputs from land-based runoff and resuspended matter. The mass of plastic collected exceeded that of zooplankton, though when the comparison was limited to plastic debris similar to the size of most zooplankton, zooplankton mass was three times that of debris.     

淮河干流浮游动物群落结构特征

2011年3、6、9和12月对淮河干流11个采样点的浮游动物群落结构进行调查研究,共检出浮游动物79属206种,其中原生动物27属69种,占浮游动物总物种数的33.5%;轮虫35属104种,占50.5%;枝角类12属27种,占13.1%;桡足类5属6种,占2.9%.总体上看,从上游至下游,浮游动物物种数呈现逐渐减少的趋势.浮游动物的丰度和生物量分别为3527447 ind./L和2452 mg/L,轮虫和原生动物丰度是淮河干流浮游动物丰度的主体,轮虫生物量是淮河干流浮游动物生物量的主体,浮游动物及各类群丰度和生物量均表现为从上游到中游逐渐增高的趋势,而从中游到下游呈现逐渐降低的趋势.上游浮游动物多样性指数和均匀度指数高于中、下游.结果表明:淮河干流上游水质为轻污染,中、下游水质为中污染或重污染.浮游动物群落结构和环境因子的冗余分析表明,水温、溶解氧和流速是与淮河干流浮游动物群落结构相关性较强的环境因子.     

渍涝洼地鱼塘中浮游动物的变化

1987—1989年对山东省禹城渍涝洼地新开鱼塘水体中浮游动物进行了调查。1987、1988、1989年成鱼养殖期间共检出浮游动物种类分别为29、34、52种,平均数量为11911、39366.1、77889.2个/L,平均生物量为5.145、5.7675、9.6285mg/L。1988、1989年,鱼塘水体中浮游动物的数量高峰在7月。新开鱼塘养鱼前,只检出5种。数量为600个/L,生物量为0.0585mg/L。养鱼后三年来,鱼塘水体中浮游动物种类、数量及生物量的逐年增加,表明了新开鱼塘富营养化的演变程度。鱼塘施肥前后,水体中原生动物与轮虫的数量均有明显变化,其中原生动物变化更为明显。     

淮南迪沟采煤沉陷区湖泊后生浮游动物群落结构及其影响因子

2015年8月-2016年6月对安徽省迪沟采煤沉陷区湖泊后生浮游动物群落结构及环境因子进行了调查,研究了其群落结构及与环境因子的关系.共发现后生浮游动物16科27属53种,其中轮虫38种,枝角类9种,桡足类6种,优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis)、蒲达臂尾轮虫(B.budapestiensis)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、曲腿龟甲轮虫(Keratella valga)、螺形龟甲轮虫(K.cochlearis)、长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)和透明温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops hyalinus).密度和生物量平均值分别为965.00±541.91 ind./L和3.42±2.17 mg/L.密度峰值出现在2015年2月,而生物量峰值出现在10月,最低值均出现在12月.后生浮游动物密度的空间分布呈现西低东高的趋势,而生物量空间分布呈现西高东低的趋势.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为2.07~3.22、0.83~1.72和0.67~0.80.冗余分析及Pearson相关性分析结果表明,浮游植物生物量、水温、营养盐等是影响后生浮游动物群落结构的主要因子.综合理化指标、营养状态指数、后生浮游动物优势种及生物多样性指数结果表明,迪沟采煤沉陷区湖泊已处于轻度富营养状态.     

巢湖流域双桥河底泥疏浚对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

为研究河流底泥疏浚工程对富营养化河流水生生态系统的影响,选取巢湖双桥河开展为期一年的河流生态监测与调查,对比分析了巢湖双桥河疏浚前和疏浚后的水质指标、浮游甲壳动物群落结构及生物多样性指数.研究发现：底泥疏浚后双桥河水质得到明显改善,其中氮、磷营养盐分别削减48.09%和19.09%;底泥疏浚对浮游甲壳动物群落结构影响显著,疏浚后浮游甲壳动物生物量从1.86 mg/L下降到0.25 mg/L,下降了86.40%;疏浚后生物多样性指数高于疏浚前,且受季节影响较大;浮游甲壳动物与水环境因子相关性研究发现：pH、温度、铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性氮、总氮和氮磷比对浮游甲壳动物总生物量均有极显著影响.研究结果表明,河流底泥疏浚工程能显著削减水体中氮、磷营养盐,并从一定程度上改善河流浮游甲壳动物群落结构,促进河流水生生态系统向健康、安全的方向发展.因此,对于双桥河这种受城市外源污染影响较大的城市污染型河流,在削减外源营养盐特别是氮输入的条件下,实施底泥疏浚工程可以促进其水生生态系统的修复.