北京密云水库表层沉积物磁性矿物的鉴别

本文对密云水库表层沉积物中的磁性矿物进行了岩石磁学和透射电子显微学的综合研究.本实验建立的磁选方法实现将70%～85%左右的磁性矿物从沉积物中分离出来.岩石磁学研究表明,密云水库沉积物中的磁性矿物以多畴和单畴磁铁矿为主,还含有少量高矫顽力弱磁性载磁矿物（可能为赤铁矿）.对磁选矿物的透射电镜观测表明,样品中部分单畴磁铁矿具有纳米尺寸和化学纯度高等特点,为拉长的立方-八面体磁铁矿,是趋磁细菌产生的化石磁小体;多畴磁铁矿多数具有微米尺寸,形状不规则,为碎屑成因;超顺磁磁铁矿粒径约为5～20 nm,且含硅、铝等元素,可能为自生成因.研究结果表明,岩石磁学和透射电子显微学的综合应用可以更全面、准确地分析沉积物中磁性矿物的成分、含量、粒径和化学成分等信息,为环境磁学、生物地磁学和古地磁学研究提供依据.     

细粒碎屑岩的常温和低温磁组构:以秦岭造山带白垩纪徽成盆地为例

盆地内细粒沉积物的磁组构特征可以记录盆地发育演化的关键构造信息.然而,反转盆地内细粒沉积物的磁组构有何特征,其与盆地发育和反转变形有何关系,目前仍需要深入探索.针对这一问题,本文以东、西秦岭分界处的白垩纪徽成盆地为例,在野外构造观察的基础上,对该盆地内的细粒沉积岩,特别是同沉积断层附近的细粒沉积岩（包括生长地层）,开展了系统的岩石磁学、常温和低温磁组构研究.野外观察表明,徽成盆地白垩纪地层内发育了大量NNE走向的正断层,邻近断层的局部区域可见露头尺度的生长地层.盆地内细粒沉积物的磁化率值总体较低,岩石磁学实验表明,磁化率主要由顺磁性矿物控制,但也含有少量磁铁矿和赤铁矿等铁磁性矿物的贡献.常温和低温磁组构特征都表明,徽成盆地白垩纪地层内透入性的发育了NWW-SEE向的磁线理,与主要的（同沉积）正断层垂直或高角度相交,并显示出初始变形组构的特征,记录了盆地发育时以NWW-SEE向拉张为主的古应力信息.这一伸展应力场与控制徽成盆地发育的文县—太白断裂带呈锐夹角,表明断裂带在盆地发育时以左行走滑伸展为主.此外,与常温磁组构相比,低温磁组构显著提高了顺磁性组构的信号强度,突显了磁组构的优势方位,可以更为有效的反映岩石组构和应变信息.尽管徽成盆地白垩纪地层经历多期次构造变形,但其初始变形组构并未明显改造,为解析盆地构造属性提供了重要信息.

     

西北太平洋采薇海山表层沉积的岩石磁学特征及其对深海环境过程的指示

采薇海山位于西北太平洋麦哲伦海山区,是由中国发现、命名并负责资源勘探的重点调查区之一.本文利用大洋27航次在采薇海山北坡MABC-05站获得的箱式沉积物样品,开展了详细的岩石磁学研究.结果显示表层沉积物中的磁性矿物以颗粒较细的、矫顽力较低的磁铁矿为主;利用对数正态分布函数可以区分三个具有不同矫顽力值的磁性颗粒组分,并发现磁性颗粒的矫顽力值变化可以有效指示沉积物埋藏后的早期成岩特征.在参考现代物理海洋过程的基础上,我们推测南极底层水团的演化和太阳辐射的变化可能共同影响了采薇海山区海洋底层环境过程.这一结果为探讨南极气候状况对北太平洋的可能影响,评估海洋上层与底层的相互作用等重要科学问题提供了新途径.

     

Long-term trends in the total and anthropogenic discharge of organic and biogenic substances by Russian rivers into the Baltic,Black, Azov,and Caspian seas and into Lake Baikal

The discharge of organic and biogenic substances by Russian rivers into the Baltic, Black, Azov, and Caspian seas and into Lake Baikal, as well as their anthropogenic component, and trends in variations in the runoff of ingredients are evaluated for individual periods in 1981–2000.     

Constraining the dating of late Quaternary marine sediment records from the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean)

In Southern Ocean sediments south of the Antarctic Polar Front, the scarcity of calcareous microfossils hampers the development of sediment chronologies based on radiocarbon dating and oxygen isotope stratigraphy established from carbonate. In this study, radiometric dating, magnetic susceptibility (MS), biogenic opal content, diatom abundance fluctuation, and paleomagnetic information were investigated on a north–south transect of central Scotia Sea sediment cores to verify their reliability as stratigraphic tools in the study area. Radiocarbon dating on organic carbon humic acid fraction can be used to establish the stratigraphy of upper core sections, but regional comparison and correlation are needed to verify a possible bias by fossil carbon contamination. For the long-term stratigraphy, MS, which can be correlated to the Antarctic ice core dust/climate signal, represents the most valuable parameter. Fine-grained single domain magnetite, probably of biogenic origin, makes a significant contribution to the interglacial MS signal, while major contributions from detrital material affect the glacial MS record. The core from the southern Scotia Sea contains significant proportions of biogenic magnetite also in glacial sediments, suggesting depositional environments different from those of the northern Scotia Sea. Our data suggest low contributions of high-coercive minerals to the overall magnetic intensity of glacial and interglacial Scotia Sea sediments, which excludes dust as a main source of the magnetic signal. Opal content can be used to distinguish between cold and warm intervals for the past 300 thousand years. Abundance fluctuation patterns of diatom species Fragilariopsis kerguelensis and Eucampia antarctica are useful stratigraphic tools for periods back to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6. The Mono Lake geomagnetic excursion is identified in Scotia Sea sediments for the first time. Possible correlations of ash layers are suggested between Scotia Sea sediments and East Antarctic ice cores. They have potential to serve as additional age markers for further studies in this area.     

Stable Eocene Magnetization Carried by Magnetite and Iron Sulphides in Marine Marls (Pamplona-Arguis Formation,Southern Pyrenees,Northern Spain)

In order to establish the magnetic carriers and assess the reliability of previous paleomagnetic results obtained for Eocene marine marls from the south Pyrenean basin, we carried out a combined paleo- and rock-magnetic study of the Pamplona-Arguis Formation, which crops out in the western sector of the southern Pyrenees (N Spain). The unblocking temperatures suggest that the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) is carried by magnetite and iron sulphides. The ChRM has both normal and reversed polarities regardless of whether it resides in magnetite or iron sulphides, and represents a primary Eocene magnetization acquired before folding. Rock magnetic results confirm the presence of magnetite and smaller amounts of magnetic iron sulphides, most likely pyrrhotite, in all the studied samples. Framboidal pyrite is ubiquitous in the marls and suggests that iron sulphides formed during early diagenesis under sulphate-reducing conditions. ChRM directions carried by magnetic iron sulphides are consistent with those recorded by magnetite. These observations suggest that magnetic iron sulphides carry a chemical remanent magnetization that coexists with a remanence residing in detrital magnetite. We suggest that the south Pyrenean Eocene marls are suitable for magnetostratigraphic and tectonic purposes but not for studies of polarity transitions, secular variations and geomagnetic excursions, because it is difficult to test for short time differences in remanence lock-in time for the two minerals. The presence of iron sulphide minerals contributing to the primary magnetization in Eocene marine marls reinforces the idea that these minerals can persist over long periods of time in the geological record.     

泥河湾盆地大长梁剖面河湖相沉积物的岩石磁学性质

以热磁分析为主,对中国北方泥河湾盆地更新世河湖相地层中灰绿色粉砂和灰黄色粉砂/细砂两种典型沉积物进行了详细的岩石磁学研究,有效确定了这两类沉积物中磁性矿物的种类、粒度特征以及加热过程中磁性矿物的变化过程和产物,并对其包含的古环境意义进行了初步探讨.灰绿色粉砂样品主要含有磁铁矿和赤铁矿两种磁性矿物,磁性相对较弱,颗粒相对较细;灰黄色粉砂/细砂主要含有磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,磁性相对较强,颗粒相对较粗.在氩气环境中经700℃加热处理后,这两种沉积物中的绿泥石都分解,并生成超细粒（处于超顺磁和单畴颗粒区间）的磁铁矿,导致磁化率大幅升高.因此泥河湾盆地沉积物的热磁特征可以用来检测样品中绿泥石的相对含量,进而反映该地区化学风化作用强度的变化.此外,灰绿色粉砂样品中绿泥石含量比灰黄色粉砂/细砂样品的含量高,在氩气中加热后,磁化率升高幅度也较高,可能反映了化学风化相对较弱的沉积环境.     

福州盆地全新世沉积物的磁学性质及其对环境变化的响应

福州盆地位于海陆过渡地带,在海陆变迁过程中,沉积物记录了高分辨率的环境信息,是揭示沉积特征对环境变化响应过程及模式的理想区域.本文选择位于福州盆地的FZ5钻孔进行岩石磁学、环境磁学和古地磁学方面的研究,以期阐明该区域沉积物磁学性质对陆源碎屑输入、海平面变化和成岩作用的响应.岩石磁学结果表明钻孔沉积物以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主体,但是在不同的环境变化阶段,磁性矿物的类型有较大变化.在9~3 cal. ka BP的海侵过程中,沉积物中以磁铁矿为主体,存在菱铁矿和铁硫化物等还原性矿物.硫化作用使细粒磁铁矿溶解形成胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿,其峰面随碎屑磁性矿物的浓度变化而迁移.但硫化作用没有完全消除磁铁矿携带的特征剩磁和陆源碎屑输入量以及海平面升降对该阶段沉积物磁性的控制.在~3 cal. ka BP以来随着海平面下降、沉积环境向陆相氧化环境转化,虽然早期还原作用仍然存在,但后期氧化作用使磁性矿物向高矫顽力的赤铁矿等矿物转变,氧化作用基本扰乱了磁铁矿携带的剩磁.沉积及其后期成岩作用过程中,发生在约~8.2、~7.7、~7.5、~2.7、~1.5、~0.5 cal. ka BP六次强烈的古氧化界面反映了福州盆地当时异常干旱或湿热的气候事件.     

Onshore-offshore gradient in reductive early diagenesis in coastal marine sediments of the Ria de Vigo, Northwest Iberian Peninsula

Early diagenetic modification of magnetic properties is an important process in marine sediments, but temporal and spatial variability of diagenetic processes have rarely been reported for recent coastal sediments. The magnetic properties of sediments from the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) define a marked three-part zonation with depth. The uppermost zone is magnetically dominated by (titano-)magnetite. In the intermediate zone, rapid down-core dissolution of (titano-)magnetite increases the relative influence of high-coercivity magnetic minerals, which react more slowly during reductive dissolution than (titano-)magnetite. This zone is characterized by the ubiquitous occurrence of framboidal iron sulphides. Pyrite is the dominant iron sulphide, but framboidal ferrimagnetic greigite is also frequently observed in association with pyrite. The lowermost zone is characterized by an almost complete depletion of magnetic minerals associated with progressive reduction of detrital iron oxides with depth. This zonation is controlled by organic matter diagenesis, which varies with water depth and wave-induced sediment resuspension and organic matter reoxidation in the water column. This leads to a shallowing and thinning of each zone with more intense reductive diagenesis toward the interior of the ria. Such a zonation seems to be a common feature in shallow water marine environments. If preserved, the described zonation and its spatial variability provide a potential tool for detecting estuarine-like environments in the geological record. Magnetic detection of current or past reductive conditions also has important implications for assessing paleoenvironmental proxies that are sensitive to diagenetic redox state.     

巢湖沉积物磁性特征及其对沉积动力的响应

对巢湖西部柱样以及杭埠河流域土壤的环境磁学研究表明,磁铁矿是决定磁性特征的主要磁性矿物,杭埠河流域是巢湖西部沉积物的主要来源．靠近巢湖西岸的柱样AC1砂含量较高,X、SIRM值较大而xARM／SIRM较低,说明磁铁矿含量较高、颗粒较粗．距岸稍远的柱样AC2砂含量较低,X、SIRM值也较低,其变化与XARM较相似,与粘土含量变化也有一定程度的相似,AC2沉积物X、SIRM值较ACI小,但XARM／SIRM较高,说明磁铁矿含量较低且颗粒较细．杭埠河流域土壤的磁性测量结果表明,砂、砾含量高的粗骨土磁性最强,富含粗颗粒磁铁矿．巢湖柱样沉积物砂的含量随踞岸远近而不同, 反映了沉积环境的水动力不同,由此产生明显的磁性特征差异,实质是对沉积动力的响应．研究表明磁性参数XARM／SIRM 可以间接反映沉积物中粘土含量的高低变化．     

兰州盆地渐新世沉积物岩石磁学性质探究

我国西北地区出露大量富含哺乳动物化石的"第三纪红层", 探明这些地层的岩石磁学特征对进一步开展磁性地层、环境磁学和古气候学研究具有重要意义. 本文对青藏高原东北缘兰州盆地渐新世地层进行了详细的岩石磁学研究, 分别确定了咸水河组下部砂岩和泥岩中磁性矿物含量、种类及其在加热过程中的转变; 并结合X射线衍射, 漫反射光谱和粒度分析等非磁学手段, 揭示了磁性矿物种类与沉积环境的关系. 结果表明, 剖面底部和顶部的砂岩为河道沉积, 磁性矿物含量较低, 主要为高矫顽力的赤铁矿和针铁矿; 中部泥岩为湖相沉积, 指示了一个相对稳定的静水沉积环境, 其磁性矿物含量比砂岩要高, 不仅含有高矫顽力的赤铁矿和针铁矿,也含有低矫顽力的磁铁矿. 在岩石磁学和环境磁学结果的基础上,结合野外考察和古生物证据, 我们推测兰州盆地在晚渐新世为半湿润半干旱的气候条件, 这为赤铁矿的生成提供了有利条件, 导致盆地中富含赤铁矿的红色泥岩广泛发育.     

Comparison of nearby earthquake records made on hard rock ground and on ice cover of Lake Baikal

The paper presents the main results of comparison between the records of four nearby earthquakes made on the ice cover of Lake Baikal and on the hard rock ground (seismic station located in Listvyanka settlement). Since the discovered differences between the records may be due to several factors—sedimentary cover, water medium, ice cover, interfaces between media, and microseisms—the experimental investigation and understanding the main regularities of seismic waves conversion will require the creation of a database of earthquakes recorded on the ice cover of the lake and statistical analysis of record processing results.     

Rock magnetic properties and palaeomagnetic results of sediments from a stone implement layer in the Bose Basin,Guangxi

Directional samples were taken to study rock magnetism and palaeomagnetic records from the Dong- sheng profile, which is 5 m thick and on the northwest edge of the Bose Basin. Mineralogy and rock magnetism of typical samples indicate that coarse granular titanomagnetite, and fine-grained hematite, superparamagnetic maghemite formed by pedogenesis are in the sediment, which has undergone many transformative processes during different stages of pedogenesis. Parallel samples were taken for thermal demagnetization (TH) (0 to 680℃) and alternating field (AF) demagnetization (0 to 80 mT) respectively. Experimental results of these two kinds of demagnetization illustrate that there are two or more magnetic components in the samples. Intensity of NRM decreases by almost 60% to 90% rapidly when the temperature ranges from 100℃ to 350℃, with a steady magnetic component. It is impossible to analyze the magnetic components at high temperature because those fluctuate widely when the temperature is higher than 400℃. Steady magnetic components from 100℃ to 350℃ indicate that the remanence was mainly carried by fine-grained hematite formed by pedogenesis, reflecting a change in the geomagnetic field while the magnetite was being oxidized into hematite by chemical weathering after deposition. The formative age of the sediments cannot be obtained by magnetic methods in this profile.     

Magnetic,paleomagnetic and palynologic studies of Paleolithic depositions of the Akhshtyrskaya cave (Russia)

The paper presents the results of experimental rock-magnetic, paleomagnetic and palynologic study of Paleolithic sediments sampled along two profiles in the Akhshtyrskaya cave, situated in the vicinity of Black Sea shore. In the upper part of profiles, some magnetite was observed; in the middle and lower parts, strongly oxidized non-stoichiometric magnetite and hematite prevail. Thin maghemite covers on the surface of fine magnetite grains are present in the majority of specimens. Natural remanence has one characteristic component (CHRM), mostly of chemical origin, although in few specimens containing magnetite it may be sedimentary. Directions of CHRM obtained by standard paleomagnetic methods revealed anomalous pattern only in layer 3/2, which is slightly older than the overlying layer 3/1 whose age was established as (35±2)×10³ years BP by the U-Th method. This suggests that this paleomagnetic anomaly (PMA) can be correlated with Kargapolovo excursion dated on about (45−39)×10³ years BP. In the remaining overlying and underlying layers, directions of CHRM are grouped around the present geomagnetic field. Depth distributions of scalar magnetic parameters generally coincide with the lithological division of the profiles. Palynologic study revealed the presence of 22 pollen zones. Five thermomers separated with colder periods were found in the middle and lower parts of profile. The non-magnetite composition of magnetic fraction of the majority of studied sediments — oxidized nonstoichiometric magnetite and hematite — resulted in the lack of correlations between paleoclimatic and scalar magnetic characteristics.     

Laboratory verification of submicron magnetite production in pseudotachylytes: relevance for paleointensity studies

Pseudotachylytes generally possess stable remanent magnetizations but the processes by which pseudotachylytes are magnetized remain poorly understood. Magnetic hysteresis and scanning electron microscope studies reveal that experimental frictional melting of granites produces dispersed submicron inclusions of weakly interacting pseudo-single-domain (PSD) magnetite, in artificial pseudotachylyte. The magnetite inclusions are absent in the undeformed granite protolith and result from oxidation of Fe in melt-susceptible mafic minerals during the melt-quenched event. The pseudotachylytes acquired a stable thermal remanence in fine-grained PSD magnetites during the rapid cooling of the melt, implying that fine-grained magnetite has the potential for paleointensity determinations of contemporaneous magnetic fields with co-seismic faulting in granitoids.     

Environmental mechanism of magnetic susceptibility changes of lacustrine sediments from Lake Hulun, China

The changes of magnetic susceptibility(κ) are correlated with those of corresponding sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical and biological results, which verifies thatκ can be taken as one of the environmental proxies. However, usually the exact origin of magnetic signal is poorly understood, and is difficult to relate with the environmental evolution. Magnetic properties of material derived from the catchment and sedimentary environment may affect the accumulation, preservation, or authigenesis and diagenesis of magnetic minerals. In the Lake Hulun region in Inner Mongolia, it is found that muddy sediments, deposited during high water level period (corresponding to humid climate), have comparatively highκ values. In contrast, the sandy sediments, deposited during low water level period (corresponding to arid climate), have lowκ values. Detailed rock magnetic investigation confirms that detrital magnetite derived from volcanic rocks in the catchment exists in both muddy and sandy sediments. During high water level period, secondary ferrimagnetic iron sulphide was produced in muddy sediments under relatively reductive conditions. Ferrimagnetic iron sulphide, coexisting with detrital magnetite, predominates the magnetic properties of muddy sediments, resulting in increasingκ. This paper reveals the significance of authigenic ferrimagnetic iron sulphide produced after sediment deposition.     

Paleomagnetic evidence for fossil biogenic magnetite in western Crete

Previous paleomagnetic research has shown that the concentration of fine-grained magnetite preserved in Miocene marine clays of western Crete drops during two successive geomagnetic transitions, although the mechanism responsible for this effect was not known. Magnetite precipitation by magnetotactic bacteria offers a straightforward explanation for this decrease. Reduced field strengths during a reversal will strain the competitive advantage of having intracellular magnetite and will force bacteria to precipitate correspondingly more magnetite if they are to maintain the same alignment in the geomagnetic field. Their ability to do this is limited by several magnetophysical constraints which should act to reduce the numbers of magnetite-precipitating cells, particularly in fields of less than about 12% of the present level. This would lead to a decrease in the supply of bacterial magnitude to the sediments. Recovery of intact magnetotactic bacterial fossils may lead to a new method for estimating paleointensities from sedimentary rocks.     

Effect of citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite treatment on fine-grained magnetite and maghemite

Mineral magnetic properties of soils and parent materials have been interpreted in terms of paleoclimate and rates of soil formation but it is important to understand which minerals contribute to the mineral magnetic signal. Citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) treatment has been used to determine the amounts of fine-grained, often pedogenic, ferrimagnetic minerals relative to coarse-grained, often inherited, magnetic minerals. However, questions have been raised about the effect of particle size on the efficacy of CBD in dissolving magnetite and maghemite grains. In this paper we use magnetic susceptibility and its frequency dependence, and the low-temperature behavior of a saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, to track the dissolution of carefully sized magnetite grains. We found that the standard CBD procedure dissolves fine magnetite particles (ca. < 1 μm) but leaves larger particles (ca. > 1 μm) essentially intact. Thin oxidized coatings, presumably maghemite, are also dissolved by the CBD procedure. These results support previous interpretations that the CBD procedure can be used to distinguish between pedogenic and lithogenic magnetic grains, assuming that most pedogenic magnetic grains are sufficiently small (ca. < 1 μm) and most lithogenic magnetic grains are sufficiently large (ca. > 1 μm). These results also show that the standard procedure is too harsh to differentiate between 1 μm grains of magnetite and maghemite. A modified CBD extraction that uses half as much dithionite reduces the magnetic susceptibility of 1 μm magnetite grains by only 10%. This method may be useful in distinguishing between magnetite and maghemite grains in this size range.     

Paleomagnetic dating of the Cenjiawan Paleolithic site in the Nihewan Basin, northern China

It draws much attention of scientists how early hu- mans occupy and adapt to the rigorous climate and environment at high northern latitudes in East Asia after they stepped out of Africa, passed West Asia and finally arrived in East Asia[1-4]. Reliable age determi- nations of Paleolithic sites from northeastern Asia not only help to find out the earliest occupation of early humans in this region, but also relate to the founda- tion of the overall framework of human origin and migration[1-8]…     

西沙群岛西科1井晚中新世-上新世生物礁沉积的磁性地层学初步结果

本文对西沙群岛西科1井钻孔岩心晚中新世-上新世生物礁沉积进行了详细的岩石磁学、磁性扫描与磁性地层学研究.结果显示,西科1井生物礁相沉积中的载磁矿物主要是磁铁矿.我们推测,这些磁铁矿的微小颗粒主要来自海水中含有的陆源物质,在生物生长过程中通过珊瑚体或其它寄生生物对海水的过滤与吸附作用保存在生物礁沉积中.进一步的磁性地层学研究及其与地磁极性年表的对比发现,在上新统莺歌海组、上中新统黄流组内部可获得多个年龄控制点,并对莺歌海组和黄流组的底界位置给出了初步制约.其中,莺歌海组记录了C2An.3n和C3n.4n,黄流组记录了C3An.2n至C5n.2n.虽然这一对比方案存在一定不确定性,但是在现阶段生物地层年代及其它年代学资料相对匮乏的情况下,我们认为本项研究的磁性地层学结果能为西沙群岛晚中新世以来的生物礁沉积提供更多可靠的年龄控制点,并为今后的区域地层对比提供磁性地层年代学依据.