应用物质平衡模型模拟一个半封闭海湾的营养结构和能流特征

The marine ecosystem of the Jiaozhou Bay has degraded significantly in fisheries productivity and its ecological roles as spawning and nursery ground for many species of commercial importance has been declining in recent years. A mass-balanced trophic model was developed using Ecopath with Ecosim to evaluate the trophic structure of the Jiaozhou Bay for improving ecosystem management. The model were parameterized based on the fisheries survey data in the Jiaozhou Bay in 2011, including 23 species groups and one detritus group according to their ecological roles. The trophic levels of these ecological groups ranged from 1(primary producers and detritus) to4.3(large demersal fishes). The estimated total system throughput was 12 917.10 t/(km~2·a), with 74.59% and25.41% contribution of the total energy flows from phytoplankton and detritus, respectively. Network analyses showed that the overall transfer efficiency of the ecosystem was 14.4%, and the mean transfer efficiency was 14.5%for grazing food chain and 13.9% for detritus food chain. The system omnivory index(SOI), Finn's cycled index(FCI) and connectance index(CI) were relatively low in this area while the total primary production/total respiration(TPP/TR) was high, indicating an immature and unstable status of the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem. Mixed trophic impact analysis revealed that the cultured shellfish had substantial negative impacts on most functional groups. This study contributed to ecosystem-level evaluation and management planning of the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem.     

Effects of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on the energy budgets and growth of two marine bivalves

Harmful algal blooms (HAB) may impose a serious threat to aquatic lives and human health. We determined the effects of a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (clone ATCIO1, isolated from Hong Kong coastal waters) on the energy budget, quantified as scope for growth (SFG), and the growth rate of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. To quantify the SFG, clams and mussels were dosed with different amounts of toxic A. tamarense for 6 days, resulting in different toxin burdens in the tissues. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency, and respiration rate were subsequently measured in these toxin containing bivalves. Clearance rate significantly declined at the highest toxin burden in the clams only, while there was no significant difference in the clearance rate among different treatments for the mussels. The respiration rate of either bivalve was not significantly affected by toxin accumulation in the tissues. In contrast, the absorption efficiency of both clams and mussels decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner for mussels but not for clams, when the tissue accumulated the toxins. With an increase in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin burden, SFG in both clams and mussels was significantly reduced, primarily because of the decrease of absorption efficiency. The growth rate of juvenile clam R. philippinarum, measured as an increment in tissue dry weight over a 15 d exposure period, was significantly lower during their feeding on toxic dinoflagellate than the growth rate of clams feeding on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The juvenile mussel P. viridis, however, exhibited similar growth rates after feeding on the toxic dinoflagellates and the nontoxic diatom. This study showed that SFG can provide a sensitive and integrated measure of the effect of HAB on the physiology of bivalves. Clam R. philippinarum may be more sensitive, in terms of their energy budget, to PSP toxin accumulation than the mussel P. viridis.     

五种海水鱼视网膜结构的比较

本文比较和分析了黄鳍鲷，普通鲻鱼，赤点石斑鱼，蓝圆Ｓｈｅｎ，金色小沙丁鱼的视网膜形态特点，生理机能及其与生活环境的关系。指出这五种鱼视膜均为混合型网膜。按主要形态特点划分，这五种鱼视网膜可归纳为三类。这五种鱼的视锥，视杆和色素上皮细胞黑色素均参与视网膜运动反应。这五种鱼视网膜上都存在着单锥和两个内段染色反应相同的孪生双锥。     

Seasonal changes in community composition and trophic structure of fish populations of five salt marshes along the Essex coastline, United Kingdom

European intertidal salt marshes are important nursery sites for juvenile fish and crustaceans. Due to the increasing threat of habitat loss, the seasonal changes of salt marsh fish communities need to be understood in order to appreciate the ecological and economic importance of the saltmarsh habitat. This study was the first in Great Britain to investigate the seasonal changes of salt marsh fish communities and the variation in community structure between closely located marsh habitats. Between February 2007 and March 2008, five marshes on three estuaries of the Essex coastline were sampled using flume nets to block off intertidal creeks at high tide. Fourteen fish species were caught. The community overall was dominated by three species that made up 91.6% of the total catch: the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (46.2% of the total catch), juvenile herring Clupea harengus (24.3%), and juvenile and larval sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (21.2%). Cluster analysis demonstrated clear seasonal patterns, with some community structures unique to specific marshes or estuaries. The marsh fish community shifts from a highly diverse community during spring, to a community dominated by D. labrax and P. microps in autumn, and low diversity during winter months. Gravimetric stomach content analysis of fish community identified three main trophic guilds; macroinvertivores, planktivores and omnivores. The macroinvertivore feeding guild contained D. labrax and P. microps, the two most frequently occurring species. This investigation demonstrates the importance of British salt marshes as nursery habitats for commercial fish species.     

A tentative classification of coastal marine ecosystems based on dominant processes of nutrient supply

High rates of marine primary production, as well as most world fishery production, are confined to coastal regions. There are three categories of nutrient enrichment processes: (1) coastal upwelling, (2) tidal mixing, and (3) land-based runoff and major river outflow. These are depicted on a single map as a basis for identificaiton of groups of regional marine ecosystems that may have analogous aspects with respect to basic modes of enrichment. These groupings may provide a rational framework for comparative ecological studies. The concept of the marine catchment basin (MCB) is stressed as representing the logical unit for management of anthropogenic effects on any marine ecosystem that is substantially affected by terrestrial runoff.     

Intra- and interspecies comparison of energy flow in North Atlantic flatfish species by means of dynamic energy budgets

The quantitative aspects of growth and reproduction in four flatfish species (plaice, flounder, dab, sole) in terms of energy flow are described on the basis of a dynamic energy budget (DEB theory). This theory consists of general assumptions about energy uptake, storage and utilisation and describes an individual by two state variables: structure and reserve, whereby body size exerts its influence through the ratio between surface area and volume. Comparison between model estimates and field data shows that the DEB model successfully describes the energetics of growth and reproduction in a number of flatfish species. Differences between species could be captured in the same model using different parameter values. Intraspecific differences in growth between males and females are mainly caused by differences in maximum surface area-specific ingestion rates. Differences between species are reflected in the surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate, the energy partitioning over growth and reproduction, and in egg volume. According to these parameters at 283 K (10°C), the species could be ranked as follows: surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate (W m⁻²) plaice: 56.6; flounder: 54.5; sole: 45.1 and dab: 36.1 W m⁻². Fraction of energy allocated to reproduction (–): flounder: 0.35; plaice: 0.15; dab: 0.15 and sole 0.10. As a consequence of these differences in surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate and in the fraction of utilised energy allocated to reproduction, the gonad masses (g) of females of 0.5 kg wet mass differ considerably: flounder: 149 g; plaice: 86 g; sole: 70 g; and dab: 69 g. However, due to differences in egg size between species, the potential annual egg production shows a completely different pattern: dab: 2200 10³; flounder: 1560 10³; sole: 343 10³ and plaice: 130 10³ eggs.     

A comparison of biological trends from four marine ecosystems: Synchronies, differences, and commonalities

Major features of four marine ecosystems were analyzed based on a broad range of fisheries-associated datasets and a suite of oceanographic surveys. The ecosystems analyzed included the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, the Norwegian/Barents Seas in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, and the eastern Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. We examined survey trends in major fish abundances, total system fish biomass, and zooplankton biomasses. We standardized each time series and examined trends and anomalies over time, using both time series and cross-correlational statistical methods. We compared dynamics of functionally analogous species from each of these four ecosystems. Major commonalities among ecosystems included a relatively stable amount of total fish biomass and the importance of large calanoid copepods, small pelagic fishes and gadids. Some of the changes in these components were synchronous across ecosystems. Major differences between ecosystems included gradients in the magnitude of total fish biomass, commercial fish biomass, and the timing of major detected events. This work demonstrates the value of comparative analysis across a wide range of marine ecosystems, suggestive of very few but none-the-less detectable common features across all northern hemisphere ocean systems.     

A comparison of three marine ecosystems surrounding the Korean peninsula: Responses to climate change

This study uses a comparative approach to examine responses of marine ecosystems to climatic regime shifts. The three seas surrounding the Korean peninsula, the Japan/East Sea, the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea represent three contiguous but distinct ecosystems. Sampling has been carried out by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute of South Korea since 1965, using the same methods in all three seas. Sampling was generally synoptic. Amplitude time series of 1st EOF modes for temperature, salinity, zooplankton biomass and concentrations of four major zooplankton taxa were used to determine whether the three marine ecosystems respond in a similar manner to climate variations. Temporal patterns of the variables were strongly similar among the three seas at decadal time scales, but very weakly similar at interannual scales. All three seas responded to a climatic regime shift that occurred in 1989. Temperature, zooplankton biomass and copepod concentrations increased in the late 1980s or early 1990s in all three seas. Concentrations of amphipods, chaetognaths and euphausiids also increased in the Japan/East Sea and the East China Sea, but not the Yellow Sea. The Yellow Sea ecosystem differs strongly from the other two seas, and water exchange between the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea is much weaker than that between the East China Sea and Japan/East Sea. Spatial patterns of zooplankton determined by the EOF analysis were closely related to currents and fronts in each of the three seas.     

基于稳定同位素技术的象山港海洋牧场区食物网基础与营养级的研究

本研究对2011年春季和秋季在象山港海洋牧场采集的生物消费者及其食物源样品的碳、氮稳定同位素组成进行了分析,通过IsoSource模型计算该海域生物的食物网基础并利用氮稳定同位素数据计算消费者的营养级.结果表明:该海域生物消费者食物源的δ13C值范围介于-13.75％～-24.29％之间;根据δ13 C值可以将其食物源分为4类:浮游植物、大型海藻、悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)、沉积相颗粒有机物(SOM).浮游植物和SOM是该海域生物食物网的基础,对消费者的碳源贡献率(50.27％)比较大,大型海藻也是消费者的重要碳源(贡献率为35.5％),POM对消费者的碳源贡献率为13.7％.消费者的δ15 N值则介于5.40％ ～ 11.85％之间,消费者的营养级介于2.0～3.7级之间,不同食性的鱼类处于食物网中不同的地位,浮游生物食性的鱼类位于食物网的底端,游泳生物食性的鱼类处于食物链的上层.     

九龙江口红树林保护区水体浮游植物群落结构及营养状态评价

于2016年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)以及10月(秋季)对九龙江口红树林保护区的浮游植物多样性组成及其时空变化进行研究.结果表明,福建九龙江口红树林保护区共采集到浮游植物5门91属138种,其中硅藻占50.00%、绿藻占31.16%、蓝藻占8.70%、甲藻和裸藻各占5.07%.主要优势种为具槽直链藻(Melosira sulcata)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、条纹小环藻(Cyclotella stratia)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、粗针杆藻(Synedra robusta)和菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.);浮游植物细胞数量在0.82×105~4.55×105个/dm3之间,年平均数量为1.97×105个/dm3.浮游植物种类时空变化明显,而数量的空间变化较大,季节变化不太明显.Shanno-Wiener指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化范围分别为2.10~3.55、1.05~3.61、0.78~0.95.多样性指数及浮游植物生物量评价结果显示,九龙江口红树林保护区的水体为中营养状态,水质较好,但仍应加强对陆源径流和养殖废水排放进入红树林的控制和管理.     

基于海空磁力测量数据的向下延拓方法比较

地磁场的向下延拓是实现磁场数据空间转换的主要手段,是多源海洋磁力测量数据融合和构建三维海洋磁空间背景场模型的关键技术.在分析频域位场向下延拓方法原理基础上,分别采用了4种向下延拓方法将300m高度磁测数据延拓至200m高度,并与同一海区200m高度实测数据对比,以检验各延拓方法的计算效果,为构建三维海洋磁空间背景场模型...     

基于OpenSceneGraph 的海洋环境三维可视化系统研究

为了研究虚拟现实技术在海洋环境三维可视化中的应用,对大气、海底地形、风浪流等数据产品进行了分析整理,运用场景裁剪、level of details(LOD)细节层次、场景动态调度等关键技术方法,结合Visual Planet Builder(VPB)、ARCGIS多种数据处理工具,在VC++和OSG2.8.7的可视化开发环境上,构建了一个三维、动态、实时、可交互的海洋环境可视化模拟仿真系统。这个系统可以为海洋科学研究和工程建设提供一个更加便捷、直观的可视化平台。     

Recent climate forcing and physical oceanographic changes in Northern Hemisphere regions: A review and comparison of four marine ecosystems

As part of a project comparing the structure and function of four marine ecosystems off Norway and the United States, this paper examines the oceanographic responses to climate forcing, with emphasis on recent changes. The four Northern Hemisphere ecosystems include two in the Pacific Ocean (Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska) and two in the Atlantic Ocean (Georges Bank/Gulf of Maine and the Barents/Norwegian Seas). Air temperatures, wind forcing and heat fluxes over the four regions are compared as well as ocean hydrography and sea-ice conditions where seasonal sea ice is found. The long-term interannual variability in air temperatures, winds and net heat fluxes show strong similarity between adjacent ecosystems and within subregions of an ecosystem, but no significant correlations between Pacific and Atlantic ecosystems and few across the Atlantic. In spite of the lack of correlation between climate forcing and ocean conditions between most of the ecosystems, recent years have seen record or near record highs in air and sea temperatures in all ecosystems. The apparent causes of the warming differ. In the Atlantic, they appear to be due to advection, while in the Pacific temperatures are more closely linked to air-sea heat exchanges. Advection is also responsible for the observed changes in salinity in the Atlantic ecosystems (generally increasing salinity in the Barents and Norwegian Seas and decreasing in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank) while salinity changes in the Gulf of Alaska are largely related to increased local runoff.     

Differences in the structure of the lower trophic levels of pelagic ecosystems in the eastern and western subarctic Pacific

To illustrate areal differences in the structure of lower trophic levels of the pelagic ecosystems in the subarctic Pacific, data collected in the quasi-steady state summer/fall conditions were analysed for five areas, i.e. the Bering Basin, Western Subarctic Gyre, the area south of the Aleutians, the Gulf of Alaska, and the Oyashio Region. Average values of stock size of four components of the lower trophic levels showed a clear difference between areas with ranges of 7.5-fold for nitrate, 3.0 for chlorophyll a, 9.9 for microzooplankton, and 2.4 for mesozooplankton. Such differences were more striking when the structure of the lower trophic levels was expressed as a biomass pyramid. In the Gulf of Alaska, Western Subarctic Gyre, and south of the Aleutians, the relative biomass of microzooplankton to phytoplankton is large and large amounts of nitrate remained unused. In addition to possible iron limitation, grazing control by the microzooplankton on small phytoplankton must be substantial in these areas. Conversely, in the Oyashio Region, the nitrate stock is very small indicating higher efficiency of nitrate consumption by phytoplankton. However, since phytoplankton and zooplankton stocks are not particularly large, their products are likely to be transferred, also efficiently, to the higher trophic levels such as planktivorous pelagic fish. The situation in the Bering Basin is intermediate between the Oyashio Region and the other three areas. Inter-annual fluctuations in stock size of the planktivorous fish which migrate into the Oyashio Region in summer/fall were quite large. However, the inter-annual variation of mesozooplankton biomass was small, suggesting the existence of certain mechanisms to stabilize plankton abundance under increasing predation pressure. As a result, the increasing fish stocks likely keep the transfer efficiency from nitrate through to fish higher, at least in the Oyashio Region.     

Analysis of trophic networks and carbon flows in south-eastern Baltic coastal ecosystems

Carbon flows in five south-eastern Baltic coastal ecosystems (Puck Bay, Curonian Lagoon, Lithuanian coast, Gulf of Riga coast and Pärnu Bay) were compared on the basis of ECOPATH models using 12 common functional groups. The studied systems ranged from the hypertrophic Curonian Lagoon to the mesotrophic Gulf of Riga coast. Interestingly, we found that macrophytes were not consumed by grazers, but rather channelled into the detritus food chain. In all ecosystems fisheries had far reaching impacts on their target species and on the food-web in general. In particular, benthic food-webs were partly affected by indirect fisheries effects. For example, fisheries tend to change the biomass of piscivorous fish, causing a cascading effect on benthivorous fish and macrozoobenthos. These cascades are ecosystem specific and need to be considered when using benthic invertebrates as productivity and eutrophication indicators. Odum’s maturity attributes allowed a ranking of costal ecosystems according to their maturity. Namely, the community development decreased in the following order: Pärnu Bay > Gulf of Riga coast > Lithuanian coast > Puck Bay > Curonian Lagoon.     

基于人类命运共同体的我国海洋防灾减灾体系建设

随着全球气候变化加剧,海洋灾害发生的可能性变得越来越大,为了减少海洋灾害造成的损害后果,以及能够在共同面对海洋灾害风险中承担起大国责任,我国需要建立完善的国内海洋防灾救灾体系与灾害防御国际合作机制。通过阐述海洋灾害防御的国际合作模式,分析当前我国参与的国际合作以及其中存在的问题,进而对如何完善我国海洋灾害防御国际合作机制以及构建具有中国特色的海洋灾害风险管理体制进行探讨,以期得到稳定的海洋环境,更好地构建海洋命运共同体与人类命运共同体。     

海洋地理信息系统理论基础及其关键技术研究

海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)具有时空处理的强大能力,并在应用上具有潜在优势.以提取海洋现象特征为例,对其在海洋科学中的位置和作用进行了剖析,进而比较分析了MGIS不同于陆地地理信息系统的特殊理论技术的需求,从而定义其功能体系结构.结合所构建的MGIS,详细阐述在本系统创建中主要的理论技术关键,由此展示MGIS对我国海洋调查、研究、资源开发和保护以及国防建设等工作具有的重要意义.     

海洋动物营养生态位研究方法及其应用

食物资源对海洋动物的生存和繁衍至关重要。海洋动物的营养生态位描述了其在海洋生态系统中的生态地位及功能, 对分析种间关系和资源分配模式、了解群落结构与功能具有重要的指示作用。本文在整理近30年来国内外相关研究的基础上, 系统归纳了当前海洋动物营养生态位研究的主要方法(胃含物分析、整体组织稳定同位素分析、脂肪酸组成分析和特定化合物稳定同位素分析)及其应用领域, 着重归纳总结了量化营养生态位宽度和重叠的生态模型, 并分析了各营养生态位评估方法的优势和局限性。同时在此基础上, 对今后研究方向提出了展望, 以期为我国海洋动物摄食生态学相关研究工作提供参考。