索马里急流和南亚高压对印度夏季风爆发的协同作用

【目的】探讨索马里急流和南亚高压对印度夏季风(Indian Summer Monsoon,ISM)爆发产生的协同作用。【方法】基于ECMWF欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析资料(ERA5)提供的逐日数据,结合印度气象局对ISM爆发日期(即印度次大陆最南端的喀拉拉邦降水骤升的日期)的统计数据采用功率谱分析、偏相关分析和滑动相关等统计学方法,分析索马里急流和南亚高压对ISM爆发的协同作用。【结果】ISM爆发前1候至当候,印度地区对流层高层南亚高压的范围和强度不断扩大,同时对流层低层索马里急流的强度和范围不断增强,使阿拉伯海地区的西南气流不断增强,将阿拉伯海地区大量水汽输送至印度大陆,在这样有利的条件下,印度南部降水量剧增,ISM爆发;当5月下旬的南亚高压、索马里急流以及阿拉伯海地区水汽通量和气旋性环流均显著偏强时,ISM会提前爆发,降水也会异常偏多。【结论】ISM爆发日期受到索马里急流和南亚高压两者协同作用的影响,而并非单独受到某个系统的影响。     

季风影响下的青藏高原上空甲烷、水汽及云的变化

为进一步了解季风对于水汽及其它大气成分的输送作用,利用美国Aqua卫星上AIRS反演的甲烷（CH4）和MODIS反演的水汽、云高和云量等卫星观测资料,分析了2003至2010年中国青藏高原上空CH4、水汽和云在季风期间的变化及其与季风指数的关系。研究发现：夏季（6月至9月）高原上空水汽、云量和云顶高度的变化与季风指数有很好的相关;在强对流影响下,输送到高原上空的水汽增多,引起云量增多,云顶高度增加,而向上输送的甲烷引起高原上空CH4浓度增加,并在青藏高压强大的反气旋的阻塞下CH4不断积累,在季风期的后半程维持一个高值,但最大值出现在8月底至9月初,比季风指数的峰值晚近一个月。随着季风减退和青藏高压的消失,甲烷的高值快速消失。由此可见,夏季青藏高原的强对流输送无疑是甲烷高值形成的主要动力机制之一。cH4作为一种长寿命的温室气体,有潜力作为一种示踪气体来帮助研究季风和季风期间高原上空强大的反气旋动力机制的变化。     

The Effect of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation on Mixed Layer and Upper Ocean Temperature over the South China Sea

Intraseasonal oscillation of the mixed layer and upper ocean temperature has been found to occur over the South China Sea(SCS) in the summer monsoon season based on the multiple reanalysis and observational data in this study. The method of composite analysis and an upper ocean temperature equation assisted the analysis of physical mechanisms. The results show that the mixed layer depth(MLD) in the SCS has a significant oscillation with a 30 – 60 d period over the SCS region, which is closely re...     

Interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon and its relationship with latent heat flux in the Pacific Ocean

We analyzed interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon and its relationship with latent heat flux in the Pacific Ocean, using NCEP wind field and OAFlux heat flux datasets. Results indicate that South China Sea monsoon intensity had an obvious interdecadal variation with a decreasing trend. Variability of the monsoon was significantly correlated with latent heat flux in the Kuroshio area and tropical Pacific Ocean. Variability of latent heat flux in the Kuroshio area had an interdecadal increasing trend, while that in the tropical Pacific Ocean had an interdecadal decreasing trend. Latent heat flux variability in these two sea areas was used to establish a latent heat flux index, which had positive correlation with variability of the South China Sea monsoon. When the latent heat flux was 18 months ahead of the South China Sea monsoon, the correlation coefficient maximized at 0.58 (N=612), with a 99.9% significance level of 0.15. Thus, it is suggested that latent heat flux variability in the two areas contributes greatly to interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon.     

南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼栖息地指数模型的比较研究

根据1994-2010年南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼生产统计数据,结合海表面温度(SST)和海面高度(SSH)等海洋环境数据,将投放钩数(捕捞努力量)作为适应性指数,采用外包络法,利用算术平均法(AM)、几何平均法(GM)、连乘法(CP)、最大值法(Max)和最小值法(Min)等5种方法建立栖息地指数(HSI)模型。研究表明,通过对这5种方法进行比较,最大值法、算术平均法和几何平均法均得到较好的拟合效果,其中最大值法拟合效果最好,模型的准确度可达到85.2%。研究认为,可基于海表面温度和海面高度等海洋遥感因子,利用最大值法栖息地指数模型,较好地预测南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼中心渔场。     

2017年南丹Ms4.0地震前后重力变化

利用广西及邻区2014~2017年流动重力观测资料,系统分析区域重力场变化及其与2017-07-15广西南丹MS4.0地震的关系,并结合GPS观测数据与地震地质调查成果,探讨区域重力场变化的时空分布特征及机理。结果表明：1）南丹M_S4.0地震前后,震区附近重力异常变化与主干断裂关系密切,反映沿控震断裂在2014~2017年间发生了引起地表重力变化效应的地壳变形和构造活动;2）差分重力图像表明,南丹M_S4.0地震前重力变化为“局部重力异常→四象限重力异常→重力反向变化发震”的过程;3）重力变化与GPS 观测反映的水平运动表明,南丹M_S4.0地震位于重力四象限分布中心部位及面压缩峰值附近,证明重力场和形变场动态变化对中强地震地点预测具有指示意义;4）天峨-南丹-环江一带是重力变化最剧烈地区,亦是水平形变面压缩过渡带,同时位于莫霍面等深线强烈变化地段、M_L3.0地震围空区、沿主断裂存在的低b值异常区。结合地震活动图像、定点前兆观测异常综合分析认为,该地区仍存在发生中强地震的可能。     

Intrusions of Kuroshio and Shelf Waters on Northern Slope of South China Sea in Summer 2015

The northern slope region of the South China Sea(SCS) is a biological hot spot characterized by high primary productivity and biomasses transported by cross-shelf currents, which support the spawning and growth of commercially and ecologically important fish species. To understand the physical and biogeochemical processes that promote the high primary production of this region, we conducted a cruise from June 10 and July 2, 2015. In this study, we used fuzzy cluster analysis and optimum multiparameter analysis methods to analyze the hydrographic data collected during the cruise to determine the compositions of the upper 55-m water masses on the SCS northern slope and thereby elucidate the cross-slope transport of shelf water(SHW) and the intrusions of Kuroshio water(KW). We also analyzed the geostrophic currents derived from acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and satellite data. The results reveal the surface waters on the northern slope of the SCS to be primarily composed of waters originating from South China Sea water(SCSW), KW, and SHW. The SCSW dominated a majority of the study region at percentages ranging between 60% and 100%. We found a strong cross-slope current with speeds greater than 50 cms~(-1) to have carried SHW into and through the surveyed slope area, and KW to have intruded onto the slope via mesoscale eddies, thereby dominating the southwestern section of the study area.     

Response of Heterotrophic Bacteria Abundance and Community Structure to Asian Dust Addition in the Oligotrophic Northwest Pacific Ocean

The dust storms from the continent usually affect the abundance and diversity of planktons by supplying trace elements. As such, the response of heterotrophic planktonic bacteria to dusts, nutrients(i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) or ferrous dosages was investigated in the Kuroshio Extension region of the Northwest Pacific Ocean(NWPO) through on-board incubation experiments during an oceanographic survey in spring 2014. The flow cytometry and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing methods were applied to explore the abundance and community structure of bacteria, and the percentage of high nucleic acid bacteria(HNA%). The results showed that the heterotrophic bacteria abundance was low(average 2.55×10~5 cells mL~(-1)) and subjected to both nitrogen(N) and ferrous(Fe) limitation. Sand-dust deposition observably promoted the activity of heterotrophic planktonic bacteria. The maximum abundance of heterotrophic bacteria was 6.98×10~5 cells mL~(-1) in the dust-dosage group, which was 44% higher than the control(P 0.05). The HNA% in the dust-dosage group was 1.37 times higher than the control(P 0.05). The activation mechanism was mainly related to the dissolution of N and Fe in the dusts. The relative abundance of genus Winogradskyella was significantly increased by dust deposition while the relative abundance of the genera Tenacibaculum and Hyphomonas was decreased. These variations of bacterial community structure were ascribed to the dissolution of nutrients N and P. Comparing the results of different experimental groups, this study concluded that dust storm improved the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria by dissolution of N and Fe.     

Response of Terrigenous Sediment Input to Sea Level Change and East Asian Monsoon Evolution Since 30kyr in the Southwestern Taiwan Basin

The compositions of grain size, clay minerals, and geochemical elements in core sediments(TS4) from the southwestern Taiwan Basin(South China Sea) were investigated to assess the response of terrigenous sediment input to sea level change and the East Asian monsoon evolution since 30 kyr. The chronology was discussed based on foraminiferal AMS14 C dates. Our results indicated that rivers in Taiwan have been the major sediment contributors since 30 kyr, followed by the Pearl River; and Luzon Island contribute little sediments to the southwestern Taiwan Basin. In this study, we reconstructed the variations in terrigenous sediment input by using the proxies such as Al2 O3(%), F1 score, and TiO_2/CaO. The F1 score can be used to indicate the flux of terrigenous sediments. The contribution of Taiwanese rivers and the Pearl River were evaluated by using the value of(illite + chlorite)/kaolinite. The variations of Al_2 O_3(%), F1 score, and TiO_2/CaO values along the core were clearly correlated to the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon since 30 kyr. Based on these records, we recognized three evolutionary stages of terrigenous sediment input in the southwestern Taiwan Basin. During stage Ⅰ(29 – 24 kyr), the input of terrigenous sediments continued to increase. During stage Ⅱ(24 – 11.5 kyr), the sediment input decreased at first and then increased, with the lowest value during the last glacial period(21 – 17 kyr). Terrigenous sediment input during stage Ⅲ(11.5 kyr –) showed the decreasing first and then increasing trends, generally higher than those in the first and second stages. The variations of terrigenous sediment input in the study area corresponded well with the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon since 30 kyr. Increased terrigenous sediment input during 4 – 1.8 kyr was suggested to be caused by the enhanced ENSO activity. Sea level change does not alter the overall trend of terrigenous sediment input, but does change the relative contributions of rivers in Taiwan and the Pearl River.     

Interannual variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is significantly influenced by El Nio and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through ENSO-driven atmospheric and oceanic changes.We analyzed measurements made from 1960 to 2004 to investigate the interannual variability of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over the SCS.Both the interannual variations of latent and sensible heat fluxes are closely related to ENSO events.The low-pass mean heat flux anomalies vary in a coherent manner with the low-pass mean Southern Oscillation Index ...     

Interannual variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is significantly influenced by El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through ENSO-driven atmospheric and oceanic changes. We analyzed measurements made from 1960 to 2004 to investigate the interannual variability of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over the SCS. Both the interannual variations of latent and sensible heat fluxes are closely related to ENSO events. The low-pass mean heat flux anomalies vary in a coherent manner with the low-pass mean Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Time lags between the heat flux anomalies and the SST anomalies were also studied. We found that latent heat flux anomalies have a minimum value around January of the year following El Niño events. During and after the mature phase of El Niño, a change of atmospheric circulation alters the local SCS near-surface humidity and the monsoon winds. During the mature phase of El Niño, the wind speed decreases over the entire sea, and the air-sea specific humidity difference anomalies decreases in the northern SCS and increases in the southern SCS. Thus, a combined effect of wind speed anomalies and air-sea specific humidity difference anomalies results in the latent heat flux anomalies attaining minimum levels around January of the year following an El Niño year.     

漾濞6.4级地震前后云南地区GNSS应变场变化分析北大核心CSCD

利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件对2018~2021年以来云南地区43个GNSS连续观测站数据进行处理,获得时间序列,采用克里金插值方法计算获取应变率场,分析漾濞M_(S)6.4地震前后区域应变场变化。结果表明,地震危险区应重点关注面应变压缩区域和最大剪应变高低值转换区域;漾濞M_(S)6.4地震发生在前期面应变压缩区域,震后又迅速转变为拉张状态;漾濞一带长期处于最大剪应变率高值区,剪切活动较强,震中附近的最大剪应变率在震前出现短期区域应变积累速率快速降低的现象。     

Seasonal variation and modal content of internal tides in the northern South China Sea

A nine-month mooring record was used to investigate seasonal variation and modal content of internal tides(ITs) on the continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS). Diurnal tides at this site show clear seasonal change with higher energy in winter than in spring and autumn, whereas semidiurnal tides show the opposite seasonal pattern. The consistency of ITs with barotropic tides within the Luzon Strait, which is the generation region of the ITs, implies that the seasonal variation of ITs depends on their astronomical forcing, even after extended propagation across the SCS basin. Diurnal tides also differ from semidiurnal tides in relation to modal content; they display signals of high modes while semidiurnal tides are dominated by low modes. Reflection of the diurnal tides on the continental slope serves as a reasonable explanation for their high modes. Both diurnal and semidiurnal tides are composed of a larger proportion of coherent components that have a regular 14-day spring-neap cycle. The coherent components are dominated by low modes and they show obvious seasonal variation, while the incoherent components are composed mainly of higher modes and they display intermittent characteristics.     

2015-04-15阿拉善左旗5.8级地震前后构造应力场研究

采用振幅比方法计算2000~2018年鄂尔多斯块体西北缘ML2.5~5.0地震的震源机制解,对震源机制解各参数进行归一频度统计发现,应力轴的优势取向与该区构造应力场方向基本一致。利用自助线性反演方法,分3个时段分别反演巴彦浩特盆地和河套地震带的应力场方向,结果发现,2015-04-15阿拉善左旗5.8级地震前5 a巴彦浩特盆地应力场方向发生较大偏转,并与相邻的河套地震带的应力场方向形成一定角度的夹角,反演得到的主压应力场方向与本次地震的P轴方向一致,显示该地震受控于区域应力场;震后,巴彦浩特盆地主压应力场方向呈继承性发展,河套地震带的应力场受到影响,其主压应力场方向发生偏转,并与前者的应力场方向趋于一致。     

Sedimentary Characteristics of the Second Marine Layer During the Late Marine Isotope Stage 3 in Southern Yellow Sea and Their Response to the East Asian Monsoon

We use the particle size of sediments in core YS01 A to study the sedimentary environment of the mud deposit in the central South Yellow Sea of China during late Marine Isotope Stages 3(MIS3;40.5 kyr–31.3 kyr).In addition,the East Asian Monsoon and its relationship with the North Atlantic Ocean climate change are discussed based on the sensitive grain-size calculation and the spectrum analysis.The results show that during late MIS3,the muddy area in the central South Yellow Sea experienced the evolution of coastal facies,shallow marine facies,coastal facies,and continental facies,with weak hydrodynamic conditions.Compared with other climate indicators,we found that there were many century to millennium-scale climate signals documented in the muddy area sediments in the central South Yellow Sea.According to our particle size results,three strong winter monsoon events occurred at 37.6 kyr,35.6 kyr and 32.2 kyr.The East Asian Winter Monsoon records in core YS01 A are consistent with the Greenland ice core and the Hulu cave stalagmite δ~(18)O.The millennial and centennial scale cycles,which are 55 yr,72 yr,115 yr,262 yr respectively,correspond to solar activity cycles,while the 1049 yr and 2941 yr cycles correspond to the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles.These cycles indicate that the paleoclimate evolution of the area was controlled by the solar activities,with the high-latitude driving thermohaline circulation as the main energy conveyor belt,followed by the sea-air-land amplification of the winter monsoon variation in the central Yellow Sea in the late MIS3.     

九寨沟MS7.0地震前跨断层水准前兆异常与震后变化

利用2017-08-08九寨沟MS7.0地震前震区北侧青藏块体东北缘跨断层短水准观测资料,以及震后8月、9月两期加密复测结果,综合观测曲线、异常时空演化特征及特征强度指标,分析九寨沟地震前断层形变异常及震后变化。结果显示,九寨沟地震前1 a多西秦岭至六盘山构造区异常比较集中;震前1~3个月西秦岭构造区及其附近(震区周边300 km范围内)短期异常增多,异常特性以逆断性突跳为主,对该次地震有中短期-短期前兆反映;震后1个月西秦岭构造区多数异常调整恢复。     

2022年云南宁蒗5.5级地震前后波速比变化特征

为分析2022-01-02云南宁蒗M_S5.5地震前后波速比的时空演化特征,采用单台多震和达法,计算2020-01-01~2022-01-10云南数字地震台网记录的满足计算条件的地震震相到时数据,分析云南地区59个台站波速比以及距离震中最近的LGH和NLA台记录的震后序列波速比变化情况。结果表明：1)宁蒗M_S5.5地震发生在滇西北波速比高值区域,且该区域随时间推进呈扩大趋势,可能是在孕震过程中震中附近裂隙有流体渗入达到水饱和状态,从而导致波速比增大;2)震中100 km范围内4个台站波速比大致呈现持续下降-发震的演化过程,距离震中最近的LGH台波速比下降时间稍晚于其他3个台站,初步分析认为,波速比变化出现时间与震中距呈负相关;3)震后地震序列波速比变化与余震活动情况具有较好的对应关系,最大余震发生前波速比出现突降变化;当地震序列呈现正常衰减趋势,波速比维持稳定低值。     

The influence of turbulent mixing on the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer in the northern South China Sea

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - We present observations from deployments of turbulent microstructure instrument and CTD package in the northern South China Sea from April to May 2010. From...     

Risk Assessment of Marine Environments Along the South China Sea and North Indian Ocean on the Basis of a Weighted Bayesian Network

Marine environments have a considerable influence on the construction of the Chinese 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road. Thus, an objective and quantitative risk assessment of marine environments has become a key problem that must be solved urgently. To deal with the uncertainty in marine environmental risks caused by complex factors and fuzzy mechanisms, a new assessment technique based on a weighted Bayesian network(BN) is proposed. Through risk factor analysis, node selection, structure construction, and parameter learning, we apply the proposed weighted BN-based assessment model for the risk assessment and zonation of marine environments along the Maritime Silk Road. Results show that the model effectively fuses multisource and uncertain environmental information and provides reasonable risk assessment results, thereby offering technical support for risk prevention and disaster mitigation along the Maritime Silk Road.