近海沉积物中铁锰水合氧化物结合态金属元素的提取研究

铁锰水合氧化物结合态金属是沉积物中的易还原形态,具有化学活性。在水体的氧化还原条件发生变化时,会释放到水体当中,造成二次污染,对海洋环境和生物有潜在的风险。为了较准确地了解铁锰水合氧化物结合态中金属元素的含量,选择胶州湾、青岛近海以及南黄海7个站的表层沉积物用盐酸羟胺进行连续提取,对其中铁锰水合氧化物结合态的提取和测定条件进行了实验,优化了近海表层沉积物中铁锰水合氧化物结合态的提取方法。结果表明,NH2OH·HCl的浓度基本不影响提取结果;连续振荡条件下的提取平衡时间约在4h且基本提取完全;提取过程中有轻微过度溶出现象,可采用重复提取的方法校正;连续振荡与间歇振荡对提取结果没有显著影响。沉积物铁锰水合氧化物结合态金属元素的适宜提取条件确定为,采用0.04mol/L NH2OH·HCl-0.02mol/L HNO3作为提取剂,室温下连续振荡2次提取,第1次为4h,第2次为1h可用于过度溶出校正。     

N0AA发布2004年美国渔业情报年度报告

2005年9月1日，NOAA向美国国会发布了2004年美国渔业情报的年度报告。与先前的资源评估相比，这份报告体现了以下几点变化：一种渔业资源己被完全恢复：6种资源己停止过度捕捞；3种资源不再有过度捕捞的危险；5种资源正在被过度抽捞：还有3种资源已经被过度抽捞：还有3种资源已经被过度捕捞。     

去极化方法测定海水的氧化还原电位初探

采用去极化法测量氧化还原标准溶液——醌氢醌标准溶液,初步探讨了去极化法测定氧化还原电位的准确度,结果发现运用去极化方法测定氧化还原电位是一种快速、准确的方法,相对传统方法而言,具有测量时间短、测量精度高、数据重现性好的优点。进一步开展去极化方法测定海水氧化还原电位,为海洋氧化还原电位的快速测量提供依据。     

海域评估中还原利率确定方法的研究

收益还原法是海域评估中的重要方法之一,收益还原法的关键是纯收益的确定和还原利率的选取,还原利率的准确确定是海域评估中的重点和难点.本文在借鉴土地评估的基本理论和方法的基础上,从海域的实际情况出发,提出了适合海域评估的还原利率的确定方法.     

钢材在海水—海气变换界面区的腐蚀行为

于1993年9月通过对241A，24KU，SS41三个不同钢种极化曲线的测定，对镜层本身的氧化还原电流的测定及X线分析，研究在海水一海气交换界面区锈层在腐蚀中所起的作用。结果表明，海一气交换界面区的钢由于锈层本身的氧化还原反应，其阴极电流均较裸钢为大，这说明锈层的还原反应起着重要作用．根据锈层本身的还原时间和还原电位，可以在某种程度上评价钢材本身耐腐蚀性能的好坏。     

钢材在海水—海气交换界面区的腐蚀行为

于１９９３年９月通过对２４ＩＡ，２４ＫＵ，ＳＳ４Ｉ三个不同钢种极化曲线的测定，对锈层本身的氧化还原电流的测定及Ｘ线分析，研究在海水－海气交换界面区锈层在腐蚀中所起的作用。结果表明，海－气交换界面区的钢由于锈层本身的氧化还原反应，其阴极电流均较裸钢为大，这说明锈层的还原反应起着重要作用，根据锈层本身的还原时间和还原电位，可以在某种程度上评价钢材本身耐腐蚀性能的好坏。     

胶州湾中砷（Ⅴ）还原初步研究

研究胶州湾沉积物对砷（Ⅴ）的还原作用。结果表明：１．随泥水比增大，还原率升高，泥水比为且：１０００时，沉积物对砷（Ⅴ）的还原率为１６％；２．未煮沸的泥－水提取液还原率高于煮沸杀菌泥－水提取液。指示：沉积物有机质在微生物作用下，对砷（Ⅴ）有一定的还原作用。此外，根据胶州湾的调查结果及实验室藻类培养模拟实验结果，分析了胶州湾砷（Ⅲ）产生原因。指出：主要是由于藻类和沉积物、水体有机物的还原作用，两者的还原能力相当，但在不同季节所起的作用不同。     

渤海南部沉积物中的活性铁及氧化还原环境

研究了渤海南部沉积物中的活性铁、沉积物粒度、氧化还原环境及其关系。结果表明，沉积物中的活性铁与沉积物颗粒度大小关系不大，河流输入物对沉积物活性铁浓度有重要影响，沉积物中活性铁与其氧化还原环境有密切关系。     

用细化的铁形态分析及量化的铁氧化物活性表征海洋沉积物中铁的成岩作用：以胶州湾为例

以富营养化的胶州湾一个柱状沉积物为例,用细化的铁形态分析及量化的铁氧化物还原活性相结合的方法研究了沉积物中铁的成岩作用过程。结果表明,这两种方法相结合的结果能更详细示踪铁的转化并能从多视角提供铁成岩作用的细微差别。这一方法有望应用于其它研究中更好地揭示复杂的铁和硫的生物地球化学循环。铁微生物还原在上部沉积物铁的还原中起重要作用,但12 cm深度以下铁被硫化物的化学还原为主要过程。最具生物活性的无定形铁氧化物是铁微生物还原的主要参与者,然后依次为弱晶态铁氧化物和磁铁矿,晶态铁氧化物几乎不参与铁的成岩循环。沉积物上部铁微生物还原的重要作用主要是活性铁含量高而活性有机质含量低共同作用的结果,且后者也是沉积物中硫酸盐还原速率以及硫化物积累的最终制约因素。对比研究表明,通过还原性溶解动力学方法表征的微生物可还原的铁氧化物主要由无定形和弱晶态铁氧化物组成,其总体活性常数相当于老化的水铁矿,且随深度增加而减低。     

超声波锌(卷)-镉法测定天然水中的硝酸盐

硝酸盐的测定方法很多,目前常采用镉－铜法和锌－镉法［２］。镉－铜法还原率高,无盐误差,为目前国际上公认的测定硝酸盐的标准方法［３］,但测定速度较慢,还原柱的前处理工作较为繁琐。锌－镉法测定硝酸盐简便快速,但其还原享受盐度影响很大,在淡水中其还原率仅为２０％左右。于志刚等［１］发现锌－镉法在盐度１０～７５时还原率保持恒定为７４％,从而采取向样品中加入固体海盐的方法来消除盐误差,获得较好结果。但该方法存在的问题是振荡采用往复式振荡器,体积庞大不适合现场操作。作者采用超声波振荡法,并对试验条件进行了改…     

基于镀铜镉柱海水中硝酸盐氮的检测技术的研究

镀铜镉柱还原——重氮偶氮染色法在检测海水领域具有重要的位置,算法的不断创新优化成为海水水质检测质量的的关键.本研究以硝酸钾作为标准溶液,海水作溶剂做相关实验,并且在实际海水检测应用中得到良好的效果.通过对实验原理的分析及实验过程的探究,确定了本研究的最佳还原与显色条件.并采用偏最小二乘法(partial least s...     

Performance of small group of geosynthetic-reinforced granular piles

Granular piles are frequently used as a method of improving soft grounds as they provide increased bearing capacity and reduce foundation settlements. However, in very soft clayey soils, they may not derive their load-carrying capacity by low confining pressure provided by the surrounding soil. In such circumstances, granular piles may be reinforced with suitable geosynthetic to increase its load-carrying capacity and to reduce excessive bulging. In this study, the performance of small group of geosynthetic-reinforced granular piles (GRGPs) is examined in terms of load-carrying capacity, settlement, and modulus by laboratory model tests. The parameters investigated include modulus of reinforcement material, area replacement ratio (ARR) based on the column diameter and reinforcement length. The results indicated that increasing the modulus of the reinforcement and the ARR based on the column diameter enhances the overall performance of the GRGP group. It was also observed that reinforcement on top portion of the granular pile is sufficient to substantially increase the load-carrying capacity of granular pile group.     

Notes on improvements and modifications to the automatic methods for determining dissolved micronutrients in seawater

Improvements made to established routine determinations of micronutrients in seawater include a universal baseline (wash) solution of 9,7 percent (v/v) ethanol in water, a "copperized" cadmium column, for reducing nitrate to nitrite, that has a longer life, more-stable reagents for determining ammonia-nitrogen (eliminating excessive baseline drift and frequent acid washes), and a "refractive index" correction which must be subtracted from the sample peaks, thus bringing the method in line with the manual method.     

Analysis of Triphenyltin in Fish

A procedure to analyse triphenyltin and other organotins in fish tissues is described. The method consists of the following steps: homogenization of the fish, extraction by heating under reflux in a water/hexane mixture, centrifugation, separation of the hexane layer followed by reduction of the volume by evaporation, methylation of the organotin with a Grignard reaction, clean-up of the fish extract by column chromatography, and detection by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The extraction was carried out without adding acid or base to the aqueous phase, as the extraction efficiency was independent of pH. The methylation was successfully carried out in the fish extract. For clean-up of the fish extract a florisil column was used, from which the triphenylmethyltin was eluted with hexane. Using this method, triphenyltin has a recovery of 77 ± 10%, with a limit of detection of 0·8 ng/g for 0·1 g fish samples.     

Benthic mineralization rates at two locations in the southern North Sea

Benthic oxygen uptake, sulphate reduction and benthic bacterial production were measured at two contrasting locations in the southern North Sea: the shallow and turbulent Broad Fourteens area in the Southern Bight, and the deeper Oyster Grounds, a deposition area, where thermohaline stratification occurs during summer. Oxygen uptake and sulphate reduction showed a clear seasonal pattern in the Broad Fourteens area, indicating a supply of carbon to the benthic system that is closely related to the standing stock of carbon in the water column. This close benthic-pelagic coupling is probably due to the influence of the tide in this part of the North Sea, which keeps the water column permanently mixed. At the Oyster Grounds, no seasonal pattern was observed. Peaks in oxygen uptake and sulphate reduction were found in winter. Irregularly occurring events, such as storms and fishery-related activities, are likely to affect the benthic mineralization patterns in this area. Annual benthic carbon mineralization rates estimated from oxygen uptake rates were 44 gC·m⁻² at the Broad Fourteens, and 131 gC·m⁻² at the Oyster Grounds, of which 26 and 28%, respectively, could be attributed to sulphate reduction (assuming an annual sulphide reoxidation rate of 100%). Although sulphate reduction rates in the southern North Sea are higher than previously suggested, aerobic respiration is the most important pathway for benthic carbon mineralization at the stations visited. Production rates of benthic bacterial carbon measured with labelled leucine were much higher than carbon mineralization rates based on oxygen uptake or sulphate reduction. This may either imply a very high bacterial carbon conversion efficiency, or point to shortcomings in the accuracy of the techniques. A critical evaluation of the techniques is recommended.     

亚铁氰化铜-硅胶现场浓集γ能谱法测定海水中137Cs

本文介绍用无机离子吸附剂CuFC-SiO_2从海水中浓集~(137)Cs,然后用r能谱仪测定海水中~(137)Cs活度的简易分析测定方法。研究了过柱海水速度和海水中~(137)Cs活度变化时吸附剂对海水中~(137)Cs吸附效率的影响,探讨最佳过柱速度和吸附效率。本方法与磷钼酸铵-碘铋酸铯-β计数法有良好可比性。方法准确,简便,安全且易于掌握。     

Efficient primary energy conversion in irregular waves

This paper studies reactive control of wave-energy devices in irregular waves. Estimates of future velocity of the primary energy converter are based on a time history of past velocity measurements, and prediction of incident waves is not attempted. Time–domain computations for a single-degree-of-freedom oscillating water column in irregular waves reveal that control is not optimal; but would enhance efficiency at low peak frequencies where energy-rich swells predominate, and allow appreciably smaller devices to fulfill a given power requirement.     

基于OMI的船舶排放控制区SO2减排效益分析

船舶尾气排放是造成海洋污染的主要排放源之一。自 2016 年设立船舶大气污染物排放控制区以来,船舶硫氧化物、氮氧化物和颗粒物排放显著减少。为了对环渤海湾水域排放控制区的大气 SO2 减排效果进行分析,选取了 Aura 卫星搭载的 OMI 传感器痕量数据产品 OMSO2 进行大气 SO2数据反演。选择 2017 年各月的 OMI Level-2 痕量数据,对大气边界层 SO2 柱量值进行提取,采用空间分析方法,对其时空变化进行分析,以监测排放控制区的减排效果。结果表明：春季和冬季 SO2 量值明显高于其他季节,年际变化比较明显,自 2016 年以来,SO2 柱总量峰值逐年降低,并且高值区域逐渐减少,证明排放控制区的设立对大气质量保护具有积极作用。     

Determination of experimentally enriched15N in nitrate nitrogen based on an improved method of azo dye formation

A method has been developed for determination of¹⁵N isotope ratio in nitrate nitrogen, which is a major analytical step in tracer experiments for studies of nitrate metabolism in the marine environment. The method is based on diazotization of nitrite with sulfanilic acid following reduction of nitrate to nitrite by a cadmium-copper column. The diazonium compound is then subject to the azo coupling reaction with 2-naphthol, and the azo dye formed is extracted by a solid phase extraction column. The dye eluted from the column is collected, and total nitrogen and¹⁵N content of the dye are determined by mass spectrometry. Sulfanilic acid can also remove preexisting nitrite by heating the sample under acidic conditions before passing through the cadmium-copper reduction column. The average recovery of nitrate nitrogen was 86%. A procedure for reducing the background nitrogen that derives from the analytical operations has been developed; background nitrogen was limited to about 0.25 μg-atomN. The variation in the background nitrogen levels reflects the range of error in¹⁵N determination of nitrate nitrogen by this method. Application of the present method to a¹⁵NO₃ ⁻ isotope dilution experiment for determination of nitrification rate in sea water is demonstrated.     

Nutrient, sulfur and carbon dynamics in a hypersaline lagoon

We measured benthic and water column fluxes in a hypersaline coastal system (Baffin Bay, Texas) in 1996–1997, a period of decreasing salinity (increased freshwater input) and turbidity. Salinity decreased from a mean of 60 to 32 practical salinity units (psu) and turbidity decreased from a mean of 78 to 25 NTU over the study period. Associated with hydrological changes, there were important changes in nutrient fluxes and metabolism. There was a shift of total respiration from the water column to the sediments and an increased amount of the benthic metabolism (2–67%) was attributed to sulfate reduction in this system when salinity was lowest, perhaps a consequence of increased benthic light levels and photosynthetic production of labile carbon in the sediments. The sediments were a large sink for both N and P. Sediment particulate C:N (9.8) and C:P (119) ratios were lower than those in the water column. However, ammonium:phosphate fluxes increased coincident with increased sulfate reduction rates and porewater sulfide concentrations. Efficient N-retention mediated through dissimilative nitrate reduction to ammonium, and high rates of N-fixation in shallow, hypersaline systems may facilitate transitions from N-limitation to P-limitation. During the most hypersaline period, seston exhibited some of the most extreme nutrient ratios ever reported for a marine ecosystem (C:N 10–37 and C:P 200–1200) and suggest that plankton are likely to be P-limited or are very well adapted to low P availability. When salinity and N:P and C:P ratios were highest, the plankton was dominated by a brown tide alga (Aureoumbra lagunensis), supporting evidence that this organism is adapted to low P, long residence time systems.