几种虾、贝、藻混养模式能量收支及转化效率的研究

实验采用围隔实验方法,对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、青蛤(Cyclina sinesis)、菊花心江蓠(Gracilarialichevoides)和活菌净水剂的不同单、混养生态系统的能量收支和转化效率进行了研究。实验结果表明,实验期间系统接受的总太阳光辐射能为1 983.2 MJ/m2。浮游植物对光能的利用效率在各处理间无差异(0.147±0.007)%,混养江蓠显著地提高了总利用效率(0.308±0.019)%。总能量的转化效率,虾藻混养(28.36%)和江蓠单养(27.65%)最高,其次是虾贝藻混养(26.70%),对虾单养(12.24%)最低。单位净产量对饲料能的消耗,对虾单养(21.24 MJ/kg)最多,虾菌、虾贝混养(18.76~18.97 MJ/kg)次之,而虾藻、虾贝藻混养(2.64~3.24 MJ/kg)则显著地降低了饲料消耗量。实验中投喂组都有较多的能量沉积,对虾单养沉积量达到1.10 MJ/m2,虾贝混养(1.30 MJ/m2)稍高,而虾贝藻、虾菌、虾藻混养平均为0.53 MJ/m2,显著地低于对照。结果表明,混养青蛤和菊花心江蓠显著地提高了对虾养殖中的光能利用率和能量转化效率,减少了能量沉积,从而大大地提高了能量的利用效率。     

菊花心江蓠对中国明对虾养殖环境净化作用的研究

通过陆基围隔探讨了菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)养殖环境的净化作用。虾的放养密度为32ind.m-2,混养不同放养密度的江蓠(120,240,360,480g.m-2)。经90d的养殖,实验统计结果表明,混养江蓠的中国明对虾的生长和总产量均优于对照组(P<0.05)。水质分析结果表明,在相同的环境条件和管理方式下,各处理组NH4 的含量明显低于对照组(P<0.01),PO43-和叶绿素a的含量也低于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,混养江蓠可以改善水质条件和提高混养对虾的生长和成活率,菊花心江蓠对中国明对虾的养殖具有一定的净化产作用。在菊花心江蓠不同放养密度的处理中,在此对虾放养密度的池塘中混养江蓠的最佳放养密度为360g.m-2。     

三疣梭子蟹与凡纳滨对虾混养实验研究

采用海水陆基围隔实验方法探讨三疣梭子蟹和凡纳滨对虾混养的适宜配比和水环境的变化,并比较其养殖效果.实验中对虾6个放养密度分别为0,15,45,75,105,135 尾/m~2;三疣梭子蟹的密度为6尾/m~2.实验结果表明,经过60 d的养殖,混养组梭子蟹的成活率、规格和净产量均优于梭子蟹单养组,其中,混养对虾密度为45尾/m~2组(45.71%,43.22 g/ind,1 191 kg/hm~2)最高,其次是75尾/m~2组(44.58%,39.13 g/ind,1 050 kg/hm~2),梭子蟹单养组(35.13%,32.87 g/ind,693 kg/hm~2)最低.混养6尾/m~2密度梭子蟹条件下,对虾的养成规格和成活率与对虾密度呈负相关.实验后期各混养组水体中总氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和总氮含量均显著高于单养组,且随对虾放养密度增高显著上升.水体总氨氮含量各混养组在养殖50 d后均超过500 μg/L.本实验表明:三疣梭子蟹与凡纳滨对虾混养的最佳配比为三疣梭子蟹6尾/m~2,对虾45～75尾/m~2.     

对虾、青蛤和江蓠混养的能量收支及转化效率研究

发展虾池生态系统功能,采用围隔实验方法,研究了凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaenus vannamei)、青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)、江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)混养生态系统能量收支和能量转换效率。结果表明,实验期间所接受的总太阳辐射能为1 854.4MJ.m-2。各混养处理光合能显著高于对照。混养各处理光能利用率为0.23%~0.36%,随江蓠放养密度的增加而升高,显著高于对虾单养(0.14%)(p<0.05)。各混养处理与对虾单养相比,系统总能转化率分别提高了113.4%,94.2%,116.02%和41.91%,单位净产量耗总能则平均比对虾单养降低62.22%,但各处理饲料能转化率差异不明显(p>0.05)。各处理底泥沉积能量为0.71~1.38MJ,分别占总输出能的3.66%~8.61%,沉积量平均比对虾单养(1.65MJ)降低20.14%。可以看出,江蓠和青蛤混养可以显著提高对虾池光能利用率和投入系统总能的转化效率,降低虾池能量的沉积,进而大幅提高系统能量利用率。     

两种虾、贝、藻综合养殖模式的初步比较

利用太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)和孔石莼(Ulva pertusavar)与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)以2种方式搭配放养,旨在查明其各自的生态特征及养殖效果。实验中对虾设2个放养密度,分别为17尾/m2和34尾/m2;牡蛎、石莼各设1个放养密度,分别为1 700 g/m2,140 g/m2。实验结果表明,经过50 d的实验,2个密度下对虾的生长均是混养明显快于分养模式(高密度混养与分养对虾体重分别为(7.04±0.19)g,(5.20±0.22)g;低密度混养与分养对虾体重分别为(7.89±0.34)g,(5.66±0.30)g)。总产量也是混养模式稍高于分养模式[高密度混养与分养对虾产量分别为(330.92±8.91)g,(189.47±8.05)g;低密度混养与分养对虾产量分别为(264.97±11.46)g,(135.82±7.27)g]。混养模式水体中的浮游植物的含量高于分室循环水模式中的含量,其它水化学指标间没有明显差异。分养循环水模式下虾室中水体过清、透明度过高,从而导致水中光照强度和光色的变化可能是其中对虾生长较慢的主要原因。     

不同三疣梭子蟹混养系统能量收支的研究

采用海水池塘陆基围隔实验法,对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)不同混养系统的能量收支和转化效率进行研究。本研究共设置梭子蟹单养对照(C)、蟹贝混养(CB)、虾蟹混养(CS)和虾蟹贝混养(CSB1、CSB2、CSB3和CSB4)7个处理组。其中,三疣梭子蟹和凡纳滨对虾的放养密度分别为45和6ind/m2,CB中菲律宾蛤仔的放养密度为15ind/m2,CSB1、CSB2、CSB3和CSB4中菲律宾蛤仔放养密度分别为7.5、15、30和60ind/m2。整个实验期间养殖水体表面接受的总太阳光辐射能为1 550 MJ/m2,光能利用率变动在0.16%~0.38%之间,以蟹单养为最高,CB混养为最低,各处理之间差异显著(P0.05)。实验中,初级生产力和养殖生物饵料是系统能量输入的主要部分。实验最后收获的养殖生物中净产出量最高的是CSB3和CSB4两个处理组,显著高于其它处理组(P0.05)。整个实验中总沉积物能量在1.71~5.43 MJ/m2之间,其中CSB3处理组最高,显著高于其它处理组(P0.05),各处理能量沉积量占总投入能量比例在25.57%~33.47%之间,各处理组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。实验各处理组中光合能转化效率以CSB3最高,CSB4其次,CB最低,各处理组之间差异显著(P0.05)。总能量转化效率以CBS3和CSB4最高,显著高于CSB1,CS,CB和单养对照组(P0.05);饲料能转化效率以单养对照组最高,CSB4组其次,显著高于除CSB3和CB组外的其它各处理组(P0.05);单位净产量耗饲料能和单位净产量耗总能均以单养对照最低,但与CBS4处理组差异不大(P0.05)。研究结果表明,三疣梭子蟹、凡纳滨对虾和菲律宾蛤仔的放养密度分别为45、6和30~60ind/m2时,混养系统的能量转化效率和能量总产出最高,具有更好的综合效益,为本研究获得的优化混养结构。     

对虾、青蛤和江蓠混养系统氮磷收支的实验研究

为减少养殖污水中营养盐的排放量,降低对近海水质的污染,采用海水陆基围隔实验法,对凡纳滨对虾(Litope-naeus vannamei)、青蛤(Cyclina sinesis)和菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)不同混养系统的氮(N)、磷(P)收支状况进行了实验研究。结果表明:实验中的单养组投放的饵料占N总输入的75.5%,占P总输入的93.6%,混养组投放的饵料占N总输入的54.7%~64.8%,占P总输入的81.6%~88.7%;在支出项目中,单养组和混养组收获的养殖生物分别占N总输入的25.0%和44.4%~51.5%,占P总收入的11.2%和25.1%~31.8%;底泥沉积N,P为其主要支出项目,单养组和混养组分别占总输入的45.1%和30.0~32.5%,68.3%和50.3%~57.1%,其中混养组N,P的底泥沉积量低于单养组。     

三种凡纳滨对虾池塘养殖模式环境因子变化和养殖效益的分析

研究了3种凡纳滨对虾池塘养殖模式环境因子变化情况和对养殖效益的分析。实验分为3种不同的养殖模式:对虾单养组、鱼虾混养A组、鱼虾混养B组。结果表明:pH变化范围在8.40~9.06之间,其中对虾单养组pH较之两组鱼虾混养组略高,最高值达9.06;COD变化范围在101~211之间,其中对虾单养组COD较之两组鱼虾混养组略高,范围在132~211之间;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度为对虾单养组>鱼虾混养A组>鱼虾混养B组;异养菌数目和弧菌数目,随着养殖的进行呈现逐渐增加的趋势,最大值分别为对虾单养组1.1×106 CFU/mL、2.0×103 CFU/mL,鱼虾混养A组1.45×106 CFU/mL、1.80×103 CFU/mL,鱼虾混养B组1.20×106 CFU/mL、1.56×103 CFU/mL;养殖效益上,总产值、纯利润、亩利润、投入产出比均呈现出鱼虾混养B组>鱼虾混养A组>对虾单养组。由此可见,凡纳滨对虾和鱼类混养,可以在保证水质的前提下,提高凡纳滨对虾养殖规格,提高投入产出比,增加养殖效益,是一种相较于凡纳滨对虾单独养殖优越的养殖模式;而不同规格和数量的鱼类和不同数量凡纳滨对虾的混养,又会产生不同的养殖效益。     

草鱼、鲢鱼和凡纳滨对虾多元化养殖系统结构优化的研究

采用陆基围隔实验法,开展了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichth ys molitrix)和凡纳滨对虾(Lito penaeus vannamei)三元混养结构优化的初步研究.实验于2009年5～10月进行,每月定期采样,分别测定了各混养系统水质和底质的变化、养殖生物的成活率和养殖产量,分析了各混养系统的饲料转化效率、氮磷利用率及产出投入比.实验结果初步表明,草鱼放养密度为0.77尾/m2时,既可以保证出池规格(＞1 100 g/尾)又不影响收获产量(＞8 400 kg/hm2),同时饲料转化效率(＞52％)及氮磷利用率(N＞30％,P＞14％)也较高;鲢鱼放养密度为0.23尾/m2或0.45尾/m2,可以起到调节水质的作用;对虾放养密度越大(48.9尾/m2),底质被污染程度越小.在本实验条件下,最佳的混养模式:草鱼与鲢鱼混养比例为草鱼0.77尾/m2鲢鱼0.45尾/m2;草鱼、鲢鱼和对虾混养比例为草鱼0.77尾/m2鲢鱼0.23尾/m2凡纳滨对虾16.3尾/m2.     

两株芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响研究

为研究芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长指标和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响。以初始体重(4.00±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾为对象,在对虾饲料中分别添加浓度为1×10~7、1×10~9和1×10~(11)cfu/kg的蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis),以对虾商品饲料为对照组,养殖42d。实验结束后,测定凡纳滨对虾的生长情况和血清非特异性免疫指标。研究表明:各组对虾的成活率均在90%以上,且组间差异不显著(P0.05);除了枯草芽孢杆菌1×107cfu/kg添加组,其余添加组中凡纳滨对虾的体重、特定生长率、饲料效率和消化率(P0.05)显著提高,在添加浓度为1×109cfu/kg时各指标取得最大值。饲料中添加益生菌可提高凡纳滨对虾的超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、总一氧化氮合酶、诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性和血清蛋白浓度等血清非特异性免疫指标,且均在添加浓度为1×109cfu/kg时各指标取得最大值。研究结果表明,饲料中添加适当浓度的益生菌可有效促进凡纳滨对虾的生长,提高其血清非特异性免疫水平。当益生菌的添加浓度为1×109cfu/kg时,效果最显著。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.