恒定主应力轴偏转循环荷载下饱和软黏土累积孔压特性分析

现有的饱和软黏土循环荷载累积孔压显式模型未能反映路基土体单元在土体自重作用下主应力轴的偏转现象。在确定饱和软黏土固结时间的基础上,在固结压力分别为100、150、200 kPa下,对软黏土进行主应力轴偏转角为15°、30°、45°的不排水循环加载试验,得到了固结围压、主应力轴旋转角及动应力比对循环累积孔压影响的规律。基于第一次循环加载累积孔压变化规律和修正动偏应力水平,建立了能考虑恒定主应力轴偏转角循环加载下累积孔压显式模型,并利用恒定主应力轴偏转角循环加载试验结果验证了模型的合理性。建立的循环荷载下饱和软黏土累积孔压显式模型参数易于确定,参数具有明确的物理意义且能考虑主应力轴的恒定偏转现象。     

循环交通荷载下软土路基长期沉降理论解

基于循环交通荷载下软黏土累积塑性变形、累积孔压经验公式与分层总和法结合的方法,通过计算不排水循环累积塑性变形引起的沉降和不排水循环累积孔压消散引起的固结沉降叠加,建立了一个软土路基长期沉降拟静力计算模型。对交通荷载应力路径下的软黏土空心圆柱扭剪试验数据分析,获得了不排水累积塑性应变模型和不排水累积孔压公式的参数。基于弹性理论解积分计算交通荷载下路基中的动应力,再结合分层总和法计算了路基沉降与循环周次的关系。通过工程实例分析,对比了计算沉降结果与实测结果并与以往理论分析结果,验证了所建立模型的合理性。     

主应力轴旋转下K0固结饱和粉质黏土孔压及变形特性试验研究

主应力旋转将加速孔压和塑性应变的累积,影响土体的力学特性。为研究主应力轴循环旋转对 固结饱和粉质黏土孔压和变形的影响,利用GDS-HCA试验系统开展了不同应力路径的 固结饱和粉质黏土不排水循环三轴试验和循环扭剪试验,研究了主应力轴循环旋转对 固结饱和粉质黏土累积塑性应变、孔压等动力特性的影响。结果表明：动剪应力幅值、心形应力路径所包围的面积、循环偏应力幅值等均随循环剪应力比和循环动应力比的增大而增大。试样未发生破坏时, 固结饱和粉质黏土的孔压比随着振动荷载作用次数的增加而增大;当试样发生破坏时,孔隙压力迅速消散,孔压比急剧下降。循环扭剪试验时试件产生的轴向累积塑性应变始终大于循环三轴试验产生的累积塑性应变,说明主应力轴循环旋转会加速试件轴向应变的累积。试件的累积塑性应变随循环剪应力比和循环动应力比的增大而增大。循环动应力比越大时,主应力轴旋转造成的轴向累积塑性应变差异越显著。在Monismith幂次函数模型的基础上,建立了主应力轴循环旋转条件时K0固结饱和粉质黏土累积塑性应变方程,并对模型的可靠性进行了分析和验证。     

交通荷载引发主应力轴旋转下软黏土变形与强度特性试验研究

交通、波浪、地震等循环荷载引发不同主应力方向变化模式,对软土地基长期沉降与稳定产生显著影响。为研究饱和软黏土在交通荷载下的长期动力特性,借助空心圆柱扭剪仪开展偏应力空间中主应力轴心形线旋转、圆形旋转与定向剪切等3类主应力方向变化路径的室内模拟,对比研究了不同试验条件下试样不排水塑性累积变形、孔压、临界动应力比与动强度特性的发展规律,研究表明：（1）不同主应力轴旋转路径下土体临界应力比由低到高依次为主应力轴圆形旋转、主应力轴心形旋转、拉压非等幅三轴路径。与前面临界应力比分布相对应,在轴向累积应变稳定型中,产生的塑性累积变形与极限孔压依次减小;（2）振次大于一定数值时,不同主应力方向变化路径下稳定型试样的轴向累积应变与时间的对数具有良好的线性关系,并依此建立了轴向塑性累积变形方程;（3）与轴向塑性累积变形相对应,动力荷载下土体孔压增长也存在3种发展规律,主应力轴连续旋转路径下临界型破坏的土体孔压-应变时程曲线呈三阶段两相态点模式;（4）在其他条件均相同时,土体在主应力轴圆形旋转路径下强度最小,在主应力轴心形旋转路径下的次之,在拉压非等幅动三轴路径下最高。     

循环荷载下考虑主应力旋转的软土力学响应研究

目前用于轨道路堤分析计算的参数多是通过三轴试验获得,而列车荷载经过时土单元应力路径与循环三轴试验加载路径的显著差异可能导致预测失真而引发工程问题。针对某城市轨道进行了三维计算,并分析了移动列车荷载下土单元应力幅值、循环周数、主应力轴旋转的分布规律。在该基础上,采用空心圆柱循环扭剪试验对该复杂应力路径进行了模拟,研究了饱和软黏土的孔压及变形累积特性。结果表明,列车荷载经过时地基土单元大主应力将在(－90°, 90°)内发生旋转;该主应力轴旋转将显著促进软黏土孔压和应变的累积,竖向应力幅值为15 kPa时,循环扭剪试验产生的孔压值比循环三轴试验高77%,累积应变增大了近50%;随着循环应力水平提高,二者累积孔压及累积应变的差值还会进一步增大,甚至出现循环三轴下仅产生较小应变而循环扭剪下已破坏的本质性差异。     

考虑孔压积累-消散耦合的等效有限元方法

交通荷载往复作用下饱和软土路基会发生显著的工后沉降,并引起不均匀沉降。采用基于室内循环三轴或空心圆柱扭转试验建立的经验显式模型与等效有限元相结合方式,在预测路基长期沉降方面取得了较好的效果。然而,其采用的瞬时积累、逐步消散的孔压模型与实际工程中孔压积累与消散同时进行有着明显的差异。忽略这种差异将会使得计算结果低于实际值。采用能反映自然排水条件下震动孔压长消规律的解析公式,对以上的不足作出改进,并用改进的孔压模型计算了上海浦东国际机场第一跑道的长期运营沉降。分析表明,与瞬时积累、逐步消散的孔压模型相比,考虑孔压积累与消散耦合效应的孔压模型,计算结果更接近实测资料。     

吸力式沉箱底部土体循环特性及其等效循环蠕变模型研究

吸力式沉箱基础作为张力腿平台(TLP)的锚固基础,其底部土体不仅存在轴向卸荷作用,而且还存在循环荷载作用。现有研究很少涉及在卸荷条件下进行的软黏土循环累积变形研究。因此,通过循环三轴试验研究了轴向卸荷条件下软黏土的应变累积变形及应变软化特性。试验结果表明:在低静偏应力以及动偏应力条件下,土体应变累积及软化程度较低;随着动偏应力增加,循环累积变形逐渐变大且前期发展较快后期趋于稳定,同时应变软化程度逐渐增大;土体循环累积变形随动偏应力提高而增大,其循环累积应变曲线呈衰减-稳定的蠕变特性。在试验基础上,提出与静偏应力和动偏应力有关的软化系数公式。构建了考虑软化系数与静偏应力、动偏应力等条件下软黏土等效循环蠕变模型。将该模型推广至三维,并开发了有限元子程序。建立了循环荷载作用下吸力式沉箱基础循环抗拔承载力有限元分析法,将其用于吸力式沉箱基础循环累积变形分析中,并与沉箱模型循环试验结果进行了对比验证。     

部分排水时饱和粉质黏土变围压循环三轴试验研究

围压循环变化将引起土体孔压累积,加剧土体累积塑性应变,导致地基灾变事故。为研究围压循环变化对饱和粉质黏土变形特性的影响,利用GDS双向振动三轴仪,进行部分排水时饱和粉质黏土的变围压循环三轴试验,研究不同应力路径斜率和循环动应力比时饱和粉质黏土的孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变发展规律,建立部分排水条件时考虑循环围压和循环动应力耦合作用的地基粉质黏土累积应变数学模型。试验结果表明：部分排水时饱和粉质黏土孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随循环动应力比和应力路径斜率的增大而增大;动孔压比随着振动次数的增加明显分为急剧增加、快速下降和持续平稳3个阶段;轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随振动次数的增加而增大。当加载次数超过2 500次时,粉质黏土孔压趋于平稳,变形速率略有降低,但变形持续增加。补充试验结果表明,所建立模型与试验结果具有较高的一致性。研究结果将为交通循环荷载导致的地基灾变控制技术提供理论依据。     

低幅值高循环荷载作用下土体的应变累积模型

高速铁路路基上的轨道以及附近区域的结构物承受低幅值、高循环振动荷载的反复作用。在此低幅值、高循环荷载作用下土体会产生不可恢复的应变累积,导致轨道及附近区域结构物发生附加沉降。当前,描述土体的循环变形特征的理论分为两类：一类是基于经典塑性理论的应力-应变滞回模型（例如边界面模型）,另一类是基于循环三轴试验经验规律的应变累积模型（例如Bochum累积模型）。为了能够预测土体在低幅值、高循环荷载作用下的应变累积行为,在前人对土体在低幅值、高循环荷载作用下大量试验研究的基础上,在经典弹塑性理论的框架下,提出一个土体在低幅值、高循环荷载作用下的应变累积模型。该模型通过用对数律来描述塑性体应变的累积规律,并以此作为应变累积的大小度量,然后通过修正Cam-clay模型的流动准则来描述应变累积的发展方向。最后,通过多组试验结果的模拟,表明所提出的应变累积模型能够较好地预测土体在低幅值、高循环荷载作用下的应变累积行为,具有广泛的应用前景。     

饱和砾性土不排水动力强度及变形特性试验

砾性土的动力强度和变形特性是分析砾性土地基及其构筑物地震永久变形的基础。本文采用大型动三轴仪对饱和砾性土进行不排水循环三轴试验,系统地研究了两种砾性土在循环加载条件下的不排水强度和变形特性,探讨了循环应力比、平均固结应力、固结应力比、初始孔隙比和循环次数对砾性土变形和超静孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明：砾性土的累积轴向应变和超静孔压比随循环应力比、平均固结应力和初始孔隙比的增大而增大,超静孔压比随固结应力比的增大而减小;当循环次数小于20时,固结应力比对累积轴向应变的影响较小,而当循环次数大于20时,累积轴向应变随固结应力比的增大而减小。根据试验结果,建立了考虑平均固结应力、初始孔隙比、循环次数和累积轴向应变影响的不排水动力强度和超静孔压经验模型,其计算值与试验结果比较吻合,说明该模型可以较为准确地描述循环荷载作用下砾性土的不排水动力强度、超静孔压和累积变形的变化规律。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.