东亚梅雨系统的天气-气候学研究

利用1971～2000年NCEP再分析资料和中国740站的逐日地面观测资料,对东亚梅雨季的气候学进行了研究。结果表明:初夏长江流域特有的这个雨季有平均21天的长度,从6月17日开始到7月8日结束。梅雨期间降雨量达200～300 mm,占夏季总降雨量的45%左右。当6月中旬东亚夏季风突然从华南向北推进到长江流域,同时印度夏季风开始在印度次大陆爆发时,中国梅雨雨季开始。这时来自南海和孟加拉湾的水汽供应显著加强,为梅雨降雨提供了非常有利的水汽条件。气候学上梅雨锋的结构主要表现为:(1)近于纬向的宽广云雨区,其中包含有强对流降水与云团;(2) 锋前具有高假相当位温的高湿空气柱;(3)对流层低层跨越梅雨锋的水平温度梯度非常弱或几近消失;(4)梅雨锋区低层有一相对低的温度;(5) 梅雨锋区以南为强低空偏南急流,急流以北是梅雨锋风切变线;(6)从梅雨锋区到赤道的地区是一个季风型或间接的垂直环流区。在许多方面,中国东部的梅雨锋不同于日本的梅雨锋和朝鲜的梅雨锋, 因为后两者基本上是中纬度斜压结构的锋区。东亚夏季风对中国梅雨的影响要比对日本和朝鲜梅雨的影响更重要。作者对东亚梅雨系统 (中国梅雨、日本Baiu和朝鲜Changma)的区域差异进行了全面的比较研究。     

1991年梅雨期副热带锋区的结构

通过分析逐候平均的沿１２０°Ｅ的经向垂直剖面图，研究了１９９１年梅雨各个阶段东亚副热带锋区的结构及锋区的动力学特征。结果表明：（１）１９９１年梅雨第一阶段与典型梅雨不同，是在冬夏流型转变中局部异常环流条件下形成的；（２）梅雨期三个阶段的锋区结构分别为浅薄型、深厚Ｉ型和深厚Ⅱ型，浅薄型锋区低层正涡度轴线近于垂直，深厚型锋区正涡度轴线自下而上向北倾斜，分别对应相当正压结构和斜压结构；（３）深厚型锋区南     

梅雨锋的典型结构、多样性和多尺度特征

在天气尺度梅雨锋的天气学定义基础上,利用GMS-5静止卫星红外云图、常规气象探空资料、NCEP再分析与最终分析资料对2002年长江流域典型梅雨期6月26—28日和二度梅期间7月23日、1998年5月梅雨与7月二度梅共4个梅雨锋个例进行了分析与比较,归纳了梅雨锋结构多样性;并着重对典型梅雨期的梅雨锋发展过程、水平以及垂直结构进行了多种物理量场(包括风场、温度场、急流、锋区、假相当位温、散度、垂直速度、静力稳定度等)的综合分析。结果表明,不同的个例,不同的地区和时期,一次梅雨过程的不同阶段,梅雨锋的结构和性质都有可能不同,它可以从比较接近极锋的性质过渡到接近赤道锋的性质。在水平结构上梅雨锋是在高、低纬度不同尺度的环流系统共同作用下形成的,从而造成了梅雨锋结构具有丰富的多样性。对典型梅雨锋结构进行综合分析表明梅雨锋对流层中下层锋面由强假相当位温水平梯度形成;梅雨锋南侧为暖湿气团、北侧为变性气团;梅雨锋南面为西南季风、北面为偏东气流;梅雨锋的上升运动和强降水主要发生在梅雨锋的前沿;梅雨锋上方对流层上半部存在与副热带高空急流相配合的高空副热带锋;对流层上部的高空热带东风与副热带高空西风急流构成了梅雨锋降水的高空辐散流场。根据典型期梅雨锋以及二度梅倾斜型梅雨锋的对流层上、中、下水平环流特征,给出了梅雨锋的多尺度概念模型,主要包括中低纬度系统相互作用、对流层高层的行星尺度的环流系统副热带高空西风急流、高空热带东风急流与南亚高压、对流层中层的副热带高压与北方的短波槽以及对流层低层的行星尺度季风和切变线。     

2003年6月29日至7月2日淮河梅雨锋大暴雨过程诊断分析

对 2 0 0 3年 6月 2 9日至 7月 2日梅雨期淮河流域一次大暴雨过程进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明 :这次大暴雨过程是在双阻型梅雨天气形势下发生的 ,梅雨锋锋区热力学特性和动力结构多变 ,一般具有斜压性结构 ,但有时又表现出准正压性结构 ;梅雨锋的维持和加强主要依赖于低空强西南暖湿气流在梅雨锋区的辐合抬升作用提供水汽和能量 ,强降雨区位于水汽通量大值区北侧强梯度区中。     

1998梅雨锋的结构特征及形成与维持

应用1998年6月中旬的分析资料, 对1998年6月16~17日暴雨时段的梅雨锋结构及梅雨锋的形成与维持进行了诊断分析, 确认了暴雨发生时期梅雨锋结构的一些普遍特征, 如在对流层低层表现为θ_se锋而不是温度的强烈对比, 梅雨锋区是一个低层正涡度带以及风和水汽的辐合带等。同时揭示了1998年6月暴雨时期梅雨锋结构的典型特征:锋区从近地面可伸展到600 hPa层 (一般认为梅雨锋只存在于800 hPa以下), 近乎垂直、略向北倾; 锋区900 hPa以下是一个大气弱对流不稳定区, 向上气层变为潮湿中性直至400 hPa, 等θ_se线基本上呈垂直分布; 锋区斜压性相当弱等。研究表明, 出现强降水时的梅雨锋结构已经变性或者说它是介于温带锋面结构和ITCZ结构之间的副热带锋系结构。分析还认为, 在强盛的南海季风涌和频繁的西风带扰动组配的大尺度有利背景形势下, 低层空气的水平运动和地转偏差风对1998梅雨锋的形成和维持有明显的正贡献。     

梅雨锋结构的数值模拟

利用1999年6月下旬持续性梅雨锋降水过程的全程四维同化模拟结果,深入分析梅雨锋结构的时空不均匀变化特征及其与低涡降水强度的密切关系。结果表明,梅雨锋呈现明显的中层锋和边界层锋两段锋的特征,中层梅雨锋区对降水的影响比边界层锋更为关键,中层锋的加强、锋坡增大趋于垂直、锋区垂直环流的加强和与高空急流锋区的上下贯通,有利于梅雨锋降水的加强,强降水并不出现于中层锋区最强的时段,而是发生于大范围锋区强度达峰值之后约16—24 h。中低层总变形加强与梅雨锋的加强有密切关系。组成低空急流的中低层u,v分量呈现不同的分布和演变特征,强南风中心位于900—800 hPa,呈明显的低空急流状特征,贴近暴雨区还可能出现较小尺度的急流;而强西风中心出现于中层锋前700—500 hPa,表现为高空强西风区沿锋区上界的向下延伸;低空南风急流通常与总变形同时加强。强锋段的锋前饱和高湿高能气柱、锋前中低层急流状南风区和中层西风均匀大值区等要素场呈现高度组织化的特征。梅雨锋的低层特性,如辐合、锋区强度、总变形和南风分量及降水强度等要素呈现显著的中尺度扰动特征,有明显的日变化且受长江中下游中尺度地形影响,扰动特征有随时间上传的趋势。     

梅雨锋暴雨中β尺度系统的结构

本文利用中尺度数值模式ＭＭ５，选取１９８１年６月２７日梅雨锋暴雨个例进行数值模拟，分析了梅雨锋的中β尺度雨团和中β尺度系统的空间结构特征。结果指出，在中β尺度雨团相对应的地面气压场上是中尺度低压槽或闭合的中低压系统；在雨团发生初期，其垂直结构为暖心涡柱对流斜压扰动；而在雨团发展期，发展为暖心涡柱强对流混合型低涡；在雨团衰弱期， 暖心涡柱非对流前倾填塞涡。同时还揭示了在北雨团发展南雨团减弱期，在低空     

一次典型梅雨锋锋面结构分析

1999年梅雨期在长江中下游维持着一条典型的梅雨锋 ,锋面和梅雨雨带呈东西走向 ,从中国的四川省一直延伸到日本。锋面两侧的温度及湿度对比明显 ,并且其上有数个中间尺度的低涡沿梅雨锋依次向东移动发展 ,在长江中下游造成严重的梅雨暴雨和洪涝。文中分析了 1999年这次典型梅雨锋的锋面结构。结果表明 ,从温度场看 ,由于梅雨区对流和降水的显著发展 ,梅雨锋的低层温度对比几近消失 ,其中上部仍具有典型的上宽下窄的锋面结构 ,锋面随高度向北倾斜。在低层经向温度场呈现复杂的暖 -冷 -暖的结构 ,即北部华北平原为地面感热加热造成的相对较暖的变性极地大陆气团 ,中间为冷空气南下和降水冷却造成的相对较冷的梅雨区 ,南部是相对较暖的热带海洋气团。在这种温度场下 ,由北部低层变性暖气团与梅雨区偏冷空气形成了明显的温度对比区 ,文中定义这个区域为梅雨赤道锋。因而 ,在低层东亚梅雨区的锋区结构由梅雨赤道锋和减弱的梅雨锋构成。在 6 0 0hPa以上前者消失 ,只有单一的极锋型的梅雨锋结构。在此分析的基础上文中给出了东亚梅雨期锋面结构模型图。另外还指出 ,从假相当位温场分析 ,主要表现出梅雨区的深厚对流。降雨引起了高θse带及其南北高θse梯度区 ,其北侧高θse梯度区大致相当于梅雨锋 ,而南侧高θs     

一次梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度对流系统及低层风场影响分析

本文利用常规气象观测资料,地面自动站加密观测资料和FY-2D、FY-2E卫星云图以及NCEP 1°×1°的FNL分析资料、EC 0.25°×0.25°的细网格模式数据等,对2015年6月15—18日梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统(MCS)活动特征、对流层低层风场对MCS发展的影响以及梅雨锋暴雨的垂直环流特征等进行了研究,结果表明:天气尺度梅雨锋上叠加的MCS的产生及向下游移动,以及其在安徽中部到江苏南部正涡度带作用下的发展增强,造成了江苏南部的局地强降水。强降水与中尺度低空急流核的位置吻合较好。在垂直方向上,高空急流入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显。在降水过程中,对流层低层具有较强的垂直风切变,有利于垂直涡度的增强和MCS的发展。对流层低层的垂直风切变也有利于不同源地的水汽在梅雨锋区汇集。梅雨锋北侧的干冷空气在对流层低(中)层以东北(西北)路径向锋区移动。南侧的暖湿气流沿西南路径移动、抬升,接近锋区后质点在上升过程中逐渐转向东移,在高空急流的抽吸作用下,快速向东流出,近地面层空气存在跨锋面环流。梅雨锋系统垂直方向上的次级环流是高层风场强烈辐散以及空气运动过程中质量补充和循环的结果。     

2008年浙江梅汛期暴雨的大尺度环流特征及其梅雨锋结构分析

通过客观分析资料和实况雨量, 对2008年浙江梅汛期降水的大尺度环流特征和梅雨期两次最强暴雨过程梅雨锋结构进行了对比分析\.结果表明, （1）2008年是浙江1999年以来最典型的梅汛期降水年份, 梅雨量较常年偏多20%左右, 期间共有5次系统性强降水过程。（2）在高层, 梅雨期间稳定强大的南亚高压东北侧的偏北大风提供了暴雨区高层强烈辐散; 在低层, 低空西南风急流把来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽向暴雨区输送, 并与浙江北侧的偏东气流构成一个纬向切变, 造成了大量暖湿气流的辐合上升, 为暴雨区提供了良好的水汽和动力条件。（3）在对流层中层, 500 hPa环流形势在第一次暴雨结束后快速从单阻型向双阻型转变, 持续的双阻形势造成了长时间的阴雨天气。在温度场上, 强降水对应的梅雨锋区温度相对较低, 锋区没有明显的温度梯度, 但相当位温和水汽的梯度十分显著。（4）梅汛期两次最强暴雨过程梅雨锋结构的对比表明： 在分布形态上, 第一次暴雨接近纬向分布, 降水主要出现在锋前, 第三次暴雨则具有很强的经向度, 暴雨出现在锋区。在温湿结构上, 第三次暴雨发生时梅雨锋两侧的温度梯度远大于第一次暴雨。在涡度散度结构上, 第一次暴雨的正涡度大值区和辐合区在对流层中低层则较第三次暴雨深厚。     

EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause andstratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latentheat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It isdemonstrated that(1)the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontalstructure only in the upper levels;(2)a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and aregion of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists onthe warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is locatedon the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3)the above mentioned structure deteriorates as thefrontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic processwith condensational heating;(4)the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and thelatent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to forman intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoreticalimportance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especiallyin understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during earlysummer over East Asia.     

EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS*

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause and stratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latent heat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It is demonstrated that(1) the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontal structure only in the upper levels;(2) a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and a region of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists on the warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is located on the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3) the above mentioned structure deteriorates as the frontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic process with condensational heating;(4) the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and the latent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to form an intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoretical importance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especially in understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during early summer over East Asia.     

Some analyses and numerical simulations of meiyu in east asia in 1983

In this paper the differences between Meiyu and Baiu front in 1983 have firstly been analysed, the trajectories of air on and to the north side of Meiyu and Baiu fronts during the Meiyu period have then been traced, and the fore-casting and simulating of 4 sets of Meiyu onset of the year have finally been run utilizing the global model at UK Me-teorological Office. The results show: 1) Meiyu fronts are different from Baiu ones in temperature, humidity and stratification fields in lower atmosphere; and the possibly reasons for it are explained. 2) The Bay of Bengal is the main moisture source for Meiyu front, the South China Sea and the Pacific, for Baiu ones; and some existed argu-ments on it are also discussed. 3) The onset of Meiyu and its rainfall and rain belts are sensitive to the Tibetan Plateau, and the water vapour conditions over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea, but not sensitive to the SST over the equatorial area or to the East of Japan.     

梅雨锋上引发暴雨的低压动力学研究

对1998年"二度梅"结束前后长江中下游地区准静止锋上一次气旋发生发展过程进行了涡度收支的诊断分析.结果表明:(1)风场(尤其是辐散风场)对该气旋发生发展有重要影响;(2)低层辐合场是直接决定气旋发生发展的动力因子,它导致低层正涡度制造,对气旋的发展起直接作用;(3)涡度平流上正下负的配置和水汽凝结潜热释放,通过影响上升运动及低层辐合对地面气旋的发展起间接作用.在系列研究工作的基础上,提出了梅雨锋上第二类气旋(低压)的概念模型.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOVEMENT OF THE MEIYU/BAIU RAIN BELT AND THE PERIODIC NORTHWESTWARD PROPAGATION OF THE CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY FROM TROPICAL WEST PACIFIC*

In order to investigate the effect of the factors in tower latitudes on Meiyu/Baiu front,a diagnostic analysis for the two cases during June to July of 1985 and 1986 was examined.We found that (1) when the tropical convective activity moves westward to 10.5-15.5'N/140°E from east side of 10.5-15.5°N/160°E,the northward shifts of the Meiyu/Baiu rain belt occurs;(2)the main factor which results in the northward and southward shifts of Meiyu/Baiu rain belt is thought as the 8,18 and 30 day oscillations of the tropical convective activity around West Pacific.Meanwhile,the wave train propagating from Lake Baikal via Okhotsk Sea to the tropics could sometimes shift Baiu rain belt southward;(3) the onsets of Meiyu in China of both cases tend to take place just when the convective activity around lower latitudes moves westward through about 140°E with the 8,18 and 30 day oscillation periods firstly coming to June.     

Mesoscale convective systems along the Meiyu frontin a numerical model

Summary  Two organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) developed sequentially along the Meiyu front over the Yangzi-Huai River basin and caused severe flooding over eastern China during 12–13 June 1991. In this paper, the structure and evolution of these MCSs are studied with a high-resolution (18 km) numerical simulation using the Fifth Generation Penn-State/NCAR Mesocale Model (MM5). The model reproduced the successive development of these two MCSs along the Meiyu front. The evolution of these MCSs was recorded clearly on satellite-derived cloud-top black body temperature (T _bb ) maps. A mesoscale low-level jet (mLLJ) and a mesoscale upper-level jet (mULJ) were simulated, respectively, to the south and east of each of these two MCSs. Our analyses shows that the mLLJ and mULJ were formed as a responses to the intense convection associated with the MCS. The mLLJs transported warm, moist air with equivalent potential temperature greater than 352 K into the MCSs, and strong low-level convergence can be identified on the left-front end of the mLLJ. This strong convergence was associated with intense upward motion in the MCS with speed up to 80 cm s⁻¹. Much of inflow into the MCSs extends up to the middle and upper troposphere, and ventilated through the mULJ. The development of the MCSs was also associated with substantial increase in potential vorticity (PV). The build up of PV in the lower-level along the Meiyu front was in turn related to a local intensification of the frontal equivalent potential temperature gradient, suggesting a relationship between the MCSs and the local enhancement and cyclogenesis of the front. In a sensitivity experiment without the effect of latent heating, a series of ascent centers with average separation of about 300 km were simulated. This result suggests that the initial formation of the MCSs along the Meiyu front could occur in absence of moist-diabatic process. Since the horizontal velocity gradient across the Meiyu front near the synoptic-scale low-level jet (LLJ) was quite large while the corresponding temperature gradient across the frontal zone was rather weak, we speculate that barotropic process may be responsible for triggering these MCSs along the Meiyu front. Received December 28, 1999 Revised May 11, 2000     

梅雨锋上与强暴雨有关的中低压及其三维环境流场的诊断研究

本文对1986年6月22日出现于长江中游的一次中低压过程进行了诊断分析。这个中低压水平尺度约500km，生命史为一天，但是形成了日降水量263mm的特大暴雨。分析揭示，梅雨锋是一条近于东西走向的正涡度带状分布区。而这一带状区中存在强烈的中尺度水汽通量辐合中心和深厚的上升运动区，有利于中尺度低压的形成。#FKM#FS和θ的剖面表明，条件对称不稳定（CSI）可能是这次梅雨锋暴雨的一种触发机制。此外，由拉格朗日方法对气块三维轨迹的计算表明，来自高低空和不同方向的两支大尺度气流的结合使高空辐散加强，可能对中低压的     

2003年和2006年梅汛期暴雨的梅雨锋特征分析

本文针对2003年和2006年梅汛期暴雨量集中在淮河流域而总雨量不同的特点,利用平均场的方法,较深入地研究了暴雨时梅雨锋的结构。研究得到:暴雨发生时有明显的梅雨锋区;暴雨量与锋区的强度成正比;暴雨区位于锋区中即在对流层中低层的高温高湿区的偏北区域中,也就是低空急流的北部;锋生函数的切变变形场与暴雨的落区重叠;经向锋生函数的正值区呈直柱状,与南风等风速线的密集区相重叠,纬向分布的锋生函数指示了暴雨区的范围。     

青藏高原对1998年长江流域天气异常的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料分析了青藏高原对 1998年夏季长江流域洪涝及天气异常的影响 ,并讨论了第 2段梅雨期的暴雨与长江流域洪涝灾害的关系。研究结果表明 :由于青藏高原的热力作用 ,夏季高原东北部斜压性强 ,多短波槽活动。 1998年长江流域两段梅雨期间 ,高原东移的短波槽加强了梅雨锋 ,并引起梅雨锋上强暴雨。 1998年长江流域的 8次洪峰均与高原东侧短波槽东移有关。由于梅雨期前面几场暴雨已使得土壤水份饱和 ,沿江各支流及湖泊水位很高 ,梅雨期的最后一场暴雨的大量雨水往往作为径流流入江河或湖泊 ,与长江洪峰汇合后易造成洪涝灾害     

Typical Structure, Variety, and Multi-Scale Characteristics of Meiyu Front

Meiyu front plays an important role in summer rainfall in central China. Based on the GMS-5 satellite images, NCEP reanalyses （2.5°×2.5°） and final analyses （1°×1°） data, and meteorological conventional sounding observations, the horizontal and vertical structures of the Meiyu front were summarized using multiple diagnostic variables, including winds, temperature, jet stream, front, pseduo-equivalent potential temperature, divergence, vertical motion, static instability, etc. In this paper, four cases were selected and analyzed, two of which are in 26-28 June and 23 July 2002 during the Experiment on Heavy Rain in the Meiyu period in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the others are in May and July 1998. The two cases in July 1998 and July 2002 are the secondary Meiyu front cases. The results show that the structures and characteristics of the Meiyu front are different for various cases, or at various places and time, or at various stages of one case, and the frontal characteristics can be converted from the polar front to the equatorial front. Because of the interaction of the different scale circulations in the high and low latitudes, the horizontal structure of the Meiyu front has various forms.
The results in this paper also show that the typical Meiyu front consists of a narrow band with a high gradient of potential equivalent temperature below 500 hPa, south of which is warm and moist air mass, and north of which is the transformed air mass from the midlatitude ocean or polar continent. Below the mid troposphere, south of the front blows southwesterlies, while north blows easterlies. The ascending motion and precipitation usually occur ahead of the Meiyu front. In the upper troposphere, the subtropical front is above the Meiyu front, but two fronts are separated. In addition, the upper westerly jet stream and the easterlies to the south of the Meiyu front result in the upper divergent flow field.
The multi-scale characteristics of the horizontal structure of the Meiyu front can