国外海洋自然保护区管窥

设置海洋自然保护区具有显著的社会、生态、环境与经济效益,是海洋自然保护事业的一项重要建设。近30年来许多滨海国家和地区重视海洋自然保护工作,建成了各种类型的海洋自然保护区。本文简述国外海洋自然保护区建设的现状与发展动向,着重介绍若干国家对海洋自然保护区管理的情况。     

我国海洋自然保护区的发展和分布特征分析

对我国海洋自然保护区发展动态和分布特征进行了分析.根据海洋自然保护区的数量和面积,将其发展过程划分为零发展、零星发展、停滞发展、恢复与快速发展和高速发展5个阶段.基于遥感信息,文章绘制了我国海洋自然保护区分布图,并深入分析了海洋自然保护区的行政分布、类型分布和地理分布的特征.文章还分析了影响海洋自然保护区发展与分布的因素.     

中美两国海洋自然保护区之比较

文章以中美两国海洋自然保护区为研究对象。首先对比了中美两国对海洋保护区的定义,为全文定下理论基础。随后采用层次分析法就海洋自然保护区的划分、类型、管理体制、管理经费,进行进一步的对比。从而引起对中国海洋自然保护区的建设管理进行讨论,找出中美两国海洋保护区的差距。文章认为,海洋自然保护区可持续发展应协调好生态、经济和社会三大效益。首先,科学论证和合理规划是我国海洋自然保护区可持续发展的基础和关键。其次要改善管理机制,保证管理资金的充足,并加强海洋自然保护区的科学研究工作,大力开展生态旅游,努力协调环境保护和社会发展之间的关系。     

中国海洋类型自然保护区

建设海洋自然保护区保护海洋,已成为中国海洋发展战略的重要组成部分。海洋自然保护区是指“以保护海洋自然为目的,在海域、海岛、海岸带对选择的保护对象划出界限加以特殊保护和管理的区域”。它具有保护、管理、科研、试验、示范、教学、宣传、美学、娱乐等多种功能。下面对我国五处海洋自然保护区做一简要介绍。一.昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区黄金海岸自然保护区位于河北省东部的     

海洋自然保护区生态保护状况评价初探——以河北昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区为例

为进一步保护我国海洋生态环境以及加快海洋生态文明建设,文章探索建立适用于我国海洋自然保护区生态保护状况的评价体系,并以河北昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区为例开展海洋自然保护区生态保护状况评价。研究结果表明：海洋自然保护区生态保护状况指数包括面积适宜指数、外来物种入侵指数、生境质量指数和开发干扰指数;与已有相关评价方法相比...     

关于我国海洋自然保护区的问题

一、海洋自然保护区及其意义海洋自然保护区,是为了保护海洋自然环境和自然资源,对不同地带具有代表性或某类特有的海洋生态系统,珍稀或有特殊保护价值的动、植物物种的主要生存繁殖地,以及自然历史遗迹和重要风景名胜等,划出界限,采取有效措施加以特殊保护的区域。海洋自然保护区除海域和滩涂外,还涉及到海岸、海岛和沿海沼泽。海洋自然保护区是海洋自然环境和自然资源保护的重要组成部分。自然保护区能够完整     

海洋自然保护区生态补偿探析

迄今对海洋自然保护区生态补偿的探索,理论研究滞后于实践发展,文章在简要分析国内外自然保护区生态补偿理论的研究现状基础上,针对目前我国海洋自然保护区开展生态补偿所面临的实际问题进行分析探讨,旨在为我国海洋自然保护区补偿理论及实践提供参考.     

在海洋经济发展中看海洋自然保护区

海洋自然保护区作为海洋自然环境和资源的一种特殊保护和管理手段,对于日益受到开发和污染损害的海洋自然是非常重要的.海洋,尤其是海岸区域生态系统是比较脆弱的,为维护海洋生态的健康和生态系生产力能力,需要运用建立海洋自然保护区的方式来强化对那些具有代表性、典型性和高生产力的海洋生态系统进行富有成效的保护.1990年国务院首次批准建立了包括昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区和山口红树林生态自然保护区在内的五个国家级海洋类型自然保护区.之后的几十年里又相继建立了多个各级海洋自然保护区.这些保护区的建立是海洋生物多样性的基地;保留了海洋自然条件的天然"本底"和"原始"风貌;同时,也是科学研究的天然场所,促进自然资源持续利用.海洋自然保护区在全球自然和区域海洋自然保护中,在对社会、经济、科学、文化的发展中,在对人类维系、改善生存条件中均已成为一项战略性的措施和切实可行的方案.应该得到进一步的发展.     

我国海洋自然保护区旅游开发与评价

海洋自然保护区是指以海洋自然环境和资源保护为目的,依法把包括保护对象在内的一定面积的海岸、河口、岛屿、湿地或海域划分出来并进行特殊保护和管理的区域.分析我国海洋自然保护区的分布现状,依据其对外影响的因素将19个国家级海洋自然保护区划分为自身吸引型、区域依托型以及多重作用型.通过指标选择,对这些国家级自然保护区旅游发展进行综合评价,并得出结论.     

广东省海洋自然保护区可持续发展研究

自然保护区是现代社会文明的产物,是国家为了保护自然环境和自然资源,促进国民经济的持续发展,将一定面积的陆地或水域划分出来,并经各级人民政府批准而进行特殊保护和管理的区域。根据保护对象的不同,我国的自然保护区可以分为3个类别9种类型,海洋自然保护区是其中的一种重要类型。根据《海洋自然保护区管理办法》,海洋自然保护区是     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea

An analysis of the data of measurements of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations of hydrophysical fields in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea carried out using CTD profilers and a Baklan free falling microstructure and turbulence profiler revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the intensity of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations and the dynamics of the currents. On the other hand, the level of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations reflects the rate of the vertical turbulent exchange. It was shown that, in the case of the absence of the Black Sea Rim Current (BSRC) jet or clearly manifested mesoscale eddy structures, the vertical turbulent exchange in the pycnocline is weak, while, in the opposite case, it is stronger. The results obtained support the supposition that the interbasin dynamics play an important role in the maintenance of the rate of small-scale mixing in the pycnocline and halocline and provide the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen from the cold intermediate layer into the deeper layers of the sea.