中国华北地区壳内低速高导层（体）成因模式的探讨

依据高温高压下华北地区地壳主要岩石的物理性质－波速，电性测定的结果，提出了华北地区低速高导层可能的成因模式以及不同模式的适应范围。认为；碳酸盐岩在深部一定温度，压力和氧逸度条件下碳的析出会导致高导层体的出现；深部韧性剪切带组成矿物的定向排列，可使岩石的波速，电生产生各向异性行为，导致低速高导层的产生；绿片岩相和角闪岩相石中含水矿物的脱水作用会导致上，中地壳岩石物理力学性质的突变，这可能是该地区低速     

Electrical conduction in rocks and minerals: Parameters for interpretation

Recent studies of electrical properties have clarified the important parameters governing electrical conductivity in minerals — temperature, oxygen fugacity, stoichiometry, iron content — and in porous rocks — shape and interconnections of fluid-filled pore spaces. These parameters are discussed in terms of: (1) how they contribute to bulk conduction mechanisms within minerals; and (2) how they pertain to the conditions of rocks in situ.     

Water-rock interactions in fault gouge

Measurements were made of the amounts of D,¹⁸O, and H₂O⁺ in fault gouge collected over a depth of 400 m in the San Andreas fault of California. The amounts and isotopic compositions of the pore fluids, also analyzed, suggest that formation waters from adjacent Franciscan rocks have migrated into the gouge and mixed with local meteoric water. Thus the gouge is an open system permeable to fluid flow. This permeability has important implications concerning heat flow along the fault zone.Analyses of the fault gouge itself give information on the amounts, timing, and conditions of formation of the clay minerals.Stable-isotope analyses of materials from fault zones are good indicators of water-rock interactions that bear importantly on processes taking place in seismically active regions.     

Large amount of fluid migration around shallow seismogenic depth preserved in tectonic mélange: Yokonami mélange,the Cretaceous Shimanto Belt,Kochi, Southwest Japan

Studying subduction zone fluid at shallow seismogenic depths is important to understand the nature of fault rocks at the updip limit of the seismogenic zone because fluid–rock interactions affect heat and mass transfer, and fault strength. In this study, we conducted detailed analyses of distribution of shear veins, and estimation of pressure–temperature conditions for shear vein formation for the Yokonami mélange, Shikoku, Southwest Japan, which is tectonic mélange zone in an on‐land accretionary complex. We found a seismogenic fault at the upper boundary of the Yokonami mélange, indicating that the Yokonami mélange was active at seismogenic depth. The field‐transect distribution of shear veins was examined. The frequency, the total and mean thicknesses of the shear veins were about 3.7 per meter, about 10 mm per meter, and about 3 mm per shear vein, respectively. Quartz within the shear veins shows elongate‐blocky textures, suggesting precipitation from advective flow. The pressure and temperature conditions for shear vein formation were examined by fluid inclusion analysis, ranging 175–225°C and 143–215 MPa, respectively. The temperature is almost consistent with the paleotemperature determined from vitrinite reflectance, suggesting that the shear veins were formed at up to the maximum depth. The depth might be consistent with that where the seismogenic fault was formed. On the basis of the pressure and temperature conditions and the distribution of shear veins, we estimated the minimum volumetric ratio of fluid to host rocks, assuming that the shear veins had precipitated from advective flow. The estimated amount of fluid is about 106 m³ per cubic meter of host rocks. The results suggest that a large amount of fluid migrates through mélange zones at shallow seismogenic depths. This fluid possibly originates from the dehydration of clay minerals from underthrusted sediments and an altered subducting slab.     

Problems in the dating of volcanic rocks by the potassium-argon method

The potassium-argon method is attractive for dating volcanics since it can be applied to rocks of Pleistocene age and older, thus encompassing important periods of general volcanic activity. However it has been found that dates obtained on whole rocks and on included minerals frequently show gross discordances. In order to establish this dating method in this application an attempt has been made to trace the sources of the anomalies. To illustrate these efforts, dating results from a rhyodacite of Mauna Kuwale, Oahu, Hawaii, are reported. Determinations on several minerals and the whole rock of this ridge give a concordant age of 2.3 ± 0.3 million years, excluding some few results on minerals which show old age anomalies. It has been noted that xenoliths in certain Hawaiian volcanics contain fluid inclusions which show evidence of formation at depth. We have found that gas released from such inclusions by crushing contains radiogenic argon, and that the constituent minerals give very old potassium-argon ages (circa 800 million years). Similar gaseous inclusions have been noted in a variety of other lava phenocrysts, and their presence in a dated sample may produce an anomalous old age. In the minerals from Mauna Kuwale sporadic occurrences of inclusions have been noted in biotites and hornblendes, and crushing of the mineral releases the excess radiogenic argon. The determination of the age of such a material would give an old age, and thus account for the anomalies found. For meaningful dating of volcanics by the potassium argon method it is concluded that phenocryst-containing materials should be examined for fluid inclusion content, and samples which contain these should be rejected.     

Properties of some rocks from the section of the Kola ultradeep borehole as a function of the P-T parameters

Using core samples of the Kola ultradeep borehole (SG-3) and their surface analogues, variations in the density and elastic properties of some crystalline rocks of the Earth’s crust are estimated by modeling of in situ conditions. It is shown that the bulk density and the elastic wave velocities in the rocks have a weak depth gradient. In the SG-3 section under consideration, this gradient is negative. The resulting dependences for estimating the variations in the properties of the crystalline rocks are suitable for the depth range from the surface to 20–30 km. The initial data for the linear approximation of the characteristics can be obtained from the results of tests of surface analogue samples. It is shown that the velocity anisotropy of the metamorphic rocks can vary within wide limits.     

Post-eruptive process and products of volcanic rock alteration (transformation and synthesis of secondary products)

The conditions of transformation of the primary material of extrusive rocks and the synthesis of secondary products during post-eruptive processes have been considered using the example of three large areas of presentday volcanism and hydrothermal activity in Kamchatka, viz., the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption of 1975–1976 (GTFE), the Karymskii Volcanic Center (eruption of 1996 in Lake Karymskii), and the Uzon volcanic-hydrothermal system. Post-eruptive transformation of rocks causes volcanic-hydrothermal lithogenesis and low-middle-temperature mineralization in areas of present-day contrast (basalt-andesite) volcanism in zones of crustal extension. Based on the permanent presence of a wide range of acid rocks, such as dacites, rhyolites, and pumices in the areas of Holocene basalt volcanism of Kamchatka, we concluded that in conditions of pre-rift crustal extension, acid volcanism is preceded by deep-seated differentiation (similar to liquation) of primary mantle melts with separation of fluids enriched in ore-forming elements, first of all Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Sb, and Hg. During volcanogenic-hydrothermal lithogenesis in the discharge areas of those fluid systems, the destruction and replacement of primary minerals of igneous rocks and formation of complex-composition metasomatites take place. Clay minerals are major components of metasomatites in subaqueous conditions. The role of microbiota in processes of volcanogenic-hydrothermal lithogenesis and occurrences of local mineralization was studied.     

Elastic-anisotropic properties of garnet granulites from the lower crust of the belomorian mobile belt: Results of experimental study

The elastic-anisotropic properties of fifteen samples of garnet granulites from xenoliths in the diatreme on Elovyi Island, in Kandalaksha Bay in the White Sea are investigated. The PT-conditions of the formation of these rocks correspond to a depth of 25–40 km, which is the current depth of the lower crust in the region. According to acoustopolariscopy, the elastic anisotropy of these deep rocks is relatively low. The average seismic P and S velocities corresponding to the in-situ PT-conditions are 6.5–6.7 km/s and 3.7–3.8 km/s, respectively. It is shown that the garnet content in the deep-seated rocks can be estimated from the seismic data. According to the obtained results, the formation of the structural and textural pattern of the lower crustal rocks in the region was poorly affected by the paleotectonic factors.     

微磁模拟及在岩石磁学中的应用

岩石或沉积物的磁学性质受到所含矿物的种类、粒径、形状、相互作用以及环境等多种因素的作用,但是传统的岩石磁学实验很难定量解耦这些参数的影响.本文从微磁模拟与岩石磁学相结合的角度探讨了定量分析矿物磁学特征的研究进展.首先对微磁模拟的原理和发展历程进行了简要介绍.随后就矿物磁信息记录的物性影响和化学改造两个基本问题,总结了微磁模拟在岩石磁学领域的应用特色.最后对微磁模拟在岩石磁学中的研究前景提出了展望.以上讨论指出微磁模拟在地学中具有重要应用价值,加深了我们对地质过程中矿物磁学性质的理解.     

Characteristics of the difference and change in the comprehensive physical properties of rocks

Introduction The medium of the earth is made up of gas, liquid, and solid. The solid is the main material to form the structure of the earth, so it is very significant to study the solid matter of the earth. Rock, as a solid medium of the earth is a common object studied by geophysicists. The measurement of the comprehensive physical properties of rocks (ZHAO, et al, 1996; GUO, et al, 1989) considered that the minimal cell of rock is the atoms of chemical element, and all sorts of the rock …     

Laboratory electrical conductivity measurements on mantle relevant minerals

The influence of environmental conditions and the thermodynamic parameters which may determine the bulk electrical conductivity of, for instance, basaltic rocks are briefly discussed. At present it is not known to what extent these numerous variables determine the electrical conductivity of rocks quantitatively, since all too many laboratory measurements did not account for the required number of variables to define the system. Thus it is difficult to decide whether or not laboratory measurements on rocks have duplicated their in-situ electrical conductivity.One approach is to calculate the bulk conductivity of rocks from conductivities of constituent minerals, since it is much easier to define the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions for a single phase system. Therefore, laboratory data of the electrical conductivity of minerals, i.e. olivines and pyroxenes, are discussed to some extent particularly in the context of point-defect concentrations as a function of pO₂ and the chemical activitiesa of the binary components of the minerals.The evaluation of a quantitative relationship requires a careful sample characterization. To find a basis for a reasonable interpretation of in-situ resistivity data, the test samples should be selected in regard to those conditions which are believed to exist in the appropriate layer of the earth.     

Modelling the relationship between magnetic fabric and strain in polymineralic rocks

We present a model that is applicable to the relatively frequent case of rocks in which the magnetic fabric is dominated by uniaxial paramagnetic minerals, and in which the deformation (pure shear) corresponds to the March-Fernandez model. Borradaile et al.'s procedure for the isolation of the magnetic fabric of monocrystals of anisotropic components allows us to obtain the magnetic properties equivalent to those of all the component minerals if they should be artificially aligned. In the case of real component minerals with similar shape parameters, χ (dependent on dimension ratio), these properties will correspond to those of a theoretical equivalent mineral. Therefore, finite strain and orientation tensors may be determined from magnetic fabric measurements of such polymineralic rocks.     

The effect of cracks on the thermal expansion of rocks

Thermal expansion during the first heating cycle at atmospheric pressure was measured in several directions in seven igneous rocks between 25° and 400°C at slow heating rates. The coefficient of thermal expansion measured under these conditions increases more rapidly as temperature is increased than the average thermal expansion coefficient of the constituent minerals. The “extra” expansion is attributed to the formation of cracks by differential expansion of mineral grains. The presence of such cracks in the rocks during the cooling part of the cycle and during any subsequent heating and cooling cycles will result in a substantial decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion as compared to that measured during the first heating cycles. The effect of cracks initially present in a rock was studied by measuring the full tensor of the coefficient of thermal expansion on two rocks with anisotropic crack distributions. In these two rocks the coefficient of thermal expansion is least in the direction perpendicular to the plane of greatest crack concentration. The implication of our data is that thermal expansion depends greatly on the fracture state of the rock. Both the fractures in the rock and the boundary conditions on the rock are significant for the interpretation of thermal expansion measurements and for their application to other problems.     

Relationship between heterogeneity of source rocks and genetic mechanism of abnormally high pressure

Based on the micro-fluorescence observation of polished sections of source rocks,two types of micro-layers with different wetting properties formed in thermal evolution,i.e.,oil-wetting and water-wetting micro-layers,are distinguished.The wetting property is found closely related to the abundance of organic matter and its occurrences with inorganic minerals.The alternating distribution and intercrossing of two types of micro-layers formed many separated spaces with different wettabilities.The strong capillary forces in these separated spaces with different wettibilities obstruct the cross flows of pore fluids and result in nearly independent and closed fluid systems.As a consequence,these spatially superposed spaces in source rocks bear the overburden pressure and then abnormally high pressures have developed in the whole source rock unit.Therefore,the abundance and occurrences of organic matter are the main inner factors influencing the formation of abnormally high pressures,whereas the formation,distribution and development of micro-layers with different wettabilities during the evolution of source rock determine the intensity and spatial distribution of abnormally high pressures.     

重视和加强岩矿物性的测量研究

本文从物探科学技术的进步,勘查任务的发展变化、物探方法应用范畴的扩大和物性勘探等几个方面,论述了岩石和矿物物理性质测量、研究的重要性,指出：物性工作不可能毕其功于一役,并提出了五点建议：１．深入研究各类矿藏及其围岩（直至地面）物性的空间变化规律,为选择、研究合适的物探方法,提高物探效果,进一步探讨“直接”找矿问题,提供依据;２．这项工作可专门进行,但最好尽可能利用为其他目的而设计的钻井进行;３．物     

地壳主要岩石流变参数及华北地壳流变性质研究

岩石流变参数和变形机制是根据断层摩擦和岩石幂次流动本构关系建立岩石圈强度剖面的基础。近 30年来 ,高温高压实验取得了很大进展 ,获得了大量地壳矿物和岩石流变资料。本文系统总结了这些流变实验资料 ,并应用流变数据结合地震震源深度分布 ,对华北地壳流变性质进行了研究。结果表明 ,以花岗岩和低级变质岩为代表的上地壳为脆性破裂 ,其强度受断层摩擦约束 ,以长英质片麻岩为主的中地壳和以中性麻粒岩为主的下地壳上层处于塑性流变状态 ,由干的基性麻粒岩组成的下地壳下层处于脆性向塑性流变的过渡状态。华北地壳的这种物质组成和流变为地壳不同层次的解耦和强震孕育提供了力学条件 ,也构成了不同尺度块体的底边界     

Laboratory Electrical Conductivity Measurement of Mantle Minerals

Electrical conductivity structures of the Earth’s mantle estimated from the magnetotelluric and geomagnetic deep sounding methods generally show increase of conductivity from 10⁻⁴–10⁻² to 10⁰ S/m with increasing depth to the top of the lower mantle. Although conductivity does not vary significantly in the lower mantle, the possible existence of a highly conductive layer has been proposed at the base of the lower mantle from geophysical modeling. The electrical properties of mantle rocks are controlled by thermodynamic parameters such as pressure, temperature and chemistry of the main constituent minerals. Laboratory electrical conductivity measurements of mantle minerals have been conducted under high pressure and high temperature conditions using solid medium high-pressure apparatus. To distinguish several charge transport mechanisms in mantle minerals, it is necessary to measure the electrical conductivity in a wider temperature range. Although the correspondence of data has not been yet established between each laboratory, an outline tendency of electrical conductivity of the mantle minerals is almost the same. Most of mineral phases forming the Earth’s mantle exhibit semiconductive behavior. Dominant conduction mechanism is small polaron conduction (electron hole hopping between ferrous and ferric iron), if these minerals contain iron. The phase transition olivine to high-pressure phases enhances the conductivity due to structural changes. As a result, electrical conductivity increases in order of olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite along the adiabat geotherm. The phase transition to post-spinel at the 660 km discontinuity further can enhance the conductivity. In the lower mantle, the conductivity once might decrease in the middle of the lower mantle due to the iron spin transition and then abruptly increase at the condition of the D″ layer. The impurities in the mantle minerals strongly control the formation, number and mobility of charge carriers. Hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals such as olivine and high-pressure polymorphs can enhance the conductivity by the proton conduction. However, proton conduction has lower activation enthalpy compared with small polaron conduction, a contribution of proton conduction becomes smaller at high temperatures, corresponding to the mantle condition. Rather high iron content in mantle minerals largely enhances the conductivity of the mantle. This review focuses on a compilation of fairly new advances in experimental laboratory work together with their explanation.     

磁性矿物的磁学鉴别方法回顾

磁性矿物的组成和颗粒粒径的分布决定了岩石或沉积物的基本磁学性质及其所携带的天然剩磁在地质时期内的稳定性.由于自然界中磁性矿物的复杂性和多样性，如何有效的确定磁性矿物的成分和粒径分布一直是岩石磁学的基础和难点.本文对确定磁性矿物成分和粒径分布的常见方法进行了较为详细的总结和分析，并对常见磁性矿物在高温和低温下的磁学性质进行了详细的论述.最后对如何应用综合方法判定样品中的磁性矿物种类以及粒度分布进行了探讨.     

Variscan terrane of deep-crustal granulite facies in Yushugou area, southern Tianshan

The Yushugou terrane of deepcrustal granulite facies in southern Tianshan consists of two parts, granulite and metaperidotite. The whole terrane is a metamorphism of (high-pressure) grunulite facies, and typical mineral associations are: Gt-Cpx-P1-Tit-Ilm (±Qz) (silica-saturated and oversaturated mafic rocks), Gt-Ky (pseudomorph)-P1-Ru-Ilm± Qz (metapelitic rocks) and Spi-Opx-Cpx-01 (meta-ultramafic rocks). The peak-stage P-T conditions are 795— 964°, 0.97—1.42 GPa, which are obtained with mineral chemistry, assemblage analyses and P-T estimation. The Sm-Nd isochron age of peak-stage metamorphic minerals is (315 ± 3.62) Ma. All of these indicate that the terrane is a deep-crustal body, which subducts to the depth of 40—50 km in the middle late-Paleozoic, undergoing metamorphism of (high-pressure) granulite facies, and exhumed again to the surface by tectonic uplifting. Project supported hy the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49472135).     

Remagnetization of the Early Paleozoic rocks from southern part of the Huabei basin (II)

The opinions vary on the secondary remagnetization mechanisms of carbonate rocks. The prevalent interpretations of magnetic remanences are either chemical in origin that invoked the large-scale migration of orogenic fluids. or thermoviscous magnetization involved burial diagenetic processes. The paleomagnetic study carried out in northwestern part of Henan Province (north of the Qinling orogenic belt) reveals that 90% of carbonate rocks have suffered from the secondary remagnetization. On the basis of rock magnetic experiments, the assemblage of the magnetic minerals, remanent carriers and its formation process, and the possible mechanisms of remagnetization in these carbonate rocks are discussed.