养殖牙鲆脑垂体的显微和超微结构观察

应用多种脑垂体组织学染色方法、免疫组织化学和电镜技术对养殖牙鲆脑垂体各个部分的组织结构进行较详细的研究.结果表明,牙鲆脑垂体呈鸡心形,可分为神经垂体和腺垂体两个部分.前者存在两种垂体细胞:颗粒垂体细胞(granular-pi-tuicyte)和纤维垂体细胞(fibrillar-pituicyte).后者又可区分为前腺垂体(RPD)、中腺垂体(PPD)和后腺垂体(PI),根据组织学染色和免疫组织化学识别以及对各种分泌细胞分泌颗粒直径的测定,在腺垂体可鉴别出六种不同形态和功能的内分泌细胞,其中位于RPD的有催乳激素(PRL)细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)细胞和促甲状腺激素(TSH)细胞,各自分泌颗粒的直径分别为150~360nm、120~300nm和125~250nm;PPD有生长激素(GH)细胞、促性腺激素(GTH)细胞,分泌颗粒直径分别为200~400nm和115~400nm,以及TSH细胞;PI只有黑色素细胞刺激素(MSH)细胞,分泌颗粒直径为250~475nm.值得指出的是,在六种内分泌细胞中唯有GTH细胞的胞质存在空泡,这是促性腺激素细胞释放分泌颗粒的标志,也是其重要的生理特征,以此为依据将可为研究牙鲆脑垂体对性腺发育的调节提供形态学依据.同时,本文对其它细胞的特点也进行了讨论,可为鱼类内分泌学研究增添新的资料,对牙鲆人工养殖和繁育的开展有重要的参考价值.     

Identifying spawning events in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus from depth time-series data

Vertical swimming events (VSEs) of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, recorded by high-frequency depth data loggers, were analysed to identify spawning events. In total 25,907 VSEs from 10 adult fish were classified into 4 clusters using a k-means method. VSEs in a specific cluster (cluster-S) characterised by accelerated vertical swimming were identified as possible spawning events. Both the descent (0.43 ± 0.22 body length s^− 1) and ascent rates (0.43 ± 0.24 body length s^− 1) of VSEs in cluster-S were more than 4 times faster than in any other VSE. Our analyses indicated that 4 individuals exhibited the spawning events during the recording periods. The estimated spawning frequency ranged from 0.74 to 0.90 events day^− 1. These values were comparable to those obtained in other field and laboratory studies. The spawning condition of fish at the time of recapture was confirmed by separate histological and anatomical observations, which supported the cluster analysis results. These results suggest that a clustering technique can be successfully applied to identify spawning behaviour from time-depth data of free-swimming flatfishes that exhibit vertical swimming movements.     

Variation in otolith macrostructure of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): A method to discriminate between wild and released fish

The main objective of this study was to develop a method to discriminate between wild and hatchery-produced Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, based on variations in otolith macrostructure. Otoliths of wild flounder were more elliptical than those of hatchery-produced fish, whereas otolith area and marginal coarseness showed no clear differences. Otolith morphometry did not vary significantly with water temperature or feeding conditions in rearing experiments. Reduced ellipticity in the otoliths of hatchery-produced fish could be caused by biotic and abiotic conditions after release. Throughout the study, it was found that otoliths of Japanese flounder reared at 15 and 20 °C regimes showed opaque zones regardless of feeding condition, while otolith of fish reared at 25 °C had translucent zones. The potential of thermal marks and secondary zones as a new mass-marking system is presented.     

Effects of CO2-induced ocean acidification on the growth of the larval olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

It widely thought that ocean acidification processes that caused by atmospheric CO₂ increase and accordingly lower seawater pH conditions might cause serious harm to marine food webs in certain ecosystems in the near future. Little is known about how marine fishes respond to reduced pH conditions. We investigated the effects of CO₂ conditions on the growth of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae. Newly hatched larvae were reared at three different levels of pCO₂ (574, 988 and 1297 µatm) in temperature-controlled (21 ± 0.5°C) water tanks for four weeks until metamorphosis. The experiment was repeated three times in May, June, and July 2011, and body lengths and weights were measured at the completion of each experiment. The results indicated that the body length and weight of flounder larvae significantly increased with increasing CO₂ concentrations (P < 0.05). A higher daily growth rate during the early larval stage (hatching to 14 days) was found among the larvae reared in low pCO₂ conditions, while a significantly lower growth rate was found among larvae in higher pCO₂ water conditions. On the other hand, in the late larval stage (18 days after hatching to metamorphosis), the daily growth rate of larvae was much higher in high CO₂ water. Bone density of larvae, however, decreased with increasing CO₂ concentration in the water

     

Seasonal succession in the diatom community of Sendai Bay,northern Japan,following the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake

Sendai Bay in northern Japan suffered serious damage from massive tsunamis generated by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. The physical disturbance caused by a tsunami may affect the coastal ecosystem, including the planktonic diatom community. We investigated seasonal changes in the diatom community structure at a coastal and an offshore station in Sendai Bay, from June 2011 (3 months after the tsunami) to April 2014. Diatom abundance increased at both stations during the spring. Sporadic increases were also recorded at the coastal station during the summer because of silicate input from river discharge. Seasonal succession of the diatom communities was similar at both the coastal and offshore stations. The onset of the spring bloom consisted mainly of Chaetoceros spp. when water temperatures were low. Subsequently, species such as Skeletonema costatum s.l. became dominant as salinity and nutrient concentrations decreased. Cell density decreased from summer into early winter. Leptocylindrus danicus became dominant in the summer, but was replaced by Thalassiosira cf. mala from autumn into winter. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that most of the variation in the diatom community could be explained by temperature, salinity, NO₃ ^?, NO₂ ^?, PO₄ ^3?, and SiO₂. In addition, the occurrence of diatom species before the tsunami showed a similar pattern to that after the tsunami, suggesting that the tsunami did not have a serious impact on the diatom community in Sendai Bay.     

台湾海峡野生牙鲆人工繁殖和育苗技术研究

2003年12月至2004年5月对台湾海峡的野生牙鲆进行了亲鱼的驯养、促熟产卵及人工育苗技术研究.结果表明,活的鲻鱼苗可用于牙鲆亲鱼的诱食;当水温达到16.2~19.5℃时,牙鲆可自然产卵,产卵盛期为3月中旬至4月上旬.4月份受精率高达86%.在驯养过程中亲鱼未发生死亡.本实验共用受精卵约153万粒,孵出仔鱼140.8万尾,孵化率达92%.经63d培育,育出全长3.8~5.5cm幼鱼53.4万尾,成活率37.9%.育苗水温为20~24℃,海水盐度为26~31.     

Density,biomass and community structure of demersal fishes off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan

Demersal fish communities were studied on the lower continental shelf and the upper continental slope along the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. Species composition, number and weight of each species were examined based on otter trawl samples at 45 stations. Mean density and biomass of demersal fishes were 131 ha^–1 and 21 kg ha^–1, respectively. The ten most abundant species comprised of about 95% of total number and weight of overall catch indicating simple species composition. Gadiform fishesTheragra chalcogramma, Gadus macrocephalus andPhysiculus maximowiczi were the most important species by number, weight and frequency of occurrences, and three main community types represented by the three key species were recognized.Theragra-dominant community showed higher density and biomass, and lower diversity thanPhysiculus-dominant community did. Species diversity of demersal fish community was negatively correlated to density and biomass. Density and biomass of demersal fish community were high on the uppermost slope, and the high abundance resulted from low-diversity communities dominated byT. chalcogramma andG. macrocephalus.     

南方池养牙鲆全人工配合饲料饲养试验

采用全人工配合饲料(试验组饲料)与湿颗粒饲料 (对照组饲料 )对南方池养牙鲆进行为期 204d的饲养试验.结果表明,试验组与对照组牙鲆的尾相对增重率分别为 2 304%、2 297%,尾平均日增重差异不大,平均饲料系数分别为 1. 56、2. 58,牙鲆增重 1kg所需饲料成本分别为 10. 92元和 13. 55元,试验组比对照组节省饲料成本2. 63元 /kg鱼增重;试验组与对照组牙鲆平均内脏比 (分别为 6. 50%、6. 38% )、平均丰满度(分别为 1. 09、1. 07)、肌肉粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量等差异不显著(p>0. 05),10种必需氨基酸和 5种鲜味氨基酸的含量很接近.由此可见,南方池养牙鲆采用全人工配合饲料饲养是完全可行的.     

Phytoplankton community structure in Otsuchi Bay,northeastern Japan,after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami

The tsunami caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake seriously damaged the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. In addition to its direct disturbance, a tsunami can indirectly affect coastal pelagic ecosystems via topographical and environmental changes. We investigated seasonal changes in the phytoplankton community structure in Otsuchi Bay, northeastern Japan, from May 2011, which was 2 months after the tsunami, to May 2013. The phytoplankton species composition in May 2011 was similar to that observed in May 2012 and 2013. The present results are consistent with the dominant species and water-mass indicator species of phytoplankton in past records. These results suggest that there was no serious effect of the tsunami on the phytoplankton community in Otsuchi Bay. Community analysis revealed that two distinct seasonal communities appeared in each year of the study period. The spring–summer community was characterized by warm-water Chaetoceros species, and dinoflagellates appeared from May to September. The fall–winter community was characterized by cold neritic diatoms, which appeared from November to March. The succession from the spring–summer community to the fall–winter community took place within a particular water mass, and the fall–winter community appeared in both the surface water and the Oyashio water mass, suggesting that water-mass exchange is not the only factor that determines the phytoplankton community structure in Otsuchi Bay.     

Spatial and temporal shifts in suitable habitat of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)

Factors influencing suitable habitats of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) within the Galveston Bay Complex (GBC), Texas, were assessed using generalized additive models (GAM). Fishery independent data collected with bag seines throughout the GBC from 1999 to 2009 were used to predict the probability of southern flounder occurrence. Binomial GAMs were used to assess presence/absence of southern flounder and models included temporal variables, benthic variables such as distance to habitats generated within a geographic information system, and physicochemical conditions of the water column. Separate models were generated for newly settled southern flounder, young-of-the-year (YOY) southern flounder observed in the summer, and YOY southern flounder observed in fall based on size and collection month. Factors affecting southern flounder occurrence changed seasonally, as did the corresponding shifts in the spatial distribution of suitable habitat. Temporal effects (year and month) were retained in all models. Physicochemical conditions (temperature, turbidity, and measures of environmental variability), and the presence of seagrass beds were influential for newly settled southern flounder. Distance to marine and/or freshwater sources were found to be important for YOY southern flounder in the summer and fall seasons. The abundance of brown shrimp was found to only influence the distribution of YOY southern flounder in the fall, when intermediate abundances of the potential prey item increased the occurrence of southern flounder. After model completion, the availability and spatial distribution of suitable habitat within the GBC was predicted using available environmental and spatial data for 2005. Spatial distributions of predicted suitable habitat stress the relative importance of West Bay during the newly settled stage and in the fall season, and Upper Bay during the summer and fall of the first year of life. These models demonstrate the potential dynamics of suitable habitats for juvenile southern flounder and provide insight into ontogenetic shifts in habitat preference during the first year of life.     

褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)与狭鳞庸鲽(Hippoglossus stenolepis)头颅骨骼特征的比较研究

文中对褐牙鲆和狭鳞庸鲽的头颅骨骼进行了比较研究。两者共同特征均有眼间隔发达、无眶蝶骨、翼蝶骨不发达 ,上枕骨与额骨连接 ,左右颅顶骨分离 ,但无基蝶骨 ,也没有伪头中骨。褐牙鲆与狭鳞庸鲽在骨骼形状结构上的分异多停留于骨块的形状、大小差异及嵴的发达程度上 ,其主要区别体现在围眼眶骨、鼻区骨块和颌齿排列等。最后还讨论了褐牙鲆和狭鳞庸鲽的特化以及鲽形目的起源问题。从骨骼结构看 ,鲽形目应起源于鲈形目而不是鲱形目     

Trace metals in seawater and copepods in the ocean outfall area off the northern Taiwan coast

The distribution, partitioning and concentrations of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in seawater, including dissolved and particulate phases, and in copepods in the ocean outfall area off the northern coast of Taiwan were investigated. Normalization of metal concentrations to the background metal concentration to yield relative enrichment factors (EF), which were used to evaluate the contamination of dissolved and particulate trace metals in seawater around the ocean outfall. The EF results indicated that the outfall area was significantly contaminated by dissolved Fe and Zn, and by particulate Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. In addition, most trace metals were chiefly in the particulate phase. The average percentage of total metal concentrations (dissolved plus particulate phases) bound by suspended particulate matter followed the sequence Al(95%) = Mn(95%) > Pb(88%) > Cu(86%) > Fe(72%) > Zn(32%) > Cr(17.5%) > Cd(3.4%). Therefore, metal contamination is better evaluated in solid phase than in the dissolved phase. The concentration ranges of trace metals in the copepods, Temora turbinata, Oncaea venusta and Euchaeta rimana, near the outfall were: Cd, 0.23-1.81 microg g(-1); Cr, 16.5-195 microg g(-1); Cu, 14-160 microg g(-1); Fe, 256-7255 microg g(-1); Mn, 5.5-80.8 microg g(-1); Pb, 2.6-56.2 microg g(-1); Zn, 132-3891 microg g(-1); and Al, 0.21-1.13%. Aluminum, and probably Fe, seemed to be the major elements in copepods. The concentrations of trace metals in copepods, especially Temora turbinata, near the outfall were generally higher than those obtained in the background station. The mean increase in bioconcentration factor of metals in copepods ranged from 4 to 7 and followed the sequence Al(6.4) > Cu(6.2) > Fe(6.0) > Zn(5.7) > Pb(5.6) > Cr(5.5) > Cd(5.1) > Mn(4.7). Therefore, marine copepods in the waters of northern Taiwan can accumulate trace metals over background concentrations and act as contamination indicators.     

南海北部次表层高盐水的季节变化及其与西北太平洋环流的关系

次表层高盐水(34.68‰)作为北太平洋热带水(NPTW)的示踪,可用来研究黑潮入侵,了解南海与太平洋的水体交换。文章利用基于高分辨率混合坐标海洋模式(HYCOM)的海洋再分析资料,研究了南海北部次表层高盐水的季节变化及其影响因子。模拟结果显示,南海北部高盐水位于100~200m水深,最西可达111°E,其体积存在明显的季节变化,12月达到极大值,6月达到极小值。进一步的分析表明,其季节变化主要受低纬度西北太平洋大尺度环流的调制,与北赤道流分叉点位置的季节变化(1月到达最北端、6月到达最南端)呈现很好的相关性。受太平洋大尺度风场的影响,北赤道流分叉点上半年(下半年)向南(北)移动,导致黑潮输运增强(减弱),通过吕宋海峡进入南海的盐通量减少(增加),从而使南海次表层高盐水的盐度降低(升高)。吕宋海峡断面的流速和盐通量分布特征显示,西太平洋高盐水主要通过吕宋海峡中部(20°~21°18'N)进入南海北部。     

Seasonal variation in the relationship between otolith radius and fish length in the pilchard off South West Africa

The relationship between otolith radius and fish length in the pilchard Sardinops ocellata off South West Africa is shown to vary seasonally. This phenomenon may explain the sinuous nature of the relationships between body part and fish length in other studies. The seasonal variation is too large to be accounted for solely by ingrowth of the hyaline ring by opaque material. The otolith radius: fish length ratio shows a weak negative correlation with fish growth rate (r = ?0,7547, p = 0,1–0,05).     

长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系

本文根据2016?2017年在长山列岛邻近海域开展的渔业资源和环境季度调查数据,利用两阶段广义可加模型分析了该海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与相关因子之间的关系.结果表明,长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度具有明显的季节变化,春、秋季资源丰度高于冬、夏季;褐牙鲆春、秋季主要分布在120.5°～122.5°E水域,夏、冬季...     

牙鲆淋巴囊肿病自愈过程中细胞因子的表达研究

中国北方养殖牙鲆的淋巴囊肿病一般发生在水温较低的10～12月,之后随水温的升高肿瘤脱落、出现自愈现象.搞清自愈机理.是有效抑制和减少淋巴囊肿病的重要科学内容.本文研究了不同饲育水温下健康和患淋巴囊肿病牙鲆细胞因子的表达变化,仞步探讨了细胞因子在肿瘤自愈中的作用.通过模拟养殖中的水温变化,采用荧光定量PCR(re-al-time fluorescence quantitative PCR)技术.检测了14,18,22和26℃下牙鲆肝、脾、头肾组织中6种细胞因子(白细胞介素1β(1L-1β)、Mx蛋白(Mx)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)、趋化因子(IL-8)和趋化因子受体(IL-8R))表达变化.结果表明.患病牙鲆肝、脾、头肾组织中的IL-8、IL-8R、Mx、IL-1β、TNF和TNFR-1表达量随温度升高而显著升高;健康牙鲆上述细胞因子的表达基本未出现随温度升高而显著上升的现象.本试验结果响应了养殖水温升高肿瘤脱落的现象,提示上述细胞因子在淋巴囊肿病自愈过程中可能发挥了抗病毒作用.