伊洛河流域典型地区森林景观格局动态

以野外调查资料和1983~1999年森林资源分布图为主要信息源,用ARC/INFO作为空间信息处理工具,采用斑块数、平均斑块面积、破碎化指数、斑块伸长指数、分数维、稳定度等指标分析了近20年来伊洛河流域中部典型地区的森林景观格局动态。结果表明,(1) 研究区内森林总面积在增加,斑块数量迅速增大,由556块增至1 494块。其中以刺槐林、经济林和杨树林斑块数量增加最多。景观破碎化程度明显加大。(2) 森林景观要素中灌木林、刺槐林、经济林、杨树林、栎林等斑块的面积有所增加,而非林地、荒草地、疏林、油松林等斑块的面积有所减小;除杨树林外,各森林类型斑块的平均面积都在减小。 (3) 研究区内沟谷植被覆盖面积共减少了220 827.9 hm²;丘陵森林覆被面积由1983年的161 870.4 hm²增加到1999年的312 599.7 hm²,增加了93.1%;斑块数目由79块增加到758块,增加了860%。而丘陵地区斑块平均面积却大大减小;山地森林覆被面积有所减少,由1983年的375 348.6 hm²减小到1999年的338 733.9 hm²,而斑块数却大幅度增加,由1983年的432块增加到1999年的1 127块,增加了695块。(4) 研究区南北山坡森林景观格局变化明显不同,这与南北坡土地类型不同、人类活动方式不同和地形地势的差别有关。     

伊洛河流域森林景观变化驱动因素

1 Introduction Landscapes are the outcome of the interaction between socio-economic and natural forces (Wrbka et al., 2004). During the evolution of cultural landscapes throughout the world, human activities have become dominant factors shaping most lands…     

伊洛河流域的土地覆盖与景观动态分析

此项研究以洛宁为例，运用景观生态学的方法，分析了黄河中游地区的伊洛河流域在1984～1999年间由于人类活动产生的森林景观变化情况。在15a间，森林覆被变化较大，斑块数增加，景观破碎度增大。这些变化产生了空间上不同的景观，它反映出该区域人类对可持续的资源利用和经济条件。     

近20年来伊洛河流域典型地区森林景观格局动态

Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999,six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin.These indices include patch number,mean patch area,fragment index,patdch extension index,etc,The results showed that;(1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area,The fragment degree became very high.(2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes,The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999 ,The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest ,non- forest shrub forest ,sparse forest ,and Quercus species forest in creased rapidly,but that of economic forest became zero ,The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted.(3)The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomprhic regions.From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area,the gross number and the density of patch,diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines,but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased ,In hilly region,both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999,but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly,In mountain region,even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999 ,the patch number was increased greatly,the mean area of all patch types was reduced ,the extension index,diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased.Furthermore,because of different types of land use,human activtiy and terratin ,the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different.According to these analyses,the main driving forces,such as the policies of management,market economy,influence of human activities etc.are brought out.     

伊洛河流域不同地貌类型区的景观空间结构对比分析——以洛宁县为例

运用景观生态学原理,借助遥感和地理信息系统技术,选取斑块密度、边缘密度、分维数、景观多样性、景观优势度和破碎化指数等指标,对比分析了伊洛河流域的洛宁县不同地貌类型区的景观空间分布和空间格局特征,探讨了该地区不同地貌类型区人类活动与景观结构之间的关系。结果显示从南北中山区向内到南北低山区到南北塬陵区再到川涧区,斑块破碎化指数从0.0190到0.3225到0.4378再到0.1794,总体呈增加趋势,破碎化程度增大,川涧区则由于遥感影像解析精度问题,使得破碎化指数低于塬陵区;景观多样性指数从0.1828到0.3586到0.2983再到0.3634,总体也呈增大趋势;平均斑块分维数从1.1148到1.3854到1.2263再到1.3680,呈两低两高分布。     

赤水河流域中上游坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响

在喀斯特地区,较大的地表坡降和坡地开发强度导致承载在地表景观上的污染物因地势和降水加倍迁移到河水中。以赤水河流域中上游为研究区,分别在全子流域、子流域坡地、子流域陡坡地三个层面上提取景观结构、景观开发强度和景观格局指数,研究各级坡地景观特征对水质的影响。结果表明：① 与总林地相比坡林地对水质潜在的“汇”作用更加显著;占总耕地面积不足1/7的陡坡耕地、却对河水中总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度大小贡献显著（相关系数为0.608和0.614）。② 景观开发强度与各水质污染物指标呈现显著而稳定的正相关性,相关系数最高达0.960,它比单个景观对水质指标更具解释能力。③ 斑块形状复杂度、景观多样性、景观分离度均与水质污染物指标呈高度或显著正相关,且随着地形坡度的增大,水质污染物指标对景观散布与并列指数（IJI）和农香多样性指数（SHDI）越来越敏感。故减少对坡地尤其是陡坡地景观的不当人为干扰,对喀斯特地区流域水质保护有重要意义。     

地形对山地森林景观格局多尺度效应

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,3S技术为研究手段,分析了泰山的森林景观结构、景观异质性动态变化以及景观格局高程的分异。选择相对高差较大的区域设计了8个地形方位,采用3种由连续样方组成的辐射状样带,在遥感影像上进行信息采集,研究地形对森林景观格局的多尺度效应。分析了10个地形因子对森林景观分异的影响。结果表明:1.在景观尺度上,地形方位、海拔、山地类型是影响森林景观镶嵌格局的控制因素,坡向、坡度是重要因素,坡形、坡位是不明显因素;2.以TM影像为信息源,从森林景观分异和梯度分析上,首先要考虑海拔坡向指数、坡形坡位指数和海拔,并立足于地形方位;3.地形主要因子间存在着稳定的显著正相关,明显地对森林分异多尺度格局具有较强的综合解释能力,不论尺度大小对森林景观分异贡献率可稳定地达到70%左右,其解释量随尺度增大而增加,但可解释性减弱。     

广州市森林景观格局分析

在GIS支持下利用FRAGSTATS软件,以2005年广州市林业现状数据库为数据源,基于17个景观类型,分别用6个斑块级指数和8个景观级指数分析了广州市2005年森林景观分布格局.结果表明,广州市的森林景观总面积为2 961 km2,森林景观以阔叶混交林为主,占广州市森林总面积的40.83%.其中,森林景观面积最大的是从化市,达到1 396.65 km2,占该市土地总面积的70.73%.其次是增城市,其面积为864.08 km2,占53.45%.属于广州市区的天河区、黄埔区、萝岗区、番禺区、白云区和花都区的森林景观总面积占其各区总面积的比例<40%,南部的番禺区所占比例仅6.66%.广州市各县级行政区域间的森林景观分布格局差异性较大,同时,城市化水平与森林景观的破碎化程度有很大关系.但是,在景观级水平上,森林景观多样性在各县级行政区间的差异不大,各森林景观斑块的分布较为均匀,同质性较大.     

庐山森林景观美学质量与景观格局指数的关系

森林景观美学价值和生态可持续价值是森林景观系统中两种主要的价值。采集一系列典型森林景观照片,将这些景观照片对公众进行审美评价,并判别他们的景观生态特征,最后进行景观美学质量与景观格局指数之间相互关系的研究。本文得出了以下主要结论：（1）美景度值（SBE值）与景观组分指数中的水域所占面积比存在很强的正相关（r=0．472,P〈0．01）,与自然性指数也有较强的正相关（r=0．368,P〈O．05）;而与建筑所占面积比存在很强的负相关（r=-0．422,P〈O．01）。（2）SBE值与景观格局指数中的斑块密度（r=-0．489,P〈0．01）存在显著的负相关,而与边界密度（r=0．481,P〈o．01）、多样性指数（r=0．602,P％0．01）存在显著的正相关。（3）SBE值与开放性指数、最大斑块面积比和形状指数之间并没有显著的相关性。     

区域地理环境因素对中国流感发病的影响分析

为研究中国流感发病率的时空分布规律及区域地理环境因素对流感发病的影响,通过统计分析得到中国流感发病的时间规律以及运用空间自相关分析法得到中国流感发病的空间分布特点;应用地理探测器模型、Spearman相关分析得到与流感发病相关的区域地理环境因素;根据各区域地理环境因素和流感发病率所构建的GWR模型,得到局部回归系数在中国范围内的分布特征。结果显示：以12月、1月为代表的冬季和以3月为代表的春季在同年表现出流感高发的特征。夏季流感高发的地区集中在华南、华中地区,冬季则集中在华北、西北地区。降水量对流感的发病率影响呈现出较为明显的区域特征。中国的高纬度地区,平均气温与流感的发病率呈现负相关;低纬度地区,呈现正相关。日照时数对流感发病的影响在总体上表现为负相关。平均相对湿度与流感发病率的关系在中国的西北部地区表现为明显的负相关,而在东南部地区表现为明显正相关。     

Driving factors of forest landscape change in Yiluo River basin

The expansion of agriculture is posited as one of the main dynamics of forest landscape change globally, and the robust modeling of these processes is important for policy as well as academic concern. This paper concerns a relatively small area of Yiluo River catchment where considerable attention has been paid to slow down the process of the expansion of agriculture into the remaining natural forests. In the present study, we reconstructed the former forest landscape structure and elucidated the landscape change during a period of about 15 years. Three sets (1987, 1996 and 2002) of maps derived from Landsat-5 images were used for analyses. The result showed that there was a decrease in the area of the forest landscape from 995.60 km2 in 1987 to 650.50 km2 in 2002. Then we examined the degree to which forest landscape conversion could be attributed to a set of factors identified as significant at broader scales, namely topography, distribution of the village clusters (centroids), distance from villages (centroids), and distance from forest edge (1987). By using “spatial analysis” in Arc/gis 8.3, the correlation between forest landscape change and driving factors was constructed. This study found that forest landscape conversion in this region was largely explained by elevation, slope and proximity to village.     

Forest landscape patterns dynamics of Yihe-Luohe river basin

Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999, six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin. These indices include patch number, mean patch area, fragment index, patch extension index, etc. The results showed that: (1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area. The fragment degree became very high. (2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes. The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999. The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest, non-forest, shrub forest, sparse forest, and Quercus species forest increased rapidly, but that of economic forest became zero. The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted. (3) The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomorphic regions. From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area, the gross number and the density of patch, diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines, but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased. In hilly region, both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999, but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly. In mountain region, even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999, the patch number was increased greatly, the mean area of all patch types was reduced, the extension index, diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased. Furthermore, because of different types of land use, human activity and terrain, the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different. According to these analyses, the main driving forces, such as the policies of management, market economy, influence of human activities etc. are brought out.     

河南伊洛河流域更新世地貌演变及驱动评述

根据野外调查,结合相关文献,利用GIS制图与空间分析功能对伊洛河流域更新世地貌特征与演化进行了分析,在原有地貌类型基础上划分若干地貌单元,对各类地貌单元的海拔高度、坡度、面积及比例进行量算,并对地貌演变的气候与构造驱动进行评述,为区域早期人地关系研究奠定基础.结果显示,晚第三纪以来发生的新构造运动,在区域主要表现为间歇性的抬升,其对区域宏观地貌特征的形成起到决定作用.新近纪以来的气候冷、暖、干、湿的交替波动,在地貌发育过程中起到较小尺度下的修塑作用,主要表现为堆积、侵蚀等不同特征.伊洛河流域现代地貌特征的形成是构造、气候等因素共同作用的结果.尽管燕山运动奠定了伊洛河流域的地貌轮廓,但在内外力共同作用下,区域地貌不断演变,现代地貌特征逐步形成且仍在不断演化之中.     

伊洛河流域开发战略研究

伊洛河流域复杂的自然条件、丰富的自然资源以及悠久的开发历史,使其具有独特的人文环境和地域经济.基于伊洛河流域的基本特征和存在的主要问题,为实现流域可持续发展,提出了应坚持以经济发展优先、富县与富民相结合、各区段协调发展、经济发展与生态环境保护相协调等为基本原则,以优化农业空间生产结构、改善经济网络结构、合理开发自然资源、引导农村工业发展和积极开展生态旅游等为战略重点实施流域开发.     

气候和土地利用变化对径流变化影响研究——以伊洛河流域伊河上游地区为例

在实际调查基础上,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,分析伊洛河流域伊河上游地区气候和土地利用变化对径流变化的影响。结果显示,在研究区域中,林地面积最大,1987-2008年,林地、库塘和建设用地面积持续增加,草地、河流和未利用地面积持续减少,耕地面积则先增加后减少。20世纪80年代以来,土地利用变化在不同阶段都使得年平均径流量减小;80-90年代,气候变化使得年平均径流量减小,而90年代到2000年以后,气候变化使得年平均径流量增加,这与90年代年平均降水量减少,而2000年以后年平均降水量增加密切相关。