Slab melt and intraplate metasomatism in Kapfenstein mantle xenoliths (Styrian Basin, Austria)

Anhydrous and amphibole-bearing mantle peridotite xenoliths from Kapfenstein (Styrian Basin) have been studied with the aim of understanding both the processes responsible for amphibole formation and the nature of metasomatizing agents which affected this portion of lithosphere. This area of the Pannonian Basin underwent a subduction event which was followed after about 15 Ma, by alkaline intraplate magmatism. Primary clinopyroxene (cpx1) in four-phase lherzolite xenoliths is characterized by LREE-depleted to slightly LREE-enriched patterns. LREE-depleted cpx1 have low Th and U contents and Zr (and Hf) anomalies varying from slightly negative to positive. LREE-enriched cpx have high Th and U contents and remarkable positive anomalies of Zr and Hf. Primary clinopyroxenes in amphibole-bearing lherzolites present a comparable compositional variation from LREE (and Th, U, Zr, Hf)-depleted type to LREE (and Th, U, Zr, Hf)-enriched type. LREE-depleted cpx1, with strong negative Zr and Ti anomalies, are also recognized in the peridotite matrix of a composite sample cut by a large amphibole vein. Textural and geochemical evidence indicates that amphibole disseminated within the matrix grew at the expense of primary spinel and clinopyroxene, mimicking the trace element patterns of the latter. As a consequence, the geochemical features of amphibole vary in relation to those of clinopyroxene, from enriched to depleted. On the other hand, the composition of vein amphibole in the composite xenolith compares well with amphibole megacrysts and microphenocrysts, suggesting that it represents a fractionation product of alkaline melt that passed through the lithosphere. Two kinds of metasomatism, superimposed on a slightly depleted lithospheric mantle, were identified. A slab-derived melt (proto-adakite?) metasomatic agent was responsible for the first enrichment in Th, U, Zr and Hf observed in clinopyroxene, whereas an alkaline within-plate metasomatic agent caused the formation of the Nb (and Ta)- rich disseminated amphibole. The final process was the alkaline magmatism, which was responsible for the formation of the large amphibole vein and megacrysts. It is proposed that the Nb-poor and Nb-rich amphiboles record the transition between the suprasubduction slab melt-related and the intraplate alkaline metasomatism.

These geochemical features are consistent with a lithospheric portion enriched in slab melt components which was subsequently metasomatized by alkaline melt. Alternatively an asthenospheric uprising could have scavenged a previously slab melt-enriched region of the lithosphere.     

High-precision high field strength element partitioning between garnet, amphibole and alkaline melt from Kakanui, New Zealand

The high field strength elements (HFSE: Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and W) are an important group of chemical tracers that are increasingly used to investigate magmatic differentiation processes. Successful modeling of these processes requires the availability of accurate mineral-melt partition coefficients (D). To date, these have largely been determined by ion microprobe or laser ablation-ICP-MS analyses of the run products of high-pressure, high-temperature experiments. Since HFSE are (highly) incompatible, relatively immobile, high-charge, and difficult to ionize, these experiments and their analysis are challenging. Here we explore whether high-precision analyses of natural mineral-melt systems can provide additional constraints on HFSE partitioning.The HFSE concentrations in natural garnet and amphibole and their alkaline host melt from Kakanui, New Zealand are determined with high precision isotope dilution on a multi-collector-ICP-MS. Major and trace element compositions combined with Lu-Hf isotopic systematics and detailed petrographic sample analysis are used to assess mineral-melt equilibrium and to provide context for the HFSE D measurements. The whole-rock nephelinite, ∼1 mm sized amphiboles in the nephelinite, and garnet megacrysts have similar initial Hf isotope ratios with a mean initial ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf_{(34 Ma)} = 0.282900 ± 0.000026 (2σ). In contrast, the amphibole megacrysts are isotopically distinct (¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf_{(34 Ma)} = 0.282830 ± 0.000011). Rare earth element D values for garnet megacryst-nephelinite melt and ∼1 mm amphibole-nephelinite melt plotted as a function of ionic radii show classic near-parabolic trends that are in excellent agreement with crystal lattice-strain models. These observations are consistent with equilibrium between the whole-rock nephelinite, the ∼1 mm amphibole grains within the nephelinite and the garnet megacrysts.High-precision isotope dilution results for Zr and Hf in garnet (D_Zr = 0.220 ± 0.007 and D_Hf = 0.216 ± 0.005 [2σ]), and for all HFSE in amphibole are consistent with previous experimental findings. However, our measurements for Nb and Ta in garnet (D_Nb = 0.0007 ± 0.0001 and D_Ta = 0.0011 ± 0.0006 [2σ]) show that conventional methods may overestimate Nb and Ta concentrations, thereby overestimating both Nb and Ta absolute D values for garnet by up to 3 orders of magnitude and underestimating D_Nb/D_Ta by greater than a factor of 100. As a consequence, the role of residual garnet in imposing Nb/Ta fractionation may be less important than previously thought. Moreover, garnet D_Hf/D_W = 17 and D_Nb/D_Zr = 0.003 imply fractionation of Hf from W and Nb from Zr upon garnet crystallization, which may have influenced short-lived ¹⁸²Hf-¹⁸²W and ⁹²Nb-⁹²Zr isotopic systems in Hadean time.     

Metasomatism of the Pan-African lithospheric mantle beneath the Damara Belt,Namibia, by the Tristan mantle plume: geochemical evidence from mantle xenoliths

In situ trace element analyses of constituent minerals in mantle xenoliths occurring in an alnöite diatreme and in nephelinite plugs emplaced within the central zone of the Damara Belt have been determined by laser ablation ICP-MS. Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns of clinopyroxene and amphibole indicate the presence of both depleted MORB-like mantle and variably enriched mantle beneath this region. Clinopyroxenes showing geochemical depletion have low La/Sm_n ratios (0.02–0.2), whereas those showing variable enrichment have La/Sm_n ranging up to 3.8 and La/Yb_n to 9.1. The most enriched clinopyroxenes coexist with amphibole showing similar REE patterns (La/Sm_n = 1.3–4.1; La/Yb_n = 4.5–9). Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns allow further groups to be distinguished amongst the variably enriched clinopyroxenes: one having strong relative depletion in Rb–Ba, Ta–Nb and relative enrichment in Th–U; another with similar characteristics but with additional strong relative depletion in Zr–Hf; and one showing no significant anomalies. Amphiboles show similar normalized trace element patterns to co-existing clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxene and amphiboles showing LREE_N enrichment have high Sr and low Nd isotope ratios compared to clinopyroxene with LREE-depleted patterns. Numerical simulation of melt percolation through the mantle via reactive porous flow is used to show that the chromatographic affect associated with such a melt migration process is able to account for the fractionation seen in La–Ce–Nd in cryptically metasomatized clinopyroxenes in Type 1 xenoliths, where melt–matrix interactions occur near the percolation front, whereas REE patterns in clinopyroxenes proximal to the source of metasomatic melt/fluid match those found in modally metasomatized Type 2 xenoliths. The strong fractionation between Rb–Ba, Th–U and Ta–Nb shown by some cryptically metasomatized xenoliths can be also accounted for by reactive porous flow, provided amphibole crystallizes from the percolating melt/fluid close to its source. The presence of amphibole in vein-like structures in some xenoliths is consistent with this interpretation. The strong depletion in Zr–Hf in clinopyroxene and amphibole in some xenoliths cannot be accounted for by melt migration processes and requires metasomatism by a separate carbonate-rich melt/fluid. When taken together with published isotope data on these same xenoliths, the source of metasomatic enrichment of the previously depleted (MORB-like) sub-Damaran lithospheric mantle is attributed to the upwelling Tristan plume head at the time of continental breakup.     

Geochemical characteristics of Tukureswari and Barbhita granitoid in Goalpara district,Assam

Late intrusive Tukureswari granitoids (TKG) and the Barbhita granitoids (BBG) of Goalpara district in western Assam constitute an important component of the continental crust of the Shillong Plateau. Thus, the geochemical study of these two granitoids involving their origin, classification and petrogenetic significance would be a contribution towards a better understanding of the evolution of continental crust of the Shillong Plateau.The major oxide and trace element geochemistry reveals several genetic issues on these two granitoids. The I-type affinity of the TKG is indicated from the geochemical features such as high TiO₂, P₂O₅ and K₂O contents, low normative corundum (< 1%), high Na₂O/K₂O ratios, and low concentrations of Ni, Co and Cr. Further, enriched LREE-LILE and HFSE depletion, as well as the normal calc-alkaline nature of arc affinity (e.g., enhanced LILE abundance and low HFSE/LILE ratios) of the TKG indicate subduction-related magmatism. TheTKG are also categorized as a deep-level pluton, being enriched in LREE and depleted in total REE and HFSE (Y, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf). The high La/Nb ratio (1.9–8.6), negative Nb and Ti anomalies also suggest orogenic related magmatism.On the other hand, the geochemistry of the BBG reveal a high Niggli Si and Mg values, slightly high normative corundum values (2.16–3.41), high Th/Ta, Y/Nb, La/Nb, K₂O/Na₂O, and Rb/Sr ratios. It also shows ASI, K, Rb, and U contents, prominent depletion of Nb, Sr and Ti on the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element spider diagrams and a low concentrations of Cu, Cr, V and Na₂O (> 3.2%). All these geochemical characteristics provide strong evidences in support of a sedimentary parentage for Barbhita granitoids (BBG) and are dominantly of S-type.     

Trace Element Residence and Partitioning in Mantle Xenoliths Metasomatized by Highly Alkaline, Silicate- and Carbonate-rich Melts (Kerguelen Islands, Indian Ocean)

Mantle xenoliths in alkaline lavas of the Kerguelen Islandsconsist of: (1) protogranular, Cr-diopside-bearing harzburgite;(2) poikilitic, Mg-augite-bearing harzburgite and cpx-poor lherzolite;(3) dunite that contains clinopyroxene, spinel phlogopite, andrarely amphibole. Trace element data for rocks and mineralsidentify distinctive signatures for the different rock typesand record upper-mantle processes. The harzburgites reflectan initial partial melting event followed by metasomatism bymafic alkaline to carbonatitic melts. The dunites were firstformed by reaction of a harzburgite protolith with tholeiiticto transitional basaltic melts, and subsequently developed metasomaticassemblages of clinopyroxene + phlogopite ± amphiboleby reaction with lamprophyric or carbonatitic melts. We measuredtwo-mineral partition coefficients and calculated mineral–meltpartition coefficients for 27 trace elements. In most samples,calculated budgets indicate that trace elements reside in theconstituent minerals. Clinopyroxene is the major host for REE,Sr, Y, Zr and Th; spinel is important for V and Ti; orthopyroxenefor Ti, Zr, HREE, Y, Sc and V; and olivine for Ni, Co and Sc. KEY WORDS: mantle xenoliths; mantle metasomatism; partition coefficients; Kerguelen Islands; trace elements     

Kankan diamonds (Guinea) I: from the lithosphere down to the transition zone

Peridotitic inclusions in alluvial diamonds from the Kankan region of Guinea in West Africa are mainly of lherzolitic paragenesis. Nevertheless, extreme Cr₂O₃ contents (max. 17 wt%) in some of the exclusively lherzolitic garnets document that the diamond source experienced a previous stage of melt extraction in the spinel stability field. This initial depletion was followed by at least two metasomatic stages: (1) enrichment of LREE and Sr and (2) introduction mainly of MREE–HREE and other HFSE (Ti, Y, Zr, Hf). The Ti- and HFSE-poor character of stage (1) points towards a CHO-rich fluid or carbonatitic melt, the high HFSE in stage (2) favour silicate melts as enriching agent. Eclogitic inclusions are derived from a large depth interval ranging from the lithosphere through the asthenosphere into the transition zone. The occurrence of negative Eu anomalies in garnet and clinopyroxene from both lithosphere and transition zone suggests a possible relationship to subducted oceanic crust. Lithospheric eclogitic inclusions are derived from heterogeneous sources, that may broadly be divided into a low-Ca group with LREE depleted trace element patterns and a high-Ca group representing a source with negative LREE–HREE slope that is moderately enriched in incompatible elements relative to primitive mantle. High-Ca inclusions of majoritic paragenesis are significantly more enriched in incompatible elements, such as in Sr and LREE. Calculated whole rock compositions require metasomatic enrichment even if a derivation from MORB is assumed. Received: 26 January 2000 / Accepted: 18 May 2000     

Geochemistry and geochronology of mafic rocks from the Vespor suite in the Juruena arc,Roosevelt-Juruena terrain,Brazil: Implications for Proterozoic crustal growth and geodynamic setting of the SW Amazonian craton

This study presents new geochemical data on rocks from the Vespor suite, an important mafic unit from the Juruena arc, Roosevelt-Juruena terrain, SW Amazonian craton, northwest Mato Grosso, Brazil, attempting to define their tectonic setting and type of mantle source. The Juruena arc may be part of a magmatic belt (Jamari and Juruena arcs) at the southwestern Amazonian craton during assembly of the Columbia supercontinent. The investigated rocks represent a Paleoproterozoic subduction-related mafic suite of sigmoidal bodies, composed mainly of gabbro, norite, gabbronorite and diorite, that underwent amphibolite facies metamorphism. Here we present also preliminary petrology aspects and zircon U–Pb geochronology. Geochemical character and variation trends of major and trace elements as well as selected trace element ratios suggest that Vespor suite rocks have a tholeiitic lineage of arc affinity controlled by fractional crystallization with a prominent iron enrichment trend. Gabbros, norites and gabbronorites are characterized by enrichment of LILE and weakly to moderately differentiated HFSE patterns, suggesting their deviation from an enriched heterogeneous lithospheric mantle source. Vespor suite rocks are characterized by depletion of Nb–Ta, P and Ti, with flat distribution of HFSE, markedly large variations in most of the LILE, positive anomalies displayed by Ba, K, Th, Sr, Pb and weak negative anomalies of Hf–Zr. These features reflect limited degrees of crustal contamination associated with a subduction-related magma process where the mantle wedge was chemically modified. In addition, the enrichment in LILE and Pb, low values of the ratios (La_n/Sm_n – 0.83 to 4.58) and (Nb_n/La_n – 0.04 to 0.45), but high Th/Yb ratios, gently to moderately sloping REE profiles (La/Yb_n = 2.53–7.37), negative anomalies in HFSE (Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti), and positive anomalies in LILE (Th, Ba, Sr), suggest derivation from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle source above a subduction zone with weak crustal contamination. Both the composition of the mantle source and the degree of partial melting that produced the parental magmas of these rocks, determined by using REE abundance and ratios, indicate that gabbroic/dioritic melts were generated at different degrees of melting of the source: about 5–20% partial melting of a garnet-spinel lherzolite, around 1–10% partial melting of spinel lherzolite source, and approximately 1–5% partial melting of intermediate source composition, and crystallizing between 1.773 and 1.764 Ma.     

Trace elemental and PGE geochemical constraints of Mesozoic and Cenozoic peridotitic xenoliths on lithospheric evolution of the North China Craton

Whole-rock major, trace, and platinum-group elemental (PGE) data, and major and trace element compositions of diopsides are reported for peridotite xenoliths from (1) early Mesozoic volcanic breccias in Xinyang, located at the southern margin of the North China Craton, and (2) Cenozoic basalts in Hebi and Shanwang, both of which are situated within the craton and lie on the North-South Gravity Line and the Tanlu fault zone, respectively. The early Mesozoic Xinyang xenoliths are harzburgites containing <2% Cpx with high Cr^# and enriched in LREE but depleted in HFSE. These xenoliths have chondritic Pd/Ir (1.9-6.6) and Ru/Ir (3.5-4.0) ratios and high Ni and low CaO, Al₂O₃, and S contents, indicating derivation from a highly refractory mantle that experienced carbonatitic metasomatism. Negative Ce (mean δCe = 0.50) and low Mg/Si ratios of the Xinyang peridotites record the addition of crustal components likely produced from subducted continental material of the Yangtze Craton in the early Mesozoic. The subduction-related modification of the lithospheric mantle was limited to the area close to the collision zone rather than being pervasive throughout the craton. The Cenozoic Hebi peridotite xenoliths are harzburgites with ≤4.5% Cpx and have low CaO and Al₂O₃ but high Ni contents, chondritic Ru/Ir ratios (2.5-5.4), and a wide range of CaO/Al₂O₃, Na₂O/TiO₂, Pt/Ir (0.4-2.3), and Pd/Pt (1.1-8.5) ratios. These peridotites are interpreted as the shallow relics of the cratonic mantle. In contrast, the Cenozoic Shanwang xenoliths are lherzolites (5.6%-19.5% Cpx), which have low Ni contents and low Ni/Cu and Mg/Si ratios, but high CaO, Al₂O₃, S, and HREE contents, and relatively high Ru/Ir and Pd/Ir ratios. The Shanwang peridotites show pronounced positive Ti and Sr, negative Th, and slightly negative Y, Zr, and Hf anomalies. They are believed to represent newly accreted fertile lithospheric mantle derived from cooling of upwelling asthenosphere. The documented temporal and spatial variations in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic mantle support the previous suggestion that the buoyant refractory continental keel in the eastern part of the North China Craton was heterogeneously replaced by younger fertile lithospheric mantle in the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary.     

High Field Strength Element Fractionation in the Upper Mantle: Evidence from Amphibole-Rich Composite Mantle Xenoliths from the Kerguelen Islands (Indian Ocean)

A basanite dyke in the Kerguelen Archipelago contains abundantcomposite mantle xenoliths consisting of spinel-bearing dunitescross-cut by amphibole-rich veins. Two types of veins (thickand thin) have been distinguished: the thick veins representalmost complete crystallization products of highly alkalinemelts similar to the host basanites, whereas thin veins areprecipitates from fractionates of the parental melts to thethick veins. These fractionated fluids are enriched in H₂O relativeto the parental melts. The amphiboles in the thin veins arelower in Ti and higher in Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf than amphibolesin the thick veins. This fractionation of high field strengthelements (HFSE) is consistent with a combination of the changingcomposition of the fractionated fluids and the change in intrinsicamphibole–fluid partition coefficients for HFSE in fluidswith higher a_H2O and lower a_TiO2. The trace element contentof amphiboles disseminated in dunitic wall-rocks is closelyrelated to the composition of adjacent veins and thus theseamphiboles are precipitates from fluids percolating into thedunite from the veins. Disseminated amphibole reflects the compositionof the percolating melt, which is similar to that of the associatedveins. KEY WORDS: mantle amphibole; Kerguelen; HFSE fractionation; mantle HFSE; mantle xenoliths     

Continental lithospheric evolution: Constraints from the geochemistry of felsic volcanic rocks in the Dharwar Craton,India

Felsic magmatism associated with ocean–ocean and ocean–continent subduction processes provide important evidence for distinct episodes of crust-generation and continental lithospheric evolution. Rhyolites constitute an integral component of the tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite (BADR) association and contribute to crustal growth processes at convergent plate margins. The evolution of the Dharwar Craton of southern peninsular India during Meso- to Neoarchean times was marked by extensive development of greenstone belts. These granite-greenstone terranes have distinct volcano-sedimentary associations consistent with their geodynamic setting. The present study deals with geochemistry of rhyolites from the Chitradurga-Shimoga greenstone belts of western (WDC) and the Gadwal-Kadiri greenstone belts of eastern (EDC) sectors of Dharwar Craton to compare and evaluate their petrogenesis and geodynamic setting and their control on the continental lithospheric evolution of the Dharwar Craton. At a similar range of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, the rhyolites of WDC are more potassic, whereas the EDC rhyolites are more sodic and less magnesian with slight increase in TiO₂. Minor increase in MgO content of WDC rhyolites reflects their ferromagnesian trace elements which are comparatively lower in the rhyolites of EDC. The relative enrichment in LILE (K, Rb) and depletion in HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) marked by negative Nb–Ta, Zr–Hf and Ti anomalies endorse the convergent margin processes for the generation of rhyolites of both the sectors of Dharwar Craton. The high silica potassic rhyolites of Shimoga and Chitradurga greenstone belts of WDC showing prominent negative Eu and Ti anomalies, flat HREE patterns correspond to Type 3 rhyolites and clearly point towards their generation and emplacement in an active continental margin environment. The geochemical characteristics of Gadwal and Kadiri rhyolites from eastern Dharwar Craton marked by aluminous compositions with low and fractionated HREE patterns and minor negative Eu anomalies are in conformity with Type 1 rhyolites and suggest that they were erupted in an intraoceanic island arc system. The overall geochemical systematics of the rhyolites from both the sectors of Dharwar Craton suggest a change in the geodynamic conditions from intraoceanic island arc of eastern Dharwar Craton and an active continental margin of western Dharwar marked by ocean–ocean subduction and migration of oceanic arc towards a continent followed by arc-continent collision that contributed for the evolution of continental lithosphere in the Dharwar Craton.     

Chemical and mineralogical evidence of the occurrence of mantle metasomatism by carbonate-rich melts in an oceanic environment (Santiago Island, Cape Verde)

Lavas from Santiago Island attest to a complex magmatic history, in which heterogeneous mantle source(s) and the interactions of advecting magmas with thick metasomatised oceanic lithosphere played an important role in the observed isotopic and trace element signatures. Young (<3.3 Ma) primitive lavas from Santiago Island are characterised by pronounced negative K anomalies and trace element systematics indicating that during partial melting D_K>D_Ce. These features suggest equilibration with an oceanic lithospheric mantle containing K-rich hydrous mineral assemblages, consistent with the occurrence of amphibole + phlogopite in associated metasomatised lherzolite xenoliths, where orthopyroxene is partially replaced by newly formed olivine + (CO₂ + spinel + carbonate inclusion-rich) clinopyroxene. Metasomatism induced a decrease in $ a ^{{{\text{melt}}}}_{{{\text{SiO}}_{{\text{2}}} }} $ and Ti/Eu ratios, as well as an increase in fO ₂ , Ca/Sc and Sr/Sm in the Santiago magmas, suggesting a carbonatitic composition for the metasomatic agent. Santiago primitive lavas are highly enriched in incompatible elements and show a moderate range in isotopic compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr?=?0.70318–0.70391, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd?=?0.51261–0.51287, ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf?=?0.28284–0.28297). Elemental and isotopic signatures suggest the involvement of HIMU and EM1-type mantle end-members, in agreement with the overall isotopic characteristics of the southern Cape Verde Islands. The overall geochemical characteristics of lavas from Santiago Island allow us to consider the EM1-like end-member as resulting from the involvement of subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the genesis of magmas on Santiago.     

Multiple Enrichment Processes and their Relationships in the Subcrustal Lithosphere Beneath the Eifel (Germany)

Three types of enrichment processes may be distinguished inspinel peridotite mantle xenoliths from the West Eifel (Germany):

1. Enrichmentof light rare earth elements (LREE) occurs in wholerocks andclinopyroxenes in conjunction with the formation ofTi-pooramphiboles (<0•5%) in a low-tempetature suite(900C).
2. Enrichment in high field strength elements (HFSE; Ti and Hf)is associated with strong zoning of TiO₂ in amphibole adjacentto mica hornblendite veins. A reheating from 900 to 1050C associatedwith this vein formation is reflected by the zoning profilesin orthopyroxenes with Ca, Al, and Cr increasing from core torim.
3. Moderate enrichment of LREE without amphibole formationin ahigh-temperature suite (1125C) is observed at the contactofperidotites to pyroxenite veins yielding the same temperature.
4. Based on geochemical and isotopic evidence, enrichment process(1) is inferred to be due to interaction of peridotites fromthe subcrustal lithosphere with low-density fluids. Process(2) represents a subsequent interaction of amphibole-bearingperidotites formed during the first process with basic meltsmoving through a system of cross-cutting dykes and veins. Processes(2) and (3) are linked to the Quaternary West Eifel volcanism.Geothermobarometry of the xenoliths shows that these processesare related to different depth regimes of the lower lithosphere.

     

相山两种不同成因角闪石的地球化学特征对比

通过详细研究相山两种不同成因角闪石的元素及同位素地球化学发现：江西相山铀矿田北部同时存在两种不同成因的角闪石：正变质成因的角闪石，寄主岩石为斜长角闪(片)岩，微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)(K,Rb，Th，Ta，U)、稍为富集Ti,Se和相对贫高场强元素(HFSE)(Zr，Hf,Y，Yb，Cr，HREE)为特征，稀土总量低，稀土分布型式为近水平型，δ^18O为7．95～8．58，显示变质火成岩的氧同位素特征；副变质成因的角闪石，寄主岩石为含石榴角闪石英片岩．微量元素以高度富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)(K，Rb，Th，U)、稍为富集Ta,Nb，Ce，Zr，Hf，Sm和相对贫高场强元素(HFSE)(Ti，Y，Yb，Cr)、强烈亏损Sc为特征，稀土总量高．轻重稀土相互分离程度高，轻稀土富集，O同位素组成(δ^18O)较高，为9．95～10．02，显示碎屑沉积变质岩的氧同位素特征。     

Roles of Melting and Metasomatism in the Formation of the Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Leizhou Peninsula, South China

This study characterizes the nature of fluid interaction andmelting processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Yingfenglingand Tianyang volcanoes, Leizhou Peninsula, South China, usingin situ trace-element analyses of clinopyroxene, amphibole andgarnet from a suite of mantle-derived xenoliths. Clinopyroxenesfrom discrete spinel lherzolites exhibit large compositionalvariations ranging from extremely light rare earth element (LREE)-depletedto LREE-enriched. Trace-element modelling for depleted samplesindicates that the Leizhou lherzolites are the residues of amantle peridotite source after extraction of 1–11% meltgenerated by incremental melting in the spinel lherzolite fieldwith the degree of melting increasing upwards from about 60km to 30 km. This process is consistent with gradational meltingat different depths in an upwelling asthenospheric column thatsubsequently cooled to form the current lithospheric mantlein this region. The calculated melt production rate of thiscolumn could generate mafic crust 5–6 km thick, whichwould account for most of the present-day lower crust. The formationof the lithospheric column is inferred to be related to Mesozoiclithosphere thinning. Al-augite pyroxenites occur in compositexenoliths; these are geochemically similar to HIMU-type oceanisland basalt. These pyroxenites postdate the lithospheric columnformation and belong to two episodes of magmatism. Early magmatism(forming metapyroxenites) is inferred to have occurred duringthe opening of the South China Sea Basin (32–15 Ma), whereasthe most recent magmatic episode (producing pyroxenites withigneous microstructures) occurred shortly before the eruptionof the host magmas (6–0·3 Ma). Trace-element traversesfrom the contacts of the Al-augite pyroxenite with the spinelperidotite wall-rock in composite xenoliths record gradientsin the strength and nature of metasomatic effects away fromthe contact, showing that equilibrium was not attained. Significantenrichment in highly incompatible elements close to the contacts,with only slight enrichment in Sr, LREE and Nb away from thecontact, is inferred to reflect the different diffusion ratesof specific trace elements. The observed geochemical gradientsin metasomatic zones show that Sr, La, Ce and Nb have the highestdiffusion rates, other REE are intermediate, and Zr, Hf andTi have the lowest diffusion rates. Lower diffusion rates observedfor Nb, Zr, Hf and Ti compared with REE may cause high fieldstrength element (HFSE) negative anomalies in metasomatizedperidotites. Therefore, metasomatized lherzolites with HFSEnegative anomalies do not necessarily require a carbonatiticmetasomatizing agent. KEY WORDS: China; lithosphere; mantle xenoliths; clinopyroxene trace elements; mantle partial melting; mantle metasomatism; trace-element diffusion rates     

Breakdown of orthopyroxene contributing to melt pockets in mantle peridotite xenoliths from the Western Qinling, central China: constraints from in situ LA-ICP-MS mineral analyses

Major and trace element compositions of constituent minerals, partly decomposed rims of orthopyroxenes (DRO), ‘closed’ melt pockets (CMP) and open melt pockets (OMP) in some Western Qinling peridotite xenoliths were obtained by LA-ICP-MS. Systematic core-to-rim compositional variations of garnet, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene demonstrate that these minerals underwent variable degrees of subsolidus breakdown or partial melting. Both DROs and CMPs consist of similar mineral assemblages and are characterized by high TiO₂, CaO + Na₂O and low MgO contents; they are enriched in LREE and LILE compositions, have positive anomalies in Pb, Sr and particularly Ti, negative Th and U, and variable Zr and Hf anomalies. These chemical features are distinct and reflect reactions involving the orthopyroxenes. Compared to the CMPs, the OMPs, which are composed of a complex assemblage of minerals, display lower FeO and MgO contents, larger ranges in SiO₂ and Na₂O, higher TiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO and trace element concentrations, slightly negative Zr and Hf anomalies, and apparently negative Ti anomalies. Modeling calculations of partial fusion of orthopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes suggest that the CMPs most likely originated from the breakdown of orthopyroxenes with variably minor contribution of external melts from the melting of clinopyroxenes, whereas the OMPs were probably formed from the modification of the CMPs through the interaction with large amount of external melts.     

Fractionation of Nb and Ta from Zr and Hf at Mantle Depths: the Role of Titanian Pargasite and Kaersutite

Selective enrichment or depletion in either Zr and Hf (HFSE⁴⁺)or Nb and Ta (HFSE⁵⁺) is a feature commonly observed in manymantle-derived melts and amphiboles occurring as either disseminatedminerals in mantle xenoliths and peridotite massifs or in veinassemblages cutting these rocks. The fractionation of Nb fromZr seen in natural mantle amphiboles suggests that their incorporationis governed by different crystal-chemical mechanisms. An extensiveset of new partitioning experiments between pargasite–kaersutiteand melt under upper-mantle conditions shows that HFSE incorporationand fractionation depends on amphibole major-element compositionand the presence or absence of dehydrogenation. Multiple regressionanalysis shows that ^Amph/LD_Nb/Zr is strongly dependent on themg-number of the amphibole as a result of a combination of amphiboleand melt structure effects, so that the following generalizationsapply: (1) high-mg-number amphiboles crystallized from unmodifiedmantle melts more easily incorporate Zr relative to Nb leadingto an increase of the Nb/Zr ratio in the residual melt; (2)low-mg-number amphiboles, such as those found in veins cuttingperidotites, may strongly deplete the residual melt in Nb andcause very low Nb/Zr in residual melts. Implications and applicationsto mantle environments are discussed. KEY WORDS: trace elements; high field strength elements; partition coefficients; amphibole; upper mantle     

Geochemistry of an Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complex in Eastern Desert,Egypt:New insights and constraints on the Neoproterozoic island arc magmatism

Mikbi intrusion(MI) is a part of the Neoproterozoic Nubian Shield located along the NE-SW trending major fracture zones prevailing southern Eastern Desert of Egypt. In this study, we present for the first time detailed mineralogical and bulk-rock geochemical data to infer some constraints on the parental magma genesis and to understand the tectonic processes contributed to MI formation. Lithologically, it is composed of fresh peridotite, clinopyroxenite, hornblendite, anorthosite, gabbronorite, pyroxene amphibole gabbro, amphibole gabbro and diorite. All rocks have low Th/La ratios(mostly <0.2) and lack positive Zr and Th anomalies excluding significant crustal contamination. They show very low concentrations of Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf together with sub-chondritic ratios of Nb/Ta(2-15) and Zr/Hf(19-35),suggesting that their mantle source was depleted by earlier melting extraction event. The oxygen fugacity(logfO_2) estimated from diorite biotite is around the nickel-nickel oxide buffer(NNO) indicating crystallization from a relatively oxidized magma. Amphiboles in the studied mafic-ultramafic rocks indicate relative oxygen fugacity(i.e. ΔNNO; nickel-nickel oxide) of 0.28-3 and were in equilibrium mostly with 3.77-8.24 wt.% H_2 O_melt(i.e. water content in the melt), consistent with the typical values of subduction-related magmas. Moreover, pressure estimates(0.53-6.79 kbar) indicate polybaric crystallization and suggest that the magma chamber(s) was located at relatively shallow crustal levels. The enrichment in LILE(e.g., Cs, Ba, K and Sr) and the depletion in HFSE(e.g., Th and Nb) relative to primitive mantle are consistent with island arc signature. The olivine, pyroxene and amphibole compositions also reflect arc affinity. These inferences suggest that their primary magma was derived from partial melting of a mantle source that formerly metasomatized in a subduction zone setting. Clinopyroxene and bulkrock data are consistent with orogenic tholeiitic affinity. Consequently, the mineral and bulk-rock chemistry strongly indicate crystallization from hydrous tholeiitic magma. Moreover, their trace element patterns are subparallel indicating that the various rock types possibly result from differentiation of the same primary magma. These petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics show that the MI is a typical Alaskan-type complex.     

Mantle metasomatism—precursor to continental alkaline volcanism

REE distributions of an unusual suite of mantle-derived amphibole/apatite rich xenoliths have very steep, LREE-enriched chondrite-normalised patterns with no Eu anomalies. These are closely analogous to REE distributions of carbonatitic and kimberlitic rocks. A wide range in absolute abundances of REE reflects the varied mineral assemblages of this xenolith suite and, together with other trace element and volatile concentrations, supports an origin by fractionation of, or separation from, a volatile-charged LIL-enriched (possibly kimberlitic/carbonatitic) magma. Such a magma could be a medium for volatile transfer, addition of Ti, V, K and P, and LREE enrichment within the upper mantle. It is postulated that such metasomatism in the upper mantle is a necessary precursor to continental alkaline volcanism.Geochemical modelling based on REE suggests that a pyrolite source +0.35% apatite (total of 0.5% apatite), with amphibole accounting for all K₂O, can yield basanitic liquids with approximately 1–10% partial melting if the source is LREE-enriched (La about 20 times chondrite and Yb about 4.5–5 times chondrite).REE and trace element contents of the host rocks indicate that little exchange of these elements has occurred between xenolith and host magma during transport and emplacement.     

The evolution of the lithospheric mantle along the N. African Plate: geochemical and isotopic evidence from the tholeiitic and alkaline volcanic rocks of the Hyblean plateau, Italy

The geochemical characteristics of primitive tholeiitic and alkaline volcanic rocks that erupted in the Plio-Pleistocene along fissures on the Hyblean plateau in Sicily (Italy) were used to constrain the mantle sources involved in the volcanic activity of this area of the Mediterranean. It is shown that some of the Hyblean plateau magmas with the most extreme isotopic compositions have combined radiogenic Nd, Sr and Pb, a feature that is distinct from the mixing end-members of the oceanic array. In addition, alkalinity in the basalts is found to be positively correlated with an increase in some HFSE ratios (e.g. Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf) and negatively correlated with ratios between HFSE and MREE (e.g. Ti/Eu), a characteristic that is attributed to a mantle source that has been modified by a carbonatitic metasomatic agent. This metasomatic enrichment had the effect of increasing the U/Pb of portions of the lower lithosphere, possibly by adding phases such as sodic pyroxene and apatite to the basalt-depleted lithosphere. It is suggested that rock types that formed by melting metasomatized portions of lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary affected by this recent enrichment in U/Pb fall along a trend with a shallow slope in a plot of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and have Nd isotopic compositions that are as radiogenic as present day MORB. The isotopic compositions and trace-element concentrations of the Hyblean plateau basalts are, therefore, mostly consistent with the interaction of a MORB-type mantle source with a young lithosphere that was probably formed in the Phanerozoic and metasomatized by CO₂-rich fluids, possibly during the Jurassic. The absence of a geochemical component indicative of involvement of older Proterozoic lithosphere and continental crust in the evolution of these magmas distinguishes them from those erupted along the margins of the Tyrrhenian sea, and supports the suggestion that at least portions of the lithosphere underneath Sicily have oceanic affinity and may be genetically related to the adjacent Ionian abyssal plain. Received 4 June 1997 / Accepted 25 November 1997     

西南天山托云中新生代火山岩盆地响岩的岩石成因研究

响岩代表了陆内火山岩省钠质碱性岩浆最终端的演化产物,揭示其成因机制对认识陆内火山岩省的岩浆演化过程具有重要意义。文章对出露在我国境内西南天山托云中新生代火山岩盆地的响岩开展了系统的矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究,以揭示托云火山岩岩浆系列特征和岩浆演化过程。托云响岩以发育碱性长石、单斜辉石、铁橄榄石和角闪石斑晶为特征,在基质中可见霞石。在地球化学组成上,托云响岩以高的Na₂O含量(7.9%～8.6%)和K₂O含量(5.2%～6.3%)为特征,∑REE变化范围为408×10^-6～470×10^-6,稀土元素配分曲线具有明显的Eu异常,在原始地幔标准化的微量元素蛛网图上,样品显示出Ba、Sr、P、Ti的负异常和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf的正异常特征。亏损的Nd同位素组成表明其成因与共生的碧玄岩有紧密的成因联系,经MELTS热力学模拟,响岩可由碧玄岩经碱性长石(36%)、单斜辉石(21%)、尖晶石(10%)、铁橄榄石(6%)和角闪石(5%)的分离结晶作用形成,进一步的EC-AFC模拟表明,响岩在形成过程中受到一定程...