古特提斯多岛洋洋一陆俯冲：木孜塔格蛇绿岩的矿物学证据

前期研究认识到新疆东昆仑木孜塔格蛇绿岩形成在俯冲带环境．为了进一步研究该俯冲带的类型，对新疆东昆仑木孜塔格蛇绿岩变质橄榄岩的岩石学和矿物学特征进行了分析．薄片观察发现变质橄榄岩的橄榄石以变质残余、变质重结晶和斜方辉石熔融结晶3种结构存在，但探针分析发现它们具有稳定且低Fo值（87．8～89．5）；斜方辉石发育变质残余和熔融残余结构，En较低（88～90），Al2O3含量变化大（2．90％～5．13％）；尖晶石为他形一半自形结构，其Cr^#（=Cr／（Cr＋Al））集中分布在0．508～0．723和0．100～0．118两个范围内．根据这些来自岩石学和矿物学的证据，并结合该蛇绿岩的构造背景与时代，认识到该蛇绿岩形成在大洋向具有厚陆壳的大陆弧俯冲的俯冲带环境，为新疆东昆仑地区古特提斯多岛洋洋一陆俯冲的结果．     

新疆东昆仑阿其克库勒湖西南缘蛇绿岩--铬铁矿证据及其构造环境探讨

新疆东昆仑阿其克库勒湖西南缘蛇绿岩沿近东西走向的昆中断裂出露,以构造岩片的形式夹持于泥盆纪和志留纪地层中,由变质橄榄岩、堆晶岩和火山岩三部分组成.对变质橄榄岩中的铬铁矿成分分析证实了它们属蛇绿岩的成员,并且铬铁矿的Cr#=Cr/(Cr Al)为0.59～0.65,指示蛇绿岩经历了从洋中脊到俯冲带环境的演化,形成机制为岩石-熔体反应机制.     

柴北缘超高压变质带沙柳河蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩及其意义

本文报道了柴北缘大陆型超高压变质带沙柳河地区发现的蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩,其原始矿物组合为橄榄石 斜方辉石 铬铁矿。方辉橄榄岩中识别出两个世代的橄榄石,第一世代橄榄石(OI~1)残晶发育扭折带,化学成分与现代大洋地幔橄榄岩的橄榄石一致,第二世代橄榄石(OI~2)Fo 值高达94～97,其内部含有细小的流体包裹体,是第一世代橄榄石蛇纹石化后再次变质的产物。斜方辉石残晶的成分具有高 Al 和 Ca 的特征,与大洋地幔橄榄岩中斜方辉石的成分一致。温压条件的估算反映该橄榄岩体属于典型的尖晶石相方辉橄榄岩。其围岩是由堆晶辉长岩变质的条带状蓝晶石榴辉岩,二者构成了大洋蛇绿岩套的下部层位,并且与区内具有 N-MORB 和 OIB 性质的榴辉岩共生。这些特征表明该方辉橄榄岩应代表洋壳下伏地幔橄榄岩,从而揭示大陆造山带从早期的大洋俯冲消亡到大陆俯冲碰撞的完整过程。     

新疆西准噶尔地区两类蛇绿岩中橄榄岩的矿物学研究

两类蛇绿岩中变质橄榄岩的矿物表现出的共同特征是:从二辉橄榄岩→斜辉橄榄岩→斜辉辉橄岩→纯橄岩→铬铁矿石,其橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石的Mg/(Mg+Fe)(矿物牌号)依次升高,表现出富Mg贫Fe的演化趋势;铬尖晶石的Cr/(Cr+Al)亦同时升高,表现为富Cr贫Al的演化特征。 变质橄榄岩中的矿物均是原始上地幔岩部分熔融的残余物。在部分熔融过程中,橄榄石与铬尖晶石是生成相矿物,而斜方与单斜辉石则是消失相矿物,正是通过两种辉石的不断消失,岩石才从二辉橄榄岩依次转化为纯橄岩,并造成纯橄岩与铬铁矿的紧密伴生。在此过程中,矿物成分时刻都在变化,造岩矿物向富Mg贫Fe,金属矿物向富Cr贫Al方向调整,这与实际测定结果是一致的。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段巴尔地幔橄榄岩成因及构造意义

巴尔蛇绿岩属于雅鲁藏布江缝合带的西延部分,距拉萨约1200km,主要由地幔橄榄岩、少量的橄长堆晶岩和玄武岩组成.地幔橄榄岩主体为合单辉方辉橄榄岩,少量为二辉橄榄岩.根据巴尔蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的结构构造特征,将矿物组合划分为3个世代,第一世代残余地幔矿物组合:橄榄石+斜方辉石+单斜辉石;第二世代部分熔融及熔-岩反应矿物组合:橄榄石+斜方辉石+单斜辉石+尖晶石;第三世代地幔交代作用矿物组合,主要为含水矿物角闪石.将3个世代的矿物组合归并为2个演化阶段:第一阶段,包括第一世代和第二世代矿物组合,形成于MOR(mid-ocean ridge)构造环境下的洋脊扩张阶段;第二阶段,为第三世代矿物角闪石,形成于SSZ(super-subduction zone)环境下的俯冲阶段.对比雅鲁藏布江缝合带不同区段蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩的特征,发现雅鲁藏布江缝合带存在MOR和SSZ两种类型的蛇绿岩,其中中段的蛇绿岩主要以典型的SSZ型地幔橄榄岩为主,而东、西段则以受到不同程度SSZ环境改造的MOR型地幔橄榄岩为主,认为雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩演化分段性的特征,与新特提斯洋沿弧方向上板块活动的动力学机制的不均一有关.     

新疆东昆仑阿其克库勒湖西缘地区蛇绿岩的确证

新疆东昆仑阿其克库勒湖西缘出露了一套超基性—基性岩。该蛇绿岩的野外地质、岩石学以及岩石化学特征表明它们是由变质橄榄岩和堆晶岩两大单元组成的蛇绿岩 ,是否存在蛇绿岩的其它单元值得进一步研究。同时 ,这些特征表明其与青海东昆仑清水泉蛇绿岩相似 ,指示它们可能为同一洋壳的残余。     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带西段错不扎地幔橄榄岩组成特征及岩石成因

错不扎蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段北亚带,岩体呈北西-南东走向带状产出,主要由地幔橄榄岩和辉长岩脉组成。地幔橄榄岩主体为方辉橄榄岩,详细的矿物学及岩石地球化学研究表明,错不扎方辉橄榄岩中橄榄石为镁橄榄石,斜方辉石主要为顽火辉石,而单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石和透辉石,铬尖晶石具有高Al和高Mg(Mg#=60~70)特征。稀土配分图解显示其具有轻稀土亏损而重稀土富集的左倾型亏损地幔源区特征,(La/Yb)N=0.11~0.60,模拟结果显示其为经历了15%~20%部分熔融后的残余,与快速扩张大洋中脊环境下形成的深海橄榄岩的熔融程度(10%~22%)较为一致。此外,错不扎方辉橄榄岩轻稀土含量明显高于部分熔融模型中LREE的含量,而且,在微量元素原始地幔标准化图解中富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr和高场强元素Ta、Hf和Ti,这一特征指示错不扎方辉橄榄岩在大洋中脊环境形成后又受到后期俯冲带熔/流体的改造。结合南北两带不同蛇绿岩体构造环境的对比,笔者认为雅鲁藏布江西段南北两带蛇绿岩体具有相似的形成环境,两者在地理位置以及产状方面的差别可能是受到构造侵位的影响。     

北山造山带白云山蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩成因及形成环境

白云山蛇绿岩是北山造山带保存最好的蛇绿岩之一,其起源存在较大的争议。该蛇绿岩主要由橄榄岩、辉长岩以及基性火山岩等组成。橄榄岩主体为方辉橄榄岩以及少量二辉橄榄岩。这些岩石均发生不同程度的蛇纹石化以及强烈的变形变质作用。研究选取9件橄榄岩样品进行了全岩主量元素分析及单矿物电子探针分析,结果显示岩石均来自地幔。岩石中的尖晶石和辉石组分用来限定白云山蛇绿岩的成因及形成环境。样品包含了高Cr#(46.7～68.1)的尖晶石以及低Al2O3(0.78%～2.94%)含量的单斜辉石。矿物化学特征显示,地幔橄榄岩熔融程度为23%～36%,表明白云山地幔橄榄岩可能经历了多个阶段。矿物学及全岩地球化学特征表明,白云山蛇绿岩形成于洋中脊(MOR)环境,后受到俯冲带(SSZ)环境的改造。     

新疆东准噶尔扎河坝橄榄岩单斜辉石、铬尖晶石地球化学特征及铬铁矿成矿作用

扎河坝蛇绿岩是东准噶尔地区一条重要的蛇绿岩带,主要由橄榄岩、层状辉长岩、玄武岩、斜长花岗岩、硅质岩等组成.其中橄榄岩主要由方辉辉橄岩(方辉橄榄岩)、二辉橄榄岩和少量纯橄岩组成.二辉橄榄岩中的单斜辉石Cr2O3平均1.11％,Al2O3平均4.77％,MgO平均16.99％,CaO平均21.84％,SiO2平均50.00...     

西昆仑库地蛇绿岩地质、地球化学及其成因研究

西昆仑库地蛇绿混杂岩由方辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩等地幔变质橄榄岩、豆荚状铬铁矿、堆晶橄榄岩、堆晶辉石岩和辉长岩、辉绿岩墙、块状和枕状玄武岩等组成。强亏损方辉橄榄岩为主的地幔岩组合,二辉石的低Al含量和铬尖晶石的高Cr^#,以及岩石的富Mg、Ni和贫Al、Ca特征一致表明地幔橄榄岩类是经较高程度部分熔融后的地幔残余,与消减带之上蛇绿岩中的同类岩石相近。岩石富Rb、Ba、U、Th、LREE,说明地幔残余岩石受到了来自消减带的洋壳重熔组分的混染。堆晶岩以辉石岩和辉长岩为主,可能属PPG系列,指示岩浆是在消减带环境和含水条件下熔融的。辉长岩为低Ti蛇绿岩型,代表洋内弧后盆地早期环境或弧前环境。辉绿岩和玄武岩为洋中脊拉斑玄武岩和岛弧拉斑玄武岩的过渡类型;玄武岩和辉绿岩相比富Ba、Th、LREE,贫Ta,指示玄武岩较辉绿岩更多地受到来自消减带洋壳重熔组分的影响。库地蛇绿岩形成时的古构造环境是消减带之上的弧间或弧后盆地。     

Ocean-Continent Subduction within the Paleotethyan Archiopeligic Ocean from Mineralogical Evidence of Muztag Ophiolite, Eastern Kunlun Mountain, China

TheMuztagophioliteisdistributeddiscontinu ouslyalongthewest easttrendingMuztag Jingyuhu faultzoneintheEasternKunlunMountainofXin jiangUygurAutonomousRegion(Fig.1).The mountainiscomposedoftwoprincipalunitsofmeta morphicperidotitesandcumulates(Molnaretal.,1…     

The tectonic-setting of ophiolites in the western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The study of geology, geochemistry, rare earth elements, trace elements, Pb and Sr isotopes of representative ophiolite bodies from four ophiolitic belts in the western Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, shows that the mantle peridotites of these ophiolites are mainly harzburgite in composition, with minor dunite. They are characterized by high magnesium (MgO) and low aluminum, calcium and alkali oxide contents. Enrichment of light rare earth elements in mantle peridotites may be due to two geological processes: relatively strong partial melting; and later metasomatism by the liquids released during the subduction of oceanic crust. Mantle peridotites are characterized by low contents of the trace elements Sr, Ti and Y and relatively high contents of Rb, Nb, Zr, Hf and Th, similar to metasomatic pyrolite. The isotopic compositions of Sr and Pb show evidence of contamination by a crustal component. All the evidence indicates that the four ophiolite belts in the western Qinghai-Tibetean Plateau have undergone metasomatism by liquids released during the subduction of oceanic crust, suggesting that they were formed in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) tectonic setting. The mantle peridotites in ophiolite belts located in eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, e.g. Sanjiang and West Kunlun, may be compared with the Troodos, which is regarded as a typical SSZ complex, having the same geochemical characteristics, i.e. high MgO and LREE-rich. The geochemistry, combined with the occurrence of boninite and adakite rocks, which are associated with subduction magmatism, suggest that ophiolites formed at different times in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, including Sanjiang and West Kunlun, are all SSZ-type ophiolites formed in a supra-subduction zone tectonic setting.     

Geochemistry of arc-related mantle peridotites and gabbros from the Chaldoran ophiolite,NW Iran

ABSTRACT

The Neo-Tethys-related Chaldoran ophiolite peridotites in NW Iran are remnants of mantle lithosphere, exhumed tectonically during the Late Cretaceous. Harzburgite is the predominant peridotite type, associated with oceanic lower crust cumulate gabbros occasionally. The ophiolite rocks are unconformably overlain by Late Cretaceous-Paleocene sediments. New whole-rock geochemistry of the variably serpentinized harzburgites shows a depleted nature, exemplified by low Al₂O₃, CaO, TiO₂, V and Y and high Ni, Cr and Mg and also low rare earth element (REE) contents. The harzburgites present LREE enrichment. Positive correlations between some LREEs and high field strength elements (HFSE) suggest enrichment of LREEs by melt re-fertilization processes. Cr-spinels have Cr number of [Cr# = Cr/(Cr + Al) = 0.53–0.67], showing medium to high degree of partial melting (F = ~17-20%). Both whole-rock and mineral chemistry data show a supra-subduction zone setting and progressive depletion along with increase in spinel Cr# (MOR to fore arc). The cumulate gabbros have high MgO and SiO₂, low TiO₂ and Ti/V < 10 and also low chondrite normalized Dy (<8.5). The gabbro samples show enriched LREEs and LILEs and depleted HREEs and HFSEs with respect to MORBs.

Subduction initiation (SI) model in a fore-arc/proto-fore-arc environment is suggested for the upper mantle evolution of the Chaldoran ophiolite. The rocks have experienced depletion in a second melting process at the later stages of SI and compositions were probably modified by extraction of island arc tholeiitic (IAT) and possibly boninitic (BON) melts. The chemostratigraphic progression for ‘subduction initiation rule (SIR)’ is likely traceable in Chaldoran mafic-ultramafic sequence, which corresponds to the most Neo-Tethyan ophiolites and is similar to MOR to supra-subduction zone (SSZ) evolution of most Iranian ‘Inner’ and ‘Outer Zagros’ ophiolitic peridotites.     

东昆仑造山带三叠纪岩浆混合成因花岗岩的岩浆底侵作用机制

东昆仑造山带广泛出露三叠纪岩浆混合成因花岗岩，它们具有共同的特征：岩体成分变化大；花岗岩类岩石中富含镁铁质微粒包体（mafic microgranular enclave--MME）；不同岩性之间常常呈渐变过渡关系。同时，这些岩体无一例外都和代表下地壳的深变质岩共生，暗示岩浆就位于地壳深部。此外，东昆仑地区广泛发育基性侵入体，它们产在深变质岩中，或者与岩浆混合成因花岗岩类共生，暗示下地壳物质的部分熔融和岩浆混合成因花岗岩的形成有可能与基性岩浆底侵作用有关。笔者选择东昆仑加鲁河这一典型的岩浆混合成因花岗岩体为例，对其岩石学、地球化学、同位素地球化学等特征进行了详细研究，认为幔源岩浆底侵作用是这类岩体形成的直接原因，并对幔源岩浆底侵作用和岩浆混合成因花岗岩之间的成因联系以及幔源岩浆底侵作用在东昆仑造山带三叠纪地壳生长和构造演化中所起的重要作用进行了讨论，构建了加厚陆壳背景下的断离-底侵-混合-拆沉作用模型。     

西昆仑北段矿产分布特征及找矿方向浅析

新疆西昆仑北段大地构造位置位于塔里木板块与羌塘板块的接合部位,地质构造复杂,岩浆岩发育,成矿地质背景优越.根据新疆西昆仑地区构造单元特点,结合该地区的地质勘查成果,将西昆仑北段划分为六个成矿区带,对每一成矿区带的成矿特点进行了总结、分析,并列举了几个典型矿床,以期对每个成矿区带成矿地质特征进行进一步阐述.同时,针对六个成矿区带提出了下步找矿方向.     

Serpentinites and their tectonic signature along the Northwest Zagros Thrust Zone, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Two types of serpentinized peridotites are distinguished within the Northwest Zagros Thrust Zone (NW-ZTZ) in Kurdistan region of Iraq. One is found as lower members of ophiolite sequences, such as the Mawat and Penjwin ophiolites of the upper Cretaceous age. The other is represented by intraformational isolated serpentinite bodies in Betwat, Qaladeza, and Qalander areas within the Walash–Naopurdan volcano-sedimentary unit of the Paleocene to Eocene paleo-arc tectonic setting. Serpentinites within the NW-ZTZ consist mainly of lizardite and chrysotile, with subordinate amounts of syn-serpentinization magnetite, carbonates, chromium chlorite, tremolite, and talc as secondary minerals, and olivine, clinopyroxene, and chromian spinel as primary minerals. Minor antigorite is also found in the sheared serpentinites often found in ophiolite sequences. Petrological and geochemical studies of serpentinites from the NW-ZTZ show that, of the original protoliths of serpentinites, those associated with ophiolites are residual depleted harzburgite and dunite. The $ {\text{Cr}}\# \left( {{{ = {\text{ Cr}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ = {\text{ Cr}}} {\left( {{\text{Cr}} + {\text{Al}}} \right){\text{ atomic ratio}}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {\left( {{\text{Cr}} + {\text{Al}}} \right){\text{ atomic ratio}}}}} \right) $ of chromian spinel is more than 0.6, and the forsterite content of olivine is 91–92. On the other hand, the original protolith of isolated serpentinite bodies is less depleted harzburgite or depleted lherzolite, which has spinel with Cr# less than 0.6 and olivine with 90–91 forsterite contents. Whole rock chemistry of major, trace, and rare earth elements shows that the serpentinites of ophiolite sequences are depleted in CaO, Al₂O₃, and SiO₂, Sr, and Zr, and are enriched in MgO, Ni, and Cr, in comparison with the isolated serpentinites. Cr# of the disseminated unaltered chromian spinels indicates that the serpentinites of both types had been originated from the supra-subduction zone tectonic setting; the serpentinites of ophiolite sequences obducted and thrusted over the continental margin during the obduction of the Tethyth oceanic crust onto the Arabian continental margin during the upper Cretaceous period. Isolated serpentinite bodies represent serpentinized forearc mantle wedge peridotites emplaced by diapiric upwelling into non-accretionary forearc tectonic settings during the Paleocene to Eocene age.     

Supra-subduction and abyssal mantle peridotites of the Coast Range ophiolite,California

The Coast Range ophiolite (CRO) of California is one of the most extensive tracts of oceanic crust preserved in the North American Cordillera, but its origin has long remained controversial. We present here new data on mineral compositions in mantle peridotites that underlie crustal sections of the ophiolite, and show that these are dominantly refractory harzburgites related to high apparent melting in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. Abyssal peridotite (characterized by high-Al spinels and relatively high Ti, Na, Nd, Sm, Lu, and Hf in pyroxene) occurs at one location where it is associated with SSZ mantle peridotite and volcanic rocks with both oceanic and arc-like geochemistry. SSZ mantle peridotites (characterized by intermediate-Cr/Al or high-Cr spinels, and by extremely low Ti, Na, Nd, Sm, Lu, and Hf in pyroxenes) are associated with crustal sections containing arc-related volcanic rocks, including boninites. This convergence between conclusions based on crustal lithologies and their underlying mantle sections confirms previous proposals that link the CRO to SSZ processes, and seriously undermines hypotheses that invoke formation of the ophiolite at a mid-ocean ridge spreading center.     

内蒙古贺根山蛇绿岩中方辉橄榄岩岩石地球化学特征及构造环境分析

贺根山蛇绿岩块位于二连浩特-贺根山缝合带中段,其橄榄岩端元主体为方辉橄榄岩,少量纯橄榄岩,均发生了较强的蛇纹石化。对方辉橄榄岩进行岩石学和岩石地球化学分析研究,结果显示:方辉橄榄岩中主要造岩矿物橄榄石为镁橄榄石(Fo=90.6~90.7),斜方辉石为顽火辉石(En=88.9~90.0),单斜辉石为透辉石,以低铝(1.82%~2.13%)和高镁(Mg^#=94.2~94.7)为特征。橄榄岩主量元素表现出高Mg(MgO=34.98%~40.86%)、高Cr(Cr2O3=0.18%~0.27%)、高Ni(NiO=0.27%~0.35%)、低Si(SiO2=36.10%~41.41%)、贫Al(Al2O3=0.89%~1.58%)、低Fe(FeOT=7.58%~9.63%)特征,Mg^#=91.59~92.36,m/f=9.16~10.13,属典型镁质超基性岩。稀土元素总含量较低,ΣREE为1.42×10^-6~2.94×10^-6,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分布模式为轻稀土富集的弱右倾型,其(La/Yb)N=2.15~10.47,Eu异常不明显,Ce显示负异常。富集Ba,U,Pb,Sr,亏损Nb,Ta,Ti。贺根山地幔橄榄岩属变质橄榄岩,为SSZ型蛇绿岩底部组成单元,形成于俯冲带环境中洋内弧后盆地环境。