The investigation on particulate organic carbon fluxes with disequilibria between thorium-234 and uranium-238 in the Prydz Bay, the Southern Ocean

Dissolved and particulate thorium-234, particulate organic carbon in the upper 150 m of water columns from five stations in the Prydz Bay, the Southern Ocean were determined during the 22nd Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （from November 2005 to March 2006 ）. The disequilibria between thorium-234 and its parent uranium-238 in upper layer was used to derive the averaged residence time of thorium-234, which decreased along with the latitude to the south and a minimum value, 1 - 8 d for particulate thorium-234 and 29 - 48 d for dissolved thorium-234, appeared at the medium latitude station, and the export fluxes of thorium-234 were calculated too and ＇a maximum value, 0. 35 -0. 63 Bq/（m^3 · d） for the particulate thorium-234 and 0. 44 -0. 65 Bq/ （m^3 ·d） for the dissolved thorium-234, appeared at the same station. The export fluxes of particulate organic carbon at different water columns were derived by two methods with irreversible scavenging model, and the averaged values were 104. 7 mmol/ （ m2 · d ） （ E method） and 120. 6 mmol/（ m2·d ） （ B method ）, respectively, indicating that a relatively high new production would exist in summer in the Prydz Bay where it will play a potential significant role in sequestering the absorption CO2 to deeper ocean.     

南大洋普里兹湾基于234Th/238U不平衡法的POC输出通量研究

中国第22次南极科学考察(2005年11月至2006年3月)期间,测定了南极普里兹湾海域5个站位的从表层至150 m水深的不同层位水样中溶解态和颗粒态234Th,238U的放射性比活度以及颗粒有机碳.利用234Th/238U在上层水体中的不平衡,计算了南极普里兹湾上层水体中234Th的平均停留时间和输出通量.结果显示,随着纬度的增加,上层水体中颗粒态和溶解态234Th的平均停留时间总体趋向减小,并在中纬度站位出现了最低值,分别为1~8和29~48 d,而颗粒态和溶解态234Th的输出通量则在中纬度站位出现了最大值,分别为21~38和26~39 dpm/(m3·d).运用箱型清除模式,利用两种不同的方法估算了各水柱中从真光层底部输出的POC通量,平均值分别达到104.7 mmol/(m2·d)(E法)和120.6 mmol/(m2·d)(B法),表明南极普里兹湾夏季存在很高的新生产力,它将会对该海域碳的生物泵过程产生重要作用.     

MIS 5期以来南极威德尔海生产力演化及其古海洋意义

南大洋有关大气二氧化碳分压（pCO2）冰期旋回机制的最新假说表明,冰期南极带生产力降低指示的深部流通状况减弱对CO2的封存,以及亚南极带生产力升高对CO2的固定能够圆满解释冰期大气pCO2的降低。显然,测试该假说合理性的关键是验证冰期旋回中南极带与亚南极带呈“镜像”关系的生产力演化特征。通过沉积物岩芯中生源蛋白石含量重建了MIS 5期以来南极威德尔海（南极带）生产力演化。结果显示,南极威德尔海生产力呈现暖期（MIS 5和3期）高、冷期（MIS 4和2期）低的冰期旋回特征以及总体降低的长期演化趋势。联合该生产力记录与搜集的南大洋其他海区多个生产力记录,确证了南极带与亚南极带“镜像”的生产力演化模式。进一步,通过该生产力记录与其潜在环境影响因素的对比,发现西风带经向移动和海冰张缩通过影响深部流通状况,进而控制深部营养物进入表层的可利用性,最终驱动MIS 5期以来威德尔海生产力演化的冰期旋回和长期趋势。南极威德尔海的深部流通状况对CO2的“收押”与释放很可能贡献了MIS 5期以来大气pCO2演化的冰期旋回和长期趋势。该研究确证了上述南大洋有关大气pCO2冰期旋回机制假说的合理性,表明南大洋在全球气候演化中扮演重要角色。     

Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in and near the Prydz Bay, Antarctica

INTRODUCTIONDissolvedorganiccarbon (DOC)makesupthesecondlargestofthebioactivepoolsofcar bonintheocean ,secondtothelargestpoolofdissolvedinorganiccarbon .Theglobaldissolvedorganiccarbonpoolisestimatedtobe 6 85Gt,avaluecomparabletothemassofCO2 intheat mosphere (Hedges,1 992 ) .Thesizeofthereservoir,aswellasitsdynamics ,indicatesthatDOCplaysacentralroleintheoceancarboncycle .AsitrelatestogreenhousegasessuchasCO2 andassociatesclimatecycle ,oceanicDOCbiogeochemicalcycleshavebeenoneoftheh…     

夏季琼州海峡表层海水二氧化碳分压时空变化

采用船载海−气CO₂连续观测系统于2011年和2014年夏季在琼州海峡开展了现场观测,分析研究了表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)时空变化及其影响因子。2011年和2014年夏季pCO₂分别为(516±29) μatm和(533±15) μatm,海−气CO₂交换通量分别为(8.4±1.7) mmol/(m²·d)和(4.5±0.4) mmol/(m²·d),均是大气CO₂的强源,高于相邻及相似海域,主要受控于东口海域上升流和海峡中部狭管效应。2011年夏季东口上升流增大pCO₂的同时也促进了浮游植物繁殖,光合作用吸收水体CO₂,降低了pCO₂,而且受其影响,西口口门附近叶绿素a和溶解氧含量陡增,pCO₂突降。2014年夏季东口海域上升流较弱,且观测海域垂直混合作用显著,pCO₂和溶解氧分布特征与2001年夏季明显不同。海峡中部狭管效应造成水体输运速率大、混合作用强,浮游植物“来不及”生长,pCO₂较高。     

Dissolved inorganic carbon and CO2 fluxes across Jiaozhou Bay air-water interface

On the basis of data collected in the Jiaozhou Bay in June and July 2003, the DIC distribution in seawater is studied,and an average air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated. The results show that the content of DIC inside the bay is markedly higher than outside the bay in June, but the contem of DIC outside the bay is markedly higher than inside the bay in July. The trend of DIC distribution inside the bay is similar, viz. the content is the maximum in the northeast, then decreases gradually toward the west, and the content is the minimum in the west. The total trend of vertical distribution is to increase gradually from surface to bottom. This characteristic of DIC distribution is determined by Jiaozhou Bay hydrology and there is a close relation between DIC and particulate N.P. Average CO2 flux across the air-sea interface is 0.55 mol/(m^2.a) in June and 0.72 mol/(m^2.a) in July. Jiaozhou Bay is considered as a net annual source for atmospheric CO2 in June and July, and the total CO2 flux from seawater into atmosphere is about 740 t in June and 969 t in July.     

南大洋浮游植物现存量对颗粒有机碳的贡献

根据中国第15、16次南极考察观测的颗粒有机碳、叶绿素a浓度的数据,探讨浮游植物现存量对南大洋颗粒有机碳的贡献。结果表明,普里兹湾内浮游植物碳对颗粒有机碳的贡献高于湾北部的大洋区,真光层上部浮游植物碳对颗粒有机碳的贡献高于深层水。同时分析两个航次测区叶绿素a浓度和航程途中叶绿素a浓度的分布,以期了解浮游植物在南大洋颗粒有机碳来源中的作用。     

2017年春季长江口-东海连续体pCO2的空间分布特征及其控制因素

厘清河口-陆架连续体的碳源/汇机制是认识海洋在"碳中和"中作用的重要基础.本研究基于2017年春季长江口-东海的走航CO2分压(pCO2)及温、盐等资料,分区域阐述春季长江口-东海连续体pCO2的空间分布格局,半定量解析水团分配、有机质生产及降解等过程对pCO2的控制作用.结果表明:水团来源是决定春季长江口-东海连续体...     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳的分布

中国南极科学考察第16航次期间(1999年11月～2000年4月),在南极普里兹湾及邻近海域的不同站位与水深采集海水样品用于溶解有机碳测定,通过高温催化氧化法完成样品的分析.结果表明,在调查期间,南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域各测站上层水体(0～100m)溶解有机碳浓度的变化范围为14.3～181.1μmol/dm3,平均为52.5μmol/dm3,该变化幅度比Ross海、太平洋等海域的相应值略大.溶解有机碳垂直分布的特征是0大于25大于50大于100m,即随深度的增加溶解有机碳浓度逐渐减小,与生物活动在垂直方向上的强弱变化相关.根据200m以深水柱溶解有机碳的垂直分布,可确定研究海域难降解溶解有机碳的浓度为40.4μmol/dm3,与其他研究所报道的数值(～42μmol/dm3)相近.上层水体(0～100m)过剩溶解有机碳的空间分布显示,64°S以北海域溶解有机碳过剩较多,而64°S以南海域则过剩溶解有机碳较少.溶解有机碳浓度与分布特征显示,普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳浓度与南大洋其他海域相当,具有低溶解有机碳的一般特征.溶解有机碳浓度的空间分布呈现由西南向东北方向逐渐增加的趋势,这可能与南极陆架夏季上层水的北向扩展有关.生物活动及水体运动是研究海域溶解有机碳分布的主要影响因素.     

南大洋大气有机胺分布及来源特征研究

依托中国第36次南极科学考察,利用船载走航气溶胶及气体组分在线分析仪对南大洋大气中气态和颗粒态有机胺进行了在线观测。获得了南大洋开阔海域及普里兹湾大气中高分辨气态和颗粒态有机胺的组成及分布,并对其来源特征进行了分析。结果表明：南大洋大气有机胺以气态三甲胺（TMA）和二甲胺（DMA）为主要存在形态,其均值分别为(104.0±285.2)、(3.5±6.0) ng/m3。普里兹湾大气中有机胺的平均浓度显著高于南大洋开阔海域,气态TMA和DMA均值分别达到(289.0±396.6)、(5.6±16.1) ng/m3。南大洋大气中气态TMA、DMA和氨气（NH3）在不同区域内均具有良好的线性关系,表明三者具有同源性。从来源分析,南大洋大气有机胺主要受到海洋生物活动的影响,但在海冰边缘区及南极近岸海域,企鹅等动物的生物活动会导致大气中有机胺的浓度显著升高。     

中国南大洋水团、环流和海冰研究进展(1995-2002)

总结了1995年以来中国在南大洋物理海洋学研究和南极海冰研究中所取得的成果。普里兹湾海区是中国南大洋研究的重点区域，研究表明，在该海区存在显著的深层水涌升和陆架水北扩现象，某些年份深层水与陆架水混合后产生了较重的水体，但是尚未发现生成南极底层水的直接证据。在普里兹湾所处的印度洋区段，亚热带锋、亚南极锋和极锋表现出显著的时空变化，特别是不同年份的锋面位置存在较大的摆动。该海区的南极绕极流既是风生的，也受到密度场的影响。在凯尔盖朗海台的地形引导作用下，南极绕极流表现出显著的非纬向性特征。南极海冰除了显著的季节变化以外，也表现出长期变化的趋势。此变化与海洋、大气中的其它变化有一定的相关性，表现为两极海冰涛动、南方海洋涛动等多种变化模态，对我国气候也有一定的影响。     

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and air-sea fluxes in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent Hangzhou Bay

The distributions of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p CO2 ) in the surface waters of the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent Hangzhou Bay were examined in the summer of 2010. Surface water p CO2 ranged from 751-2 095 μatm (1 atm=101 325 Pa) in the inner estuary, 177-1 036 μatm in the outer estuary, and 498-1 166 μatm in Hangzhou Bay. Overall, surface p CO2 behaved conservatively during the estuary mixing. In the inner estuary, surface p CO2 was relatively high due to urbanized pollution and a high respiration rate. The lowest p CO2 was observed in the outer estuary, which was apparently induced by a phytoplankton bloom because the dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a were very high. The Changjiang River Estuary was a significant source of atmospheric CO2 and the degassing fluxes were estimated as 0-230 mmol/(m2 d) [61 mmol/(m2 d) on average] in the inner estuary. In contrast, the outer estuary acted as a CO2 sink.     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒有机物的碳同位素组成及其影响因素

依托中国第29次南极科学考察航次开展了南大洋普里兹湾及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒有机物碳同位素组成(δ13CPOC)的研究,结合温度、盐度、营养盐和溶解CO_2的数据,揭示了影响研究海域颗粒有机物碳同位素组成的主控因素,计算出混合层中浮游植物吸收无机碳过程的碳同位素分馏因子。结果表明,普里兹湾及其邻近海域的δ13CPOC介于-28.5‰~-21.1‰,平均值为-24.6‰,表现出湾内大于湾外的特征。浮游植物同化吸收CO_2过程的碳同位素分馏是影响研究海域混合层δ13 CPOC的主要因素,根据δ13CPOC和1/[CO_2(aq)]的线性拟合关系,计算出浮游植物同化吸收CO2过程的碳同位素分馏因子εp为23.4‰。δ13CPOC的垂直分布随深度增加而增大,反映出颗粒有机物垂向输送过程中颗粒有机物再矿化过程同位素分馏作用的影响。     

2011年3月胶州湾表层海水pCO2及海-气界面通量

依据2011年3月4日对胶州湾走航连续实测所得pCO2数据,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步实测资料,对胶州湾海域pCO2分布及其影响因素进行了初步探讨,并估算了3月海-气CO2通量。结果表明:3月胶州湾表层海水pCO2实测值在191～332μatm之间,平均值为278μatm,海-气CO2通量在-22.76～-7.13mmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为-14.2mmol·m-2·d-1,这一时期胶州湾从大气吸收约1.59×103t C,表现为大气CO2的强汇。生物活动是影响这一时期表层海水pCO2分布的主要原因。     

西北太平洋山间盆地沉积物有机碳质量累积速率及影响因素

海洋碳汇作用是大洋生态系统的重要生态系统服务功能,不仅影响着海洋生态系统的能量流动,也是元素循环的重要驱动力。本文以中国大洋48航次采集自西北太平洋典型海山区海盆的沉积物样品和资料为基础,对西北太平洋山间盆地沉积物有机碳质量累积速率(F_orgc)特征及影响因素展开初步研究。结果表明,西北太平洋山间盆地有机碳质量累积速率变化范围为1.41～1.73 g/(m²·ka),均值为1.60 g/(m²·ka),以中部偏西海区的有机碳质量累积速率最高;全区平均净初级生产力转移效率约为0.003 1%。西北太平洋山间盆地有机碳质量累积速率和净初级生产力转移效率均低于东太平洋海区和赤道太平洋海区。本区有机碳质量累积速率受水层和沉积层的生物地球化学循环驱动因素,如海洋净初级生产力、沉积物质量累积速率、有机碳含量、氧化还原电位等的综合影响,同时也受距海山距离、水深等地形因子的影响。     

Cyclone formation and development in the Antarctic Prydz Bay

Using meteorological data of field observation in 1990 - 2000, especially polar orbit high-resolution NOAA satellite cloud maps received from the Antarctic expedition vessel since 1997, the formation and development of the Prydz Bay cyclone are studied in this paper. Some new viewpoints are suggested such as: when surround-polar cyclone enters the Prydz Bay, it can also intensify and develop in summer; cyclone can also develop in the easterlies in this bay. These view points revise old uncom-plete view point that the Prydz Bay is a burial ground of cyclone, and also further consummate formation-development theory of surround-cyclone in the Antarctic westerlies and cyclone in the Antarctic easterlies. In this paper, the mechanism of ice-air-sea interaction in the Prydz Bay is studied, and the physical process of cyclone formation-development is explained. By use of wholly dynamic transportation method, an energy exchange case of a cyclone, which explosively developed after entering the Prydz Bay, is calcu     

杭州湾沉积物中硫酸盐—甲烷转换带内的碳循环

杭州湾海底沉积物中蕴藏着大量的浅层生物气,作为温室气体CH4的重要载体,研究其甲烷厌氧氧化（AOM）及相关碳循环过程,对正确评估浅层生物气的生态环境效应具有重要的科学意义。通过对YS6孔柱状沉积物孔隙水、顶空气等地球化学参数的测试分析,基于质量平衡和碳同位素质量平衡原理,利用“箱式模型”定量研究了硫酸盐—甲烷转换带（SMTZ）内的碳循环过程。结果表明：SMTZ位于海底约6～8 mbsf沉积层,其内部碳循环过程除了包含有机质的硫酸盐还原（OSR）、AOM和碳酸盐沉淀（CP）反应外,还隐藏存在“AOM生成的溶解无机碳（DIC）”产甲烷反应（CR）,反应速率分别为9.14、7.42、4.36、2.72 mmol·m−2·a−1,而有机质降解产甲烷反应（ME）未发生。各反应对SMTZ内孔隙水DIC的补充贡献率为OSR＞AOM＞ME,而对DIC的消耗贡献率CP＞CR。深部含甲烷沉积层向上扩散而来的CH4并不是驱动SMTZ内部SO42−还原的唯一电子供体,CR和OSR反应亦是导致进入SMTZ内硫酸盐扩散通量大于甲烷的重要因素,且SMTZ下边缘沉积层出现明显的13CH4亏损亦与CR反应有关。本研究认为,定量评估海底沉积物中AOM作用的相对强弱时,SMTZ内可能存在的“隐藏的”产甲烷作用（如CR、ME等）不能忽视。     

南大洋普里兹湾沉积物中生物硅含量与分布

利用中国第18,21次南极考察获得的沉积物样品,对南大洋普里兹湾沉积物中生物硅(BSiO₂)的含量以及分布特征进行了初步研究.结果表明:普里兹湾表层沉积物中生物硅含量丰富,生物硅含量在4.89%~85.41%之间变化,平均为30.90%.最高值出现在湾内的IV-10站.生物硅的垂向分布与间隙水中硅酸盐呈现相反的变化趋势.表层沉积物中生物硅和有机碳分布趋势与表层海水中叶绿素a、初级生产力的分布趋势密切相关,最大值均出现在普里兹湾环流中心区域,较好地反映了上层水体中初级生产力的变化状况.     

南极普里兹湾海域水文特征研究──夏季温、盐分布特征及底层水形成的探讨

分析普里兹湾及其附近海域温、盐分布特征，提出在艾默里冰架外侧有一片温暖水域。指出：１、变性极大的南极绕极深层水的前沿混合水可以影响到陆架上的南纬６７°左右；２、在两个“ＣＴＤ”探头直达海底的测站，深层观测到了温度为负值、盐度为３４．６７。据此，作者指出该水体属于南极底层水。此外，还对整个海区的跃层现象进行分类，计算了跃层的强度、厚度和深度。     

基于稳定性同位素的普里兹湾南极大磷虾不同发育阶段食性转变分析

As one of the most common and dominant species in the Southern Ocean, Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)play a significant role in food web structure and the process of energy flow. The diet of Antarctic krill in the Prydz Bay during austral summer of 2012/2013 was investigated and the ontogenetic shift in krill diet was evaluated using the stable isotope method. The nitrogen stable isotope values(δ~(15) N) of adults((2.78±0.58)‰) were much higher than those of juveniles((1.69±0.70)‰), whereas the carbon stable isotope values(δ~(13) C) of adults(–(28.26±1.08)‰) were slightly lower than those of juveniles(–(27.48±1.35)‰). Particulate organic matter(POM)from 0, 25, and 50 m depth combined(0/25/50 m) represented phytoplankton food items. The results showed that phytoplankton food items in surface water and mesozooplankton were two essential food items for Antarctic krill in the Prydz Bay during summer. POM(0/25/50 m) contributes 56%–69% and 26%–34% to the diet of juvenile and adult krill, respectively, whereas mesozooplankton composes 13%–34% and 58%–71% of the diet of juvenile and adult krill, respectively. Thus, an ontogenetic diet shift from POM(0/25/50 m), which consists mainly of phytoplankton, to a higher trophic level diet containing mesozooplankton, was detected. The capacity for adults to consume more zooplankton food items may minimize their food competition with juveniles, which rely mostly on phytoplankton food items. This suggests "diet shift with ontogeny" which may somehow help krill keep their dietary energy budget balanced and well adapted to the Antarctic marine ecosystem as a dominant species.