应用分级法分析江西雨量站网密度

本文以江西雨量站网实验区系统资料,对“大流域套小流域、稀站网套密站网”的分级方法进行了验证分析。这种方法只需最小流域高密度雨量站网资料,即可据以分析面雨量与站网密度之间的关系,获得比较合理的成果,可供降雨特性较均匀的地区应用。     

数字流域与雨量站网论证技术的集成应用研究

针对传统站网论证方法难以与降雨分布的影响因素相关的局限性,将数字流域引入站网论证方法中,阐述了数字流域建设和信息提取的相关技术,并将数字流域与站网密度、相关分析、雨量等值线、历史洪水预报分析4种站网论证技术进行集成和应用研究。研究结果表明,数字流域与雨量站网论证技术的集成考虑了地形等因素影响,论证结果更合理,其基本思想可为类似的站网论证分析提供借鉴。     

冀东沿海滦河以东地区雨量站网密度分析

用多级雨量站网的面雨量误差分析方法对冀东沿海滦河以东地区站网密度进行分析,求得满足面雨量精度要求的最适宜的站网密度.对今后该地区的站网布设提供可供利用的数据.     

《湿润地区中小河流站网布设原则研究(包括雨量站)》协作会在上饶市召开

1981年12月23日～29日在江西省上饶召开了《湿润地区中小河流站网布设原则的研究(包括雨量站网)》协作会。会议由江西省水文总站牵头,与会的有华水、长办、黄委和广东、安徽、黑龙江、四川、福建、浙江、湖北等12个单位,共39名代表。会议就采用流域水文模型、相关统计法进行站网分析,现有站网整顿,江西省雨量站密度实验区建设等方面进行经验交流和讨论;对本专题的协作内容和方式作了初步规划;并分别承担了1982年年底可以提交的初步成果项目。部分代表还实地参观了江西省     

基于信息熵的雨量站网优化研究

基于信息熵理论,研究金沙江下游流域站点信息熵对降雨信息量和时空变异性特征的反映程度,发现信息熵能够在降雨量级和时空分布上充分表达降雨信息,确定了熵理论运用于本流域雨量站网规划的合理性;采用与组内互信息量最小为原则对三个实验流域站点进行重要性排序,以组内站点信息量和与组外互信息量总和最大为目标函数进行末位淘汰优选站网,结...     

雨量站网布设对水文模型不确定性影响的比较

雨量站网布设会影响径流模拟精度,研究不同雨量站密度和空间分布的径流响应规律对提高径流模拟精度和减小不确定性具有重要意义。应用新安江模型和HBV（Hydrologiska Fyrans Vattenbalans）模型,以湘江流域为研究对象,采用贝叶斯方法比较分析在不同雨量站密度及空间分布下径流模拟的不确定性。结果表明:增加雨量站密度可以降低面雨量的估计误差,使模型在不同的雨量站空间分布下具有较高的模拟精度;通过优化雨量站空间分布,可以减小雨量站网布设导致的模型不确定性,从而提高径流模拟精度;在相同的降雨输入和参数采样方法下,新安江模型和HBV模型对降雨输入导致的不确定性响应规律具有相似性,但是本研究结果显示在湘江流域新安江模型的模拟精度更高,而HBV模型的不确定性更大。     

应用流域水文模型分析配套雨量站数

中小河流流域内配套雨量站网的合理化布设问题,仍然是雨量站网规划中的重要课题。本文试用新安江四水源流域水文模型,对江西雨量站网实验区内所观测到的高密度雨量站点资料,以流量作为目标函数,重演水文站的出流过程,在给定允许误差条件下,确定了最佳配套雨量站数。     

国内外雨量站网布设和实验研究工作简介

一、概述河流水情预报和水利工程设计往往需要使用雨量资料,而流域总雨量又必须通过必要的雨量站来加以估算。测站愈多,算得的流域总雨量愈精确,但建站和观测费用相应地也会增加。因此,对所有地区都布设稠密的雨量站网往往是不现实的,而且也是不经济的。目前的做法是在普遍布设一般雨量站网(密度较小)     

雨量站密度实验专题审议会在南昌市举行

由水利部水文司主持的雨量站密度实验专题审议会,于1988年10月7～11日在江西南昌市召开。有关大专院校、科研单位、流域机构水文局和有关省、市水文总站的专家、技术人员、江西雨量站密度实验队的代表共42人出席了会议,会议对以江西雨量站网实验研究为主体的12篇论文进行了审议。     

江西配套雨量站网密度公式初步探讨

一、基本情况一个水文站控制的流域范围内究竟要配多少雨量站,是站网布设工作的一个基本问题。我国现行的配套雨量站的分析方法有积差法和锥体法等。但过去使用这些方法没有得到较密的站点实测资料的验证,同时方法本身也还存     

Using the VIKOR method to evaluate the design of a water quality monitoring network in a watershed

Water quality monitoring stations play critical roles for analyzing the information of water quality conditions in a watershed. The understanding of water quality conditions of a river system is very important for water resource management. This study applied the VIKOR method, a commonly used method in multiple criteria analysis, to evaluate the design of the water quality monitoring network in the Taipei Water Resource Domain (TWRD). Five criteria were selected for multiple criteria analysis: non-point source pollution, green cover ratio, landslide area ratio, over-utilization area ratio of hillsides, and density of water quality monitoring stations. This study recommended several areas where there is a need for sufficient monitoring records of water quality. The result shows that more monitoring stations are needed in the Bei-Shih Creek Basin. Although the Nan-Shih Creek Basin covers larger area than the Bei-Shih Creek Basin and the Sin-Dian Creek Basin, it can accept less density of water quality monitoring stations.     

地下河系统水动态监测网络优化对比分析:以桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统为例

基于我国南方地区岩溶发育极不均匀、水位水质动态变化快的特点,通过对信息熵法和防污性能法所得结果的对比,分析在缺少系列监测资料条件下,利用岩溶水系统防污性能评价结果快速布设地下河系统水动态监测网的可行性及其布设原则。根据防污性能评价结果,结合水循环特征,桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统水动态监测网需由17个监测站组成;采用信息熵法对现有35个监测站进行优化后,认为只需要12个监测站就可组成最优监测网,但这12个监测站点与采用防污性能评价法得到的点位完全重合,且均位于防污性能差的地区。对比分析认为,以地下水系统防污性能评价结果布设地下水动态监测网是可行性的,因为岩溶发育区既是防污性能差的地区,也是地下水动态变化快的地区,能充分反映地下河系统水质水量变化。采用防污性能评价法布设地下水动态监测网时,需要充分认识和了解地下河系统水文地质条件和地下河管道结构特征,且需要遵循以下原则:(1)在岩溶发育相对较弱的系统中部(基本上不存在防污性能差的地区)不设置监测站点;(2)在距离地下河出口较近的岩溶发育区内(即防污性能差的地区)监测站点可由地下河出口替代;(3)对于多支管道系统,岩溶发育相对较弱且距离较短的小型支管道上可以不布设监测站,由支管道与主管道交汇处的监测站代替。     

GaRiRO: Gradient and residual integrated rank ordering of stations in rainfall monitoring network

This paper presents a new method that integrates gradient and residual values for rank ordering of stations in a monitoring network (GaRiRO). The innovation is derived from the fact that the parameter (dependent variable) gauged through the monitoring network is modelled using independent variables that influence its measured quantity. And the dependent variable exhibit non-stationary spatial gradient with respect to the independent variables, particularly in complex terrain. GaRiRO technique was developed to prioritize the rain gauge stations for optimizing the existing network and selection of the best locations for relocation or installation of gauges. Although initially aimed to assist hydrologists with a ranking scheme for rain gauge stations, it can be applied to any environmental, meteorological or hydro-meteorological monitoring network. The new procedure is based on deriving gradient and residual value at each station by modeling the spatial relationship of dependent-independent variable using geographically weighted regression (GWR) technique. For the prospective stations with no record, the gradient value is estimated using GWR model and the residual value is derived from the residual map generated by applying kriging technique on the residual derived at all gauged locations. The method combines the decision factor with analytical strength of GIS for prioritizing the stations which results in limited number of trials for installation or relocation of gauges to yield optimized network configuration.     

Progress in the use of the method of optimum interpolation for the redesign of the Zambian raingauge network

The Zambian Second National Development Plan calls for an increase in the number of raingauge stations from the present 500 to 1000 by 1976, to bring the national network density to above the WMO recommended minimum figure of one gauge per 900 km².The present network is examined for adequacy according to the criterion of maximum admissible error of the estimate of rainfall at any ungauged point, using the method of optimum interpolation. Areas which are inadequately gauged are delimited.Several variations of the maximum admissible error criterion are considered as a basis of network design, and it is concluded that a combination of criteria provides the most suitable basis for network design. The practical constraints in implementing the design, however, restricts the usefulness of detailed planning.     

Progress in the use of the method of optimum interpolation for the redesign of the Zambian raingauge networkNeueinrichtung der niederschlagsmessungen in ZambiaRéorganisation du réseau de pluviomètres en Zambie

The Zambian Second National Development Plan calls for an increase in the number of raingauge stations from the present 500 to 1000 by 1976, to bring the national network density to above the WMO recommended minimum figure of one gauge per 900 km².The present network is examined for adequacy according to the criterion of maximum admissible error of the estimate of rainfall at any ungauged point, using the method of optimum interpolation. Areas which are inadequately gauged are delimited.Several variations of the maximum admissible error criterion are considered as a basis of network design, and it is concluded that a combination of criteria provides the most suitable basis for network design. The practical constraints in implementing the design, however, restricts the usefulness of detailed planning.     

Spatial variability of rainfall trends in Iran

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the spatial variability of rainfall trends using the spatial variability methods of rainfall trend patterns in Iran. The study represents a method on the effectiveness of spatial variability for predicting rainfall trend patterns variations. In rainfall trend analysis and spatial variability methods, seven techniques were used: Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope method, geostatistical tools as a global polynomial interpolation and the spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I), high/low clustering (Getis-Ord General G), precipitation concentration index, generate spatial weights matrix tool, and activation functions of semiliner, sigmoid, bipolar sigmoid, and hyperbolic tangent in the artificial neural network technique .For the spatial variability of monthly rainfall trends, trend tests were used in 140 stations of spatial variability of rainfall trends in the 1975–2014 period. We analyzed the long and short scale spatial variability of rainfall series in Iran. Spatial variability distribution of rainfall series was depicted using geostatistical methods (ordinary kriging). Relative nugget effect (RNE) predicted from variograms which showed weak, moderate, and strong spatial variability for seasonal and annual rainfall series. Moreover, the rainfall trends at each station were examined using the trend tests at a significance level of 0.05. The results show that temporal and spatial trend patterns are different in Iran and the monthly rainfall had a downward (decreasing) trend in most stations, and the trend was statistically significant for most of the series (73.5% of the stations demonstrated a decreasing trend with 0.5 significance level). Rainfall downward trends are generally temporal-spatial patterns in Iran. The monthly variations of rainfall decreased significantly throughout eastern and central Iran, but they increased in the west and north of Iran during the studied interval. The variability patterns of monthly rainfall were statistically significant and spatially random. Activation functions in the artificial neural network models, in annual time scale, had spatially dispersed distribution with other clustering patterns. The results of this study confirm that variability of rainfall revealing diverse patterns over Iran should be controlled mainly by trend patterns in the west and north parts and by random and dispersed patterns in the central, southern, and eastern parts.     

鄂西岩溶槽谷区洼地的水位响应特征及产流阈值估算

以湖北省兴山县黄粮镇刘家坝和龙湾两处岩溶洼地作为研究对象,利用其降雨、水文和土壤水等监测数据,探讨灌入式补给条件下洼地汇流的水位响应特征和产流特点,并基于降雨量和洼地内明渠流量的关系,采用数学拟合方程,估算两处洼地的降雨产流阈值,进而分析了影响产流阈值的因素。结果表明:降雨强度增大,产流阈值减小;土壤前期含水率越大,越有利于坡面产流;落水洞和岩溶泉水位与降雨有较好的同步响应关系,水位变化曲线随雨强大小分别表现出“陡升陡降”和“缓升缓降”的特点;刘家坝和龙湾洼地的产流阈值分别为7.4 mm和10.6 mm。      

基于相关分析的雨量站选择及洪水预报方法

在分析历史降雨资料的基础上,建立流域内各雨量站点雨量与流域平均面雨量的相关关系。结合流域水文站分布图选出与流域面雨量相关性高且有区域代表性的雨量站作为遥测系统的关键测站,保证其稳定运行。利用定点定面关系分析方法,由流域内关键测站的时段雨量推求流域时段面雨量,并带入洪水预报模型进行洪水预报。该方法不依赖流域内全部测站的降雨信息,可有效解决流域内雨量站缺测或数据错误时的洪水预报问题。该方法可为无资料或资料短缺地区及新建水库因资金限制只能建设少量测站时的洪水预报提供参考。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.