日照市西赵村崩塌地质灾害评估及治理方法

目前,日照市因废弃矿山引发的地质灾害主要表现在崩塌、滑坡等方面,对废弃矿山进行地质灾害预测并根据实际情况制定治理方案,不但能有效避免因地质灾害造成的损失,又能绿化生态环境,消除视觉污染。通过对日照市岚山区巨峰镇西赵村崩塌体的基本特征及现状进行影响评估,并就西赵村崩塌地质灾害的治理方案进行了初步分析探讨,为日照市因废弃矿山普遍引发崩塌地质灾害的防治提供了理论基础资料。     

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正2018年8月11日上午8时30分,北京市房山区大安山乡军红路(X209)K18+350 m~K18+430 m段处发生1起山体崩塌灾害,经纬度坐标为N:39°53'13.23″、E:115°45'50.17″,坡向约170°,崩塌区后缘高程约799.64 m,堆积区前缘高程约623.6 m,前后缘高差约176.04 m,崩塌区后缘宽约27 m,崩塌区前缘宽约85.5 m,崩塌区面积3 582.66 m2,崩塌体积约11 304.88 m3,堆积区前缘宽约225 m,崩塌后缘至堆积前缘斜长约244 m,     

塔什库尔干县大同乡中心小学崩塌发育特征及影响因素研究

研究区位于新疆塔什库尔干县大同乡中心小学,地处祖国西部边陲。在对研究区崩塌灾害详细调查的基础上,对区内岩质崩塌灾害的发育特征和影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:研究区崩塌斜坡分为三个崩塌段,长度分别为160 m、140 m和80 m,总长380 m,在斜坡上部主要发育有漂石崩塌地质灾害,在第一崩塌段南西端、第二崩塌段中部和南端基岩出露区发育有3处岩质崩塌灾害,规模均为小型;影响因素主要包括地质构造、风化、降雪、融雪、地层岩性以及地震等。     

基于GIS技术的单体崩塌危险范围评价方法研究

贵州省内多山地，由于喀斯特地貌特点，崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害发生频繁，是我国地质灾害最严重的省份之一。思南县徐家大塝崩塌历史上曾发生过多次崩塌，现存的危岩体规模大，严重威胁着徐家大塝居民的生命财产安全，开展相应的危险性评估具有紧迫性和必要性。本文通过无人机Lidar技术获取徐家大塝崩塌剔除植被的高精度DEM,并通过三维实景建模技术构建三维地形模型，考虑了落石从两个临空面崩落的情况，选取0.3 m、1.5 m和2.5m 3种典型粒径落石进行随机性数值仿真模拟，获得了3种粒径落石的运动轨迹和动力学特征。选取落石的能量、频率、加速度和弹跳高度4种评价因子对徐家大塝崩塌的危险性进行综合评价。利用熵权法计算各评价因子的权重，基于ArcGIS软件采用空间栅格分析技术将徐家大塝崩塌危险范围划分为4个等级：极高危险区、高危险区、中危险区和低危险区。本文所采用的研究思路和技术方法可为其他单体崩塌灾害危险性评价及范围划分提供参考。     

危岩体精细调查与崩塌过程三维场景模拟——以西南某水电站高边坡为例

西南山区水电站两侧陡峻边坡发育有大量危岩体，危岩体滚动滑落、崩塌掉块等现象给电站的大坝、主要建筑物、厂房、道路、支护边坡等的正常运营带来了很大影响。现阶段针对危岩崩塌灾害的预测和防护多是忽略危岩体空间几何形状的二维Rockfall方法和人为截取优势剖面，但实际落石为三维运动，其威胁区域为一个地理上的三维空间。鉴于此，以西南某水电站危岩体隐患排查结果为基础，采用现场调查，机载LiDAR遥感测量技术和无人机倾斜摄影技术，获取研究区高精度的激光雷达点云数据，构建精细危岩体模型和真实三维实景模型，进行历史崩塌落石分布特征、岩体结构产状及崩塌源区危岩体特征和危岩体失稳模式的分析，结合Unity3D三维落石分析方法进行危岩崩落后的运动特征模拟，实现危岩崩落的运动路径及在不同位置上的弹跳高度、冲击能量和滚落区域等参数的获取。结果表明：水电站右岸危岩区块一典型危岩体的弹跳高度最大可达7.92 m，影响范围约145 m，多滚落至大坝，已设置多级被动防护网，不会对电厂内重要设施构成威胁，右岸危岩区块二发育的危岩体崩落后,落石影响范围约为120 m，部分落石会沿着公路护坡滚动到道路上，可能威胁交通要道；左岸...     

新疆维吾尔自治区乌恰县康苏红层崩塌运动学特征研究

以新疆维吾尔自治区乌恰县康苏红层崩塌为例, 基于DAN-W运动学模型进行了红层崩塌碎屑流空间预测评价, 同时根据无人机航拍图和野外地质现场调查, 结合崩塌研究区的工程地质要素, 分析该崩塌的形成特征和失稳模式。结果表明:该崩塌为拉裂式崩塌, 主要受危岩体岩性组合和坡体结构面组合控制, 其孕灾模式为差异风化阶段→岩体结构变形破坏阶段→悬挑危岩阶段→崩塌失稳落下阶段, 具有典型的碎屑流运动特征。同时利用动力学模型软件DAN-W对该崩塌碎屑流的运动过程进行计算, 得到崩塌碎屑流的运动时长约为50 s, 堆积体平均厚度达到2 m, 最大速度为11.5 m·s-1, 冲击最远距离达到315 m, 与实际情况相符。表明DAN-W模型可以用来分析红层崩塌碎屑流的动力学灾害效应, 为红层地区类似的潜在崩塌碎屑流灾害的形成特征和运动效应分析提供借鉴。     

柱状岩体崩塌动力特征与破碎规律

柱状岩体崩塌具有分布范围广、破坏能力强、影响范围大的特点。2004年8月12号,重庆甑子岩W12危岩体发生崩塌,崩塌体运动距离约600 m,形成显著超前空气冲击效应,激起浮尘高度约150 m。文章基于MatDEM离散元软件对甑子岩崩塌动力特征与破碎规律进行了研究,建立了按照实际节理分布的崩塌模型,实现了崩塌全过程的模拟,并结合影像资料验证了模型的有效性,在此基础上对MatDEM进行二次开发,统计分析了崩塌过程中岩块粒径演化规律,确定了崩塌过程中的四个显著颗粒破碎时刻,分别为崩塌源区底部岩体受压破碎、中上部岩体撞击低速三角区、中部岩体撞击斜坡地面与上部岩体撞击斜坡地面。引入分形维数与双参数Weibull分布模型分析了崩塌前后颗粒破碎规律,结果显示崩塌后颗粒破碎明显,细粒颗粒占比显著增加。文章为岩体崩塌的动力特征与破碎规律的研究提供了依据。     

鄂西山区崩塌落石运动特征及危险性分析

以远安县瓦坡崩塌区为例,通过地质调查、野外测绘、无人机航拍,建立了瓦坡崩塌区三维模型,基于Rockfall Analyst（RA）分析软件,实现了瓦坡崩塌区大量崩塌落石三维空间下运动路径、高度、能量等要素模拟,探究了崩塌区落石的三维运动特征,开展了崩塌区落石危险性评估,为崩塌落石的防治提供科学参考。研究结果表明:崩塌区危岩主要破坏形式为倾倒式,目前处于欠稳定状态;模拟落石三维运动轨迹与已有落石点基本重合,说明此次模拟结果与实际情况较为吻合;落石运动过程中以碰撞弹跳、自由飞落为主,落石主要集中在崩塌区下部冲沟及公路内,部分落石达到居民区,在崩塌落石区下部公路、冲沟及崩塌区右侧危险性较高;崩塌落石防治工程建议采用危石孤石清除+被动防护网,在公路内侧、斜坡下方分别设置5 m高和3 m高抗冲击力2 000 kJ的被动防护网,可有效拦截落石。     

黄陵矿业公司运煤专线边坡治理方案设计与施工

针对黄陵矿业公司运煤铁路专用线新庄科隧道西出口边坡崩塌、落石灾害发育的特点,提出采用喷射砼面层防止岩层表面进一步风化、采用预应力锚索框架梁防止山体发生崩塌灾害的治理设计方案,并根据设计对边坡进行了治理施工。介绍了治理方案设计及施工要点。     

2008年3月21日新疆于田7.1级地震近断层破坏作用

2008年3月21日新疆于田7.1级地震发生在青藏高原北缘东昆仑山、西昆仑山和阿尔金山交汇的地区。文中介绍了此次地震的近断层破坏作用。此次地震在阿尔金断裂西端近南北向谷地海拔4 900~5 600 m东坡形成了近31 km长的地震地表破裂带。破裂带主要显示正断层滑动性质,其总体走向近南北,但局部追索北北西和北北东向共轭断裂发育,走向变化很大。受地形及滑塌作用影响,断裂陡坎高度最大可达20 m,垂直位移为2 m左右,最大水平拉张量也接近1.8 m,此外局部还存在近1 m的左旋位移。沿断裂发育一个近10 hm2的滑坡体,以及大量中小规模的滑坡、崩塌,多为冰碛物、洪积物及残坡积物等松散堆积。虽位于陡峭的山坡上,也未见大规模基岩崩塌、滑坡。通过平地上巨石的翻滚推测,断层附近的最大加速度峰值可达1 g。同时根据不同坡度的边坡崩塌和滚石发育程度估算出距离断层不同距离地区的地震震动峰值加速度。地裂缝分布范围较宽,距断层1 km的地区仍可见到长度超过100 m的地裂缝。这些地裂缝可能是地震震动、谷地边坡变形及旁支断层地震触发滑动的综合产物。极震区最大烈度估计可达Ⅹ度,综合各方面资料文章提供了该次地震Ⅸ度、Ⅷ度、和Ⅶ度等震线;长轴方向呈NNESSW向,与余震方向大致一致。近断层破坏作用包括强地面运动、断层破裂带、地裂缝、滑坡、崩塌、滚石等。它们受到震级、断裂活动性质及场地条件等多因素控制。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861