镉污染对翡翠贻贝碱性磷酸酶的影响

自从六十年代末,日本发生骨痛病公害事件后,镉对环境的污染问题,在科学上越来越引起人们的关注.微量镉对机体骨骼的损害作用,已被许多研究所证实.目前普遍认为,骨痛病就是由于镉的慢性中毒而引起骨骼脱钙的结果.碱性磷酸酶是磷代谢过程中的重要酶类之一.     

导数-伏安法直接测定海水中痕量镉

海水中溶解镉的浓度范围一般在0.01-0.6微克/升之间^[1].镉的污染毒性是众所周知的,研究痕量元素镉在海洋食物链中的转移变化过程,对人们研究污染物在海洋的扩散以及海洋环境的自净能力均有积极意义。近年来,国内出现了不少各有特色的用于水质测定的较好的阳极溶出伏安法^[2,3],但直接测定海水中痕量镉均有困难。     

胶州湾底质痕量元素污染研究

为了查清胶州湾表层沉积物的痕量污染元素对环境的影响,于2002-2004年对胶州湾全区进行了详细的污染调查,并对所获取的312 个表层沉积物样品中的痕量元素按海洋沉积物质量标准进行了评价研究,其中铜有 33 个站位超第一类标准,有 2 个站位超第二类标准,1 个站位超第三类标准.铜在研究区是最严重的污染元素,其污染面广,程度深.铬的污染面仅次于铜,有 29 个站位的样点超标.汞有 22 个站位超标,其中有 5 个站位超第二类标准,1个站位超第三类标准,虽然它的污染面较铜和铬小,但污染程度较严重.锌有 7 个站位超标,其中1个站位超第二类标准.镉的污染程度较低,只有 3 个站位超标.铅的沉积环境较好,只有 2 个站位的含量值超第一类标准.研究区污染最轻的痕量元素是砷.结果表明,这些痕量元素主要为工业和生活污水经排污沟和排污河而进入胶州湾.按其污染范围大小排序是：铜＞铬＞汞＞锌＞镉＞铅＞砷;按其污染程度排序是汞＞铜＞铬＞锌＞镉＞铅.     

珠江口海域水体中镉的存在形态及其分布规律的初步研究

自从轰动世界的日本“骨痛病”公害发生后,镉的环境污染问题日益为世界各国所重视。由于镉金属具有许多优良的特性而被广泛应用,但它对人类健康的危害也很大。在使用和生产过程中镉会严重污染环境,尤其对江河、海洋的污染直接危害水生生物,进而危害人类健康。镉是一种重要的环境污染物。     

深圳沿岸海域贝类重金属和贝类毒素污染状况分析

通过检测深圳沿岸海域7种贝类的重金属、麻痹性贝毒(PSP)和腹泻性贝毒(DSP)含量,了解其食用安全性.严格按照国家标准进行检测,采用SPSS 20.0对数据进行Kruskal-Wallis H检验和方差分析.结果表明:各种重金属和贝类毒素在样品中均有检出,汞污染状况良好;铜含量范围为0.52~109.65 mg/kg,超标率为13.67%;铅含量范围为0.01~3.60 mg/kg,超标率为68.35%;镉含量范围为0.015~7.807 mg/kg,超标率为53.96%.PSP和DSP检出率为100%,PSP含量范围为0.30~34.23 ug/100 g;DSP含量范围为1.88~38.41 ug/100 g.总体看来,样品铅、镉超标严重,不同种类贝类重金属含量具有差异且贝类毒素检出率较高,应引起有关部门的重视,加强该海域监测工作.     

深圳湾海域表层和柱样沉积物中的重金属分布特征

分析深圳湾表层沉积物中锌、铬、镉、镍、铅、铜等6种重金属元素的含量发现它们的浓度均值已全部超过广东省海岸带沉积物背景值。根据潜在生态危害法,在6种重金属中镉造成的污染最严重,从潜在的生态危害指数评价看镉的含量已达到很高的污染水平。从面状分布看,重金属污染危害指数值在深圳河口区最低,在蛇口段居中等水平,在深圳湾内侧的近岸水域最大。柱样沉积物的浓度变化以1950年为界划分为两部分:1950年以来的现代沉积物中有较强的人类活动干扰痕迹,表现为重金属元素的浓度增长幅度大,且浓度很高,其均值全部大于广东省海岸带的背景值;1950年以前的近代沉积物中有稍弱的人类活动干扰痕迹。研究认为沉积物粒度特征、沉积速率、人类活动与重金属在沉积物中的浓度高低有直接相关关系,并直接影响到重金属在沉积物中的污染水平。     

长江流域沉积物重金属污染特征及优控因子筛选

本文通过整编2000—2016年长江流域沉积物重金属研究数据,对7种重金属(铜、汞、铅、锌、镉、铬和砷)的含量、空间分布和赋存形态比例进行分析总结,并对其污染风险进行评价。研究结果发现沉积物中镉(Cd)含量超标最严重;从污染风险看,Cd在沉积物中的累积程度和生态风险要远高于另外6种重金属;从赋存形态看,Cd在沉积物中以酸提取态(B1)为主,生物可利用性要高于另外6种重金属,易在环境中迁移转化。本文结果表明Cd是长江流域沉积物的首要重金属污染元素和优控重金属元素。优先关注并重点防控沉积物Cd污染对控制长江流域重金属污染存在积极作用。     

石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定海洋沉积物和悬浮物中的镉、铅、铜

海洋沉积物和悬浮物样品基体组成十分复杂,而待测元素在样品中的含量也相差甚远,这给分析工作带来了一定的困难.石墨炉原子吸收法虽然具有灵敏度高,取样量少等优点,但存在着严重基体干扰^[1-2].因此很多作者不得不采用费时的分离手段或标准加入法进行测定.本文应用自制简易石墨平台和基体改进技术以及峰面积测量相结合,直接测定了海洋沉积物和悬浮物中的镉、铅、铜.方法有效地消除了普遍石墨炉原子吸收测定法分析镉、铅时所遇到的基体干扰,使标准加入法曲线与标准工作曲线的斜率比接近1.0.方法简便快速,稳定可靠。     

海洋围隔生态系中营养盐和重金属对浮游生物的影响

多年来北美、欧洲、日本和澳大利亚的海洋生态学家和海洋生物地球化学家广泛应用海洋围隔生态系研究营养盐浓度和通量的变化与有关的化学和生物学过程之间的关系.例如,H.S.Peter(1982)系统综述了营养盐的地球化学循环^[1].Isao Koike和AkihikoHattori等人(1982)利用CEPEX详尽探讨沿岸水氮的动力学^[2].K.Kremling等人(1978)论述了在围隔实验生态系中营养盐的变化和用镉处理的生态系对海洋浮游植物生长的影响^[3].还有W.H.Thomas用等人(1977)评价了1976年在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚萨阿尼奇湾的受控生态系污染实验中汞对海洋浮游植物群落的影响^[4].     

船舶过“海船闸”时盐水入侵量的分析与计算

本文就四种海水入侵方式进行定量分析与初步探讨,得到了船舶过“海船阐”时海水入侵的数量概念。它将严重污染淡水水质,影响工农业生产和人民生活,希望引起有关部门的重视.     

DIRECT DETERMINATION OP TRACE CADMIUM IN SEAWATER BY DERIVATIVE-VOLTAMMETRY

An analytical method is proposed for the direct determination of Cd in seawater by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and the derivative technique with a hanging mercury drop electrode. The process of determination is quick, simple and convenient. The concentration of Cd in seawater is only determined by adjusting the acidity of seawater to pH 2 and by taking three minutes' plating time. Sensitivity of the method is about 1×10-10M, and accuracy of that satisfactory. Relative standard deviation is about 12% when the concentration of Cd in seawater is approximately 0.04 ppb. A good agreement was obtained by a standard curve and a standard addition technique respectively from determining Cd in the same seawater. Actual measurement time per sample is about 10 min.     

A study on sample pretreatment of analysis of Cd, Pb and Zn in seawater by IDMS

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and ultra-clean room approach are successfully used in the determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in seawater and the sample pretreatment of analysis. The precision in the determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in seawater is better than±3% and the limits of detection are 6×10-12, 6×10-11 and 2.4×10-10 respectively. The effects of sample pretreatment such as filtration and acidification on the results of determination of Cd- Pb and Zn in seawater are disscussed.     

DIRECT AND SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Bi IN SEAWATER BY DERIVATIVE-VOLTAMMETRY

This paper suggests direct and simultaneous determinations of the reducible species of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Bi in seawater made by the derivative-differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a hung mercury drop electrode. The influence of Cu on the determination of Zn in this experiment condition has been studied, of which both the accuracy and precision are satisfactory. The procedure of determination is so quick, simple and convenient that the background concentration of these five elements in coastal seawaters can be determined only by adjusting the acidity of seawater to pH 2.5 and by taking 10-minutes plating time. Actual measurement time of these five elements for every sample is approximately 25 min.     

An electrochemical study of the speciation of copper,zinc and iron in two estuaries in England

The organic speciation of copper, iron and zinc in estuarine waters is studied using electrochemical techniques. Complexing capacities for copper and zinc were determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) of their complexes with respectively catechol and amino pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC). Iron speciation was studied by CSV measurements of dissolved iron before (‘free iron’) and after acidification and UV-irradiation (‘total iron’) of the filtered samples. Complexing capacities of copper were found to vary between 1·4 and 5 × 10⁻⁷m with conditional stability constants, logK′_CuL, between 9·2 and 10·3 in the Tamar estuary. Complexing capacities of zinc were less at between 0·4 and 1·6 × 10⁻⁷m with values for logK′_ZnL between 8·1 and 9·4. Copper complexing capacities generally decreased with increasing salinity, and variations in the results were related to high concentrations of suspended material. Similar variations in the dissolved vanadium concentrations suggested that part of this element was associated with colloidal material. The total dissolved iron concentration in samples from the River Ribble decreased from 10⁻⁶m at low salinity to 10⁻⁷m at high salinity, but the free iron concentration was found to decrease from 8 to 3 × 10⁻⁸m over the same salinity range, which may be compared with the calculated solubility of iron in seawater of 2 × 10⁻⁸m. Comparative experiments showed that on average about 24% of the non-labile iron fraction was stabilized by organic material, the rest being composed of inorganic colloidal material.     

The distribution and preferential biological uptake of cadmium at 6°W in the Southern Ocean

The spatial and temporal distribution of cadmium (Cd) and phosphate in the Southern Ocean are related to biology and hydrography. During a period of 18 days between transects 5/6 and 11, a phytoplankton spring bloom developed in the Polar Frontal region. Upper water Cd concentrations were not depleted and ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 nM at about 10 m depth. These relatively high Cd concentrations are attributed to upwelling of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (0.5–1.2 nM in the core) in combination with low biological productivity (0.2 to 0.3 mg m⁻³ chlorophyll-a, 0.3 g C m⁻² d⁻¹). Total particulate Cd concentrations at 40 m depth were between 0.02 and 0.14 nM with the maximum in concentration in the Polar Frontal region. Most of the particulate Cd at this depth (85–94%) was detected in the first phase of a sequential chemical leaching treatment which includes adsorbed Cd as well as Cd incorporated in algae. The Polar Frontal region was characterized by minima in Cd concentration and Cd/phosphate ratio of seawater at both transects; values were the lowest at transect 11 after development of the spring bloom which was dominated by diatoms. This decreasing Cd/phosphate ratio in seawater during spring bloom development was attributed to preferential Cd gross uptake which more than compensated the process of preferential Cd recycling. Within the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, Cd showed a maximum in concentration similar to that of the major nutrients. Both the Cd concentration and the Cd/phosphate ratio of the deeper water increased in southern direction, from 0.4 to 0.7 nM and from 0.2 to 0.3 nM/μM, respectively. Antarctic Intermediate Water has a Cd concentration of 0.21 nM with a Cd/phosphate ratio of 0.10 nM/μM. In Antarctic Bottom Water, Cd concentrations ranged from 0.60 to 0.82 nM.     

Determination of picomolar iron in seawater by double Mg(OH)2 precipitation isotope dilution high-resolution ICPMS

A low-blank pre-concentration procedure is described for the analysis of picomolar iron (Fe) in seawater by isotope dilution high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (HR-ICPMS). The procedure uses a two-step Mg(OH)₂ co-precipitation procedure to extract Fe from a 50 ml seawater sample into a 100 μl 4% nitric acid (HNO₃) solution followed by HR-ICPMS measurement. The high pre-concentration ratio ( 500:1) achieved by the procedure minimizes the Fe blank due to ICPMS instrumental Fe background and results in a detection limit of  2 pM and a precision of  4% at the 50 pM Fe level. The measurement of a low-Fe seawater sample spiked with gravimetric Fe standard shows that the method can clearly distinguish 0.01 nM Fe from 0.02 nM Fe in seawater with high accuracy. The method is demonstrated by the analysis of dissolved Fe in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.     

High-accuracy measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean: comparison of alternate detection methods

High-accuracy measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean are currently performed using an automated coulometric system based on that described by Johnson et al. (1987). These measurements require highly-trained technicians and the manipulation of expensive and hazardous chemicals. We tested an alternate detection method based on non-dispersive infra-red analysis. All of the dissolved carbonate species from a seawater sample were extracted as CO₂ gas by acidification and nitrogen stripping. The CO₂ gas was then quantitatively detected with either a coulometric system or an infra-red analyzer. The reproducibility of the two detection methods is similar. Although the infra-red system requires further testing, it holds promise as an alternative to coulometry. The detection of the CO₂ gas by infra-red analysis presents several advantages over coulometric detection: it simplifies and reduces the cost of the measurements, shortens the analysis time, reduces the sample size requirement by at least a factor of five, and allows us to consider complete automation of the system for underway surface seawater measurements.     

铅在海水中的析出及其对急性毒性实验的影响

铅(Pb)在海水中易产生沉淀,这将影响毒性实验中效应值的计算。本研究通过海水中不同重金属对中国广泛分布的底栖无脊椎动物双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)以及毒理学研究常用的海水模式生物卤虫(Artemiasalina)的急性毒性实验,对比分析了海水中Pb的生物毒性特点以及暴露溶液中Pb的析出对毒性实验结果的影响。用人工海水与天然海水配制Pb溶液时,理论浓度为18.7～1 200mg/L的Pb溶液中均出现大量白色沉淀。通过扫描电子显微镜能谱(SEM-EDS)对析出物进行检测,根据元素组成推测析出物主要为氯化铅与碳酸铅。对溶液浓度进行检测发现,Pb的实测浓度仅为理论浓度的1/15～1/2,根据实测浓度计算的Pb对双齿围沙蚕和卤虫的96h/48h半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)值低于根据理论浓度计算值的1/10。对比Pb、Cu、Cd对双齿围沙蚕与卤虫的LC₅₀值发现, Pb对水生生物的毒性低于Cu和Cd,且对不同生物的毒性效应存在差异。对比研究报道中Pb对海洋生物的急性毒性效应发现,Pb对幼体生物的毒性效应较显著,而在海水有效溶解...     

Cadmium and phosphate in coastal Antarctic seawater: Implications for Southern Ocean nutrient cycling

Cadmium is a biologically important trace metal that co-varies with phosphate (PO₄³⁻ or Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate, DIP) in seawater. However, the exact nature of Cd uptake mechanisms and the relationship with phosphate and other nutrients in global oceans remain elusive. Here, we present a time series study of Cd and PO₄³⁻ from coastal Antarctic seawater, showing that Cd co-varies with macronutrients during times of high biological activity even under nutrient and trace metal replete conditions. Our data imply that Cd/PO₄³⁻ in coastal surface Antarctic seawater is higher than open ocean areas. Furthermore, the sinking of some proportion of this high Cd/PO₄³⁻ water into Antarctic Bottom Water, followed by mixing into Circumpolar Deep Water, impacts Southern Ocean preformed nutrient and trace metal composition. A simple model of endmember water mass mixing with a particle fractionation of Cd/P (α_Cd–P) determined by the local environment can be used to account for the Cd/PO₄³⁻ relationship in different parts of the ocean. The high Cd/PO₄³⁻ of the coastal water is a consequence of two factors: the high input from terrestrial and continental shelf sediments and changes in biological fractionation with respect to P during uptake of Cd in regions of high Fe and Zn. This implies that the Cd/PO₄³⁻ ratio of the Southern Ocean will vary on glacial–interglacial timescales as the proportion of deep water originating on the continental shelves of the Weddell Sea is reduced during glaciations because the ice shelf is pinned at the edge of the continental shelf. There could also be variations in biological fractionation of Cd/P in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean on these timescales as a result of changes in atmospheric inputs of trace metals. Further variations in the relationship between Cd and PO₄³⁻ in seawater arise from changes in population structure and community requirements for macro- and micronutrients.