频散效应对近地面层风速廓线的影响

应用含湍流频散效应的近地面层的运动方程求解了不同层结下的风速廓线，着重分析了湍流频散效应对近地面层平稳运动的影响。分析指出：湍流的频散效应对经典的幂律廓线一对数修正，该修正在不稳定层结时比稳定层时明显；利用相似理论也得到了该常数。     

非均一地形近地层风速廓线特点及粗糙度的研究

在中性大气层结条件下,利用35 m铁塔上五层不同高度处的有效风速,分析得到了非均一地形近地面层风速廓线特点及由粗糙元所决定的粗糙度。结果表明:(1)近地面层风速廓线一般符合对数风速廓线模式,其相关系数均大于0.985,标准偏差为0.04左右;(2)粗糙度的值为1.25 m。但由于外界流体运动状态改变可引起粗糙度出现起伏,其变化范围较大,一般在0.038～4.903 m,与风速之间的相关系数为-0.953。     

切向风速水平廓线对台风路径和强度的影响

用一个β平面的准地转模式和一个高分辨率的f平面准地转模式，实施了6组试验，研究了初始台风切向风速水平廓线对台风路径和强度的影响。结果表明：切向风速峰值区狭窄，最大风速半径较小的廓线，与偏西北方向的路径以及强度维持或增强相对应；峰值区宽平，最大风速半径较大的廓线，与北折转向的路径以及强度衰减相对应。     

内蒙古草原近地层垂直风速廓线的观测研究

利用中国国家气候中心2009-2010年在内蒙古锡林浩特开展的100 m铁塔大气湍流观测数据,分析了不同稳定度条件下的垂直风廓线变化特征,并在局地相似理论基础上建立了垂直风廓线表达式。结果表明:(1)内蒙古草原近地层大气中,不稳定层结和稳定层结条件发生的概率远高于中性和弱不稳定、弱稳定层结的发生概率。(2)稳定层结时,大气特性在垂直方向上变化较明显,需要按照不同的高度层分别研究其风速的变化规律。根据内蒙古锡林浩特草原大气湍流观测资料得到,稳定层结时的无因次风速梯度随稳定度ξ的变化关系可以表达为1+β_mξ,其中β_m的取值与距地面高度有关:30 m高度及以下,β_m取4.3-5.4;高度在(30 m,50 m],β_m取2.9-3.4;50 m及以上高度,β_m取2.0-2.9。     

海面与海岸陆面风速廓线特征

利用位于江苏海岸陆地的两座测风塔以及福建海面的一座测风塔气象要素资料,分析了这两种下垫面风速、湍流等要素的日变化规律及廓线特征,探讨了这两种不同下垫面特征导致的风力特征差异。结果表明:海岸陆面日最大风速出现时间较内陆滞后,最小风速出现时间与内陆相差不大,风速日变化位相随高度滞后,日振幅随高度减小,冬季70 m高度风速日变化特征与10 m高度风速日变化特征相反,夜间大于白天,说明冬季的过渡层转换高度低于夏季;海面风速的日变化位相、日振幅等特征随高度变化很小。两种下垫面的风廓线用对数律、指数律拟合的效果相当,海岸陆面的风廓线指数呈现的规律为离岸风组大于向岸风组,冬季大于夏季;海面风廓线指数呈现的规律则是向岸风组大于离岸风组,夏季大于冬季。     

风沙流中风速廓线的数值模拟与实验验证

如何描述风沙流中被风沙运动改变了的风速廓线是风沙相互作用研究中的关键问题之一.该文中将跃移风沙流视为一种颗粒拟流体,将跃移颗粒对气流产生的阻力用颗粒流的阻力系数来表达,建立了描写两场相互作用的数学模型.颗粒流的阻力系数采用了前人在液态流化床研究中得出的阻力系数表达形式,通过引入一个修正系数,使其适用于风沙流(气-固两相流).将风沙边界层划分为跃移颗粒所产生的阻力不可忽略的内边界层和跃移颗粒阻力可以忽略但受内边界层影响的外边界层,分别建立了内边界层和外边界层的风速廓线表达式.应用所建立的数学模型,根据由风洞实验测定的跃移风沙流的浓度分布和速度分布资料,计算了跃移风沙流中的风速廓线,并与风洞实测结果进行了对比.结果表明,计算风速廓线与实测风速廓线吻合得比较好,在半对数图上均为上凸的曲线,有别于无风沙运动时的直线.跃移边界层外风速分布可较好地用对数函数来描述.对风沙流中风速廓线的进一步分析证实了风沙物理学奠基人Bagnold在其早期观测风沙流中的风速廓线时提出的"结点现象"(Bagnold结),该结点的高度随风速的增大而升高,随颗粒粒径的增大而降低.根据数值模拟和模拟实验,可以认为有风沙运动的动床剪切风速是综合反映风场与跃移层以及地表之间相互作用的物理量.     

青藏高原地表对大气红外冷却廓线的影响

青藏高原地表对大气红外冷却廓线的影响ＥｒｉｃＡ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ；ＬｅｔＳｈｉ（佛罗里达州立大学气象系和巨型计算研究所）１引言青藏高原对大气环流的动力和热力影响是众所周知的。很多学者对青藏高原作为一个巨大的、抬高的热源对大气的影响做过深入的研究。这些研究重...     

大气廓线综合探测系统及其应用技术

介绍了大气廓线综合探测系统——风廓线仪与RASS雷达的工作原理，并以具体实例来说明这种探测技术在国外高空探测领域中的广泛应用。它可以被用来推算湿度廓线，探测锋的热动力结构与垂直风结构，诊断热带地区行星边界层和降雨云系统。通过对中日科技人员2002年夏季在安徽省肥西县进行的中尺度天气观测试验资料分析，阐述了用风廓线仪和RASS雷达资料反演0．2～2．2km高度范围内湿度廓线的方法。     

关于低层大气风速廓线的讨论

低层大气的风和人类的活动有着密切的关系。无论是飞行器的发射和运行,还是超高烟囱、高层建筑的设计,高压输电线路的架设,工业污染物的稀释、扩散以及风能利用等等都要求提供低层大气风的特性资料。其中风速廓线便是人们普遍关心的问题之一。     

Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: A re-evaluation

Previous results of non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles as functions of ( = z/L) show systematic deviations between different experiments. These discrepancies are generally believed not to reflect real differences but rather instrumental shortcomings. In particular, it is clear that flow distortion has not been adequately treated in most previous experiments. In the present paper, results are presented from a surface-layer field experiment where great care was taken to remove any effects from this kind of error and also to minimize other measuring errors. Data from about 90 30-min runs with turbulence measurements at three levels (3, 6, and 14 m) and simultaneous profile data have been analysed to yield information on flux-gradient relationships for wind and temperature.The flux measurements themselves show that the fluxes of momentum and sensible heat are constant within ± 7% on average for the entire 14 m layer in daytime conditions and when the stratification is slightly stable. For more stable conditions, the flux starts to decrease systematically somewhere in the layer 6 to 14 m. From a large body of data for near-neutral conditions (¦¦ 0.1), values are derived for von Kármán's constant: 0.40 ± 0.01 and for _h at neutrally, 0.95 ± 0.04. The range of uncertainty indicated here is meant to include statistical uncertainty as well as the effect of possible systematic errors.Data for _m and _h for an extended stability range (1 > > – 3) are presented. Several formulas for _m and _h appearing in the literature have been used in a comparative study. But first all the formulas have been modified in accordance with the following assumptions: = 0.40 and ( _h ) _{= 0} = 0.95; deviations from this result in the various studies are due to incomplete correction for flow distortion. After new corrections are introduced, the various formulas were compared with the present measurements and with each other. It is found that after this modification, the most generally used formulas for _m and _h for unstable conditions, i.e., those of Businger et al. (1971) and Dyer (1974) agree with each other to within ± 10% and with the present data. For stable conditions, the various formulas still disagree to some extent. The conclusion in relation to the present data is not as clear as for the unstable runs, because of increased scatter. It is, however, found that the modified curve of Businger et al. (1971) for _h fits the data well, whereas for _m , Dyer's (1974) curve appears to give slightly better agreement.     

Scale effects in wind tunnel modeling of an urban atmospheric boundary layer

Precise urban atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind tunnel simulations are essential for a wide variety of atmospheric studies in built-up environments including wind loading of structures and air pollutant dispersion. One of key issues in addressing these problems is a proper choice of simulation length scale. In this study, an urban ABL was reproduced in a boundary layer wind tunnel at different scales to study possible scale effects. Two full-depth simulations and one part-depth simulation were carried out using castellated barrier wall, vortex generators, and a fetch of roughness elements. Redesigned “Counihan” vortex generators were employed in the part-depth ABL simulation. A hot-wire anemometry system was used to measure mean velocity and velocity fluctuations. Experimental results are presented as mean velocity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds stress, integral length scale of turbulence, and power spectral density of velocity fluctuations. Results suggest that variations in length-scale factor do not influence the generated ABL models when using similarity criteria applied in this study. Part-depth ABL simulation compares well with two full-depth ABL simulations indicating the truncated vortex generators developed for this study can be successfully employed in urban ABL part-depth simulations.     

Mean horizontal wind profiles measured in the atmospheric boundary layer about a simulated block building

Instrumented wind towers are used to measure the three components of wind about a simulated block building. The mean horizontal wind profiles over the building are compared with wind profiles measured in the absence of the building and the wind speed deficit in the wake of the building is correlated.Horizontal mean wind speeds measured in the natural atmospheric boundary layer with and without the presence of a simulated building show excellent reproducibility and agreement with fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics. The data possess all the characteristic features reported from wind-tunnel studies of building flows. In the present study the turbulence intensity is of the order of 20% in the undisturbed flow whereas the free stream turbulence intensity of wind-tunnel studies is generally not more than 5%. The effect of smaller averaging periods and the structure of the turbulence will be reported at a later time.The velocity profiles measured in the undisturbed flow zones support the representation of a neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layer with a logarithmic wind profile.     

On the analysis of wind wave-induced disturbances in the atmospheric turbulent surface layer

Simultaneous measurements of wind velocity, air humidity and sea surface wave-elevation fluctuations obtained on a platform in the open Caspian Sea are analyzed.It is shown that wave noises exist in the spectra and cospectra of the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer, not only for the frequency of the main energy transporting component of the sea waves, but also in other parts of the spectra, at both lower and higher frequencies. The high frequencies are noncoherent with the sea waves and could be considered as measurement errors due to the existence of the waves. A method of elimination of the coherent wave noises from the spectra and cospectra is suggested and the effectiveness of its application is demonstrated.The essential difference between cases of developing and decaying wind waves is demonstrated.     

低层大气运动的浑沌吸引子

本文应用低层大气的实测资料以及重构相空间的方法,研究了低层大气运动的浑沌特征,结果发现,在低层大气运动中浑沌吸引子是存在的。就本文给出的四个实例而言,它们的关联维数和最大的李雅普诺夫指数分别在5.5与7.3之间和0.037与0.046bit/s之间。上述结果对大气运动模式的评估、大气观测方案的设计以及低层大气可预报性问题的研究是有重要参考价值的。     

论塔层风 、温廓线

本文改进了Zilitinkevich的工作,得到在塔层内动力学上合理的风廓线.并近似推求了不稳定层结下边界层高度h的表达式,使风、温廓线能用于不同层结.由近地层理论从近地层风、温求出通量后,即可推求塔层风、温分布.325m气象塔资料证明这一廓线达到一定的精度.     

On the statistical wind rose analysis

Summary In this paper an approximation of the occurrence probability of wind direction classes by means of a mixture distribution consisting of several component distributions is described. In particular, undetermined parameter values of a mixture distribution describing a wind rose are estimated by minimizing an appropriate function. Deviations of the obtained frequencies from the wind rose data are subjected to a chi-square test. Every component of the mixture distribution is expected to have an occurrence probability equal to the probability of the corresponding airflow type. This method has been applied to approximately two hundred wind data samples based on particular parts of a day and year. Results of two characteristic examples are discussed. It is expected that the statistically obtained components can be explained by meteorological and topoclimatological parameters.With 3 Figures     

Characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the atmospheric boundary layer on the southern coast of Bulgaria

The characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the boundary atmospheric layer measured at the meteorological station in Akhtopol (Bulgaria) are presented. The measurements were carried out with the Scintec sodar and MK-15 automatic meteorological station. The sodar measurement data on wind parameters at different heights in different months are presented as well as the frequency of inshore and offshore wind directions, that enables to trace the intensity of the breeze circulation. The frequency of calms and wind speeds at the heights of 50, 100, and 200 m according to gradations for different months and the probability of wind of various speeds depending on the direction are also given. The breeze front characteristics in June–September of 2009 are computed from the speed and direction of surface wind measured with the acoustic anemometer of MK-15 complex.