基于应急疏散智能体模型模拟的城市避难所空间配置——以上海市静安区为例

城市应急避难所的空间配置一直是灾害防治和城市安全研究领域的热点问题。本文以城市居民尽快地,尽少拥挤地到达满足容纳需求的应急避难所为目标,整合遥感影像数据、高精度人口分布数据、交通路网数据和专家知识等数据,综合运用智能体模型和多准则决策方法,对城市避难所空间配置开展研究。本文设计了三类与应急疏散相关的智能体：政府智能体、避难所智能体和居民智能体,来实现应急疏散的模拟,并根据模拟结果支持应急避难所的空间选址和配置。选址方法上运用了多准则决策方法和权重敏感性分析,在选址高适宜区域内选定避难所的新建方案。以新的避难所空间布局和配置为条件,执行新一轮的应急疏散模拟过程,实现选址的循环优化,从而获得最终的避难所空间配置方案。本文以上海市静安区的应急避难所空间配置分析为案例,生成了该区域应急避难所的详细空间配置方案,该方案能帮助居民在尽少拥挤风险下尽快疏散到附近的避难所。本文提出的方法充实了中国城市避难所选址的相关理论与可操作性的技术基础,为其他地区开展避难所的配置工作提供借鉴与参考。     

Exploring spatial data uncertainties in land‐use change scenarios

This paper evaluates errors and uncertainties in representing landscapes that arise from different data rasterization methods, spatial resolutions, and downscaled land‐use change (LUC) scenarios. A vector LU dataset for Luxembourg (minimum mapping unit: 0.15 ha; year 2000) was used as the baseline reference map. This map was rasterized at three spatial resolutions using three cell class assignment methods. The landscape composition and configuration of these maps were compared. Four alternative scenarios of future LUC were also generated for the three resolutions using existing LUC scenarios and a statistical downscaling method creating 37 maps of LUC for the year 2050. These maps were compared in terms of composition and spatial configuration using simple metrics of landscape fragmentation and an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences in landscape composition and configuration between the three cell class assignment methods and the three spatial resolutions were found to be at least as large as the differences between the LUC scenarios. This occurred in spite of the large LUC projected by the scenarios. This demonstrates the importance of the rasterization method and the level of aggregation as a contribution to uncertainty when developing future LUC scenarios and in analysing landscape structure in ecological studies.     

Temporal Extensions of Landscape Ecology Theory and Practice: Examples from the Peruvian Amazon*

The growing overlap between geographic information science (GIScience) and landscape ecology for landscape characterization has led to increasingly sophisticated measures of landscape site and situation. Scale, both temporal and spatial, has been injected into methodologies to improve our ability to derive process from pattern with the hope of defining, monitoring, and modeling ecological landscape function. This article addresses an evolving methodology of longitudinal or panel analysis designed to test the relative importance of thematic versus structural landscape configuration as well as interannual versus intra‐annual change. Landscape typologies for both temporal signature and dominant structural trajectories are offered as guideposts for rethinking dynamic landscape characterization. A case study from the Peruvian Amazon is provided to illustrate interpretive advances available via panel methods that allow for disentangling inter‐ and intra‐annual shifts as well as separating changes in composition versus configuration for improved understanding of landscape dynamics and dynamism.     

A new method of computing geopotential fields

Summary. A new method is proposed for the geopotential field computation and gravitational attraction modelling. The usual method is to use a uniform density discrete numerical integration to represent either the gravitational potential or the gravitational attraction from a given density configuration. In this paper, an interpolation scheme is explained, using a piecewise continuous basis function to represent the arbitrarily varying density configuration in one, two and three dimensions. This new approach greatly simplifies the potential integrations and, in certain cases where symmetry exists, analytical evaluation of the integrals is also possible. Numerical tests and examples are given for a hypothetical salt dome, a vertical dyke with varying density structure and the hydrostatic ellipticity of earth model 1066B. The numerical error in this method is limited to the analytical approximation and interpolation errors in each case. This new approach can also be used as efficiently for other potential field studies.     

一个北极区域冰海耦合模式的设置与应用

介绍了一个北极区域冰-海耦合数值模式的设置与应用。海洋模式基于MIT海洋环流数值模式,海冰动力学过程由Hibler的粘-塑模型发展而来。海冰的热力过程基于Winton提出的三层热力学模型。给出了耦合模式的基本框架,重点介绍了区域冰-海耦合系统中较为重要的程序包,如正交网格生成技术,中尺度涡的参数化,冰-海耦合及开边界处理等。以NCEP再分析资料为大气强迫场,模拟研究了北极夏季海冰范围异常的变化特征(1992—2007),模拟得到的海冰面积变化趋势与SSM/I观测资料进行了对比,两者相关系数达到0.88,模式基本反映了海冰的年际变化特征。以2007年为例,对比分析了9月份海冰密集度分布特征,模式结果得到的海冰范围略大于观测,但基本反映了2007年夏季海冰范围的衰减形态。     

紫色土坡耕地细沟发育的形态演变

研究细沟发育的形态演变规律是认识细沟发生机理的前提,本研究通过人工降雨与微地貌扫描相结合的方法,调查了紫色土坡耕地细沟发生过程的形态演变特征.采用三维激光扫描仪扫描不同降雨时段坡面,生成高精度坡面DEM图像,统计各时段不同坡段等高线偏离度,量算坡面凹陷区的表面积、周长、直径以及沟头下切深度;结果表明,等高线偏离度越大细沟发育越完全,有细沟发生坡面等高线偏离度是无细沟坡面的1倍以上;凹陷区的表面积、周长、直径相对于单位降雨量的扩展速率均在细沟贯穿时段出现最大值;跌坑位置与坡面水平起伏关系不明显,统计的3条沟头分别发育于水平方向起伏的最高点、中间点和低点;跌坑下切深度及其单位降雨量的扩展速率在跌坑贯穿形成细沟时段出现最大值,之后逐渐降低,说明跌坑的形成是细沟造床的关键.     

Coastline configuration and geomorphologic development mode of arc-shaped coast in South China

Coastline configuration indexes of 34 typical arc-shaped coasts in South China are investigated by the method of principal component analysis, and meanwhile deposition and geomorphologic features of arc-shaped coast are also analyzed. The results show: (1) The configuration of arc-shaped coast in South China is of the characteristic of variability and complexity. (2) The wave power and the openings of the bay are the decisive factors to result in the changes of the configuration of the arc-shaped coast in South China, however, incidence direction of the wave has no effect on configuration development of the coast. (3) Commonly, geomorphologic modes of the arc-shaped coast system in South China consist of barriers, lagoons and tidal-inlets, and can be divided into four types: the openings of the bay leaning to the east, the openings of the bay leaning to the south, the openings of the bay leaning to the west and the openings of the bay leaning to the north.     

华南弧形海岸岸线形态与地貌发育模式

Coastline configuration indexes of 34 typical arc-shaped coasts in South China are investigated by the method of principal component analysis, and meanwhile deposition and geomorphologic features of arc-shaped coast are also analyzed. The results show: (1) The configuration of arc-shaped coast in South China is of the characteristic of variability and complexity. (2) The wave power and the openings of the bay are the decisive factors to result in the changes of the configuration of the arc-shaped coast in South China, however, incidence direction of the wave has no effect on configuration development of the coast. (3) Commonly, geomorphologic modes of the arc-shaped coast system in South China consist of barriers, lagoons and tidal-inlets, and can be divided into four types:the openings of the bay leaning to the east, the openings of the bay leaning to the south, the openings of the bay leaning to the west and the openings of the bay leaning to the north.     

Coastline configuration and geomorphologic development mode of arc-shaped coast in South China

1IntroductionArc-shaped bays are quite common on exposed sediment coast in South China, where the crenulate-bay beaches occur with the presence of two consecutive headlands and a predominant wave approach oblique to the alignment of the upcoast and downcoast headlands (Yasso, 1965). Oblique persistent swell striking a shoreline transports sediment alongshore and sculptures a coast into arc-shaped beaches. The shoreline of beach appearance mainly consists of straight segment and shadow segment…     

旋风分离式集沙仪在风洞内集沙效率的试验研究

为了改变旋风分离式集沙仪本体直径、入口截面宽度、锥体段高度的主要结构参数,在实验室风蚀风洞内分别进行了性能试验,测试了集沙仪的性能参数并进行了分析。结果表明,改变其中一个结构参数的水平,集沙仪平均沙尘收集率在80%~90%之间,而且参数水平的变化对于各粒径范围的土样的沙尘收集率影响程度不同。通过分析可得:在各风速下,对于各种粒径的土样,本体直径由50 mm改变为40 mm时沙尘收集率降低;入口截面宽度由10 mm变为8 mm时沙尘收集率提高约2%~3%;锥体段高度由100 mm改变为125 mm时沙尘收集率提高约3%~4%。对于不同粒径的土样,当分别以本体直径为50 mm、入口截面宽度为8 mm、锥体段高度为125 mm时,集沙仪的平均沙尘收集率提高2%~4%。     

基于多目标改进免疫算法和GIS的养老机构空间配置优化研究——以上海市虹口区为例

综合考虑政府、居民、投资者3方需求,构建带约束多目标的养老机构配置优化模型,基于改进免疫算法和GIS技术,对上海市虹口区养老机构的配置优化问题进行研究,分析研究区现有养老机构在空间分布和规模配置上的合理性,提出优化配置方案。研究表明：研究区现有养老机构数量缺口较大、部分养老机构偏离最佳区位、规模与需求存在较大差距;3所位于江湾镇街道的养老机构在现有区位运行欠合理;为充分满足居民养老需求,需在虹口区南部地区增设15所养老机构;通过与一般免疫算法、遗传算法、粒子群算法、模拟退火算法得到的优化结果对比可知,改进免疫算法在此优化问题中的求解效率分别提高45%,38.89%,21.43%,46.34%,求解精度分别提高1.61%,2.73%,5.80%,6.91%。     

SHORT COMMUNICATION APPLICATION OF THE POWELL METHOD TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF FLOW INJECTION SYSTEMS

This paper describes the application of the Powell algorithm to the optimization of a flow injectionsystem configuration.The performance of this algorithm has been compared with the modified simplexmethod.The system studied is the determination of ammonia,based on the indophenol blue reaction.Alinear combination of sensitivity and sample throughput is used as the objective function because of itssimultaneous optimization capability.Results obtained show that the proposed method may reach theoptimal conditions with a lower number of experimental evaluations.     

干旱区沙漠化土地逆转植被的防风固沙效益研究

使用便携式防沙风速廓线测量仪和阶梯式集沙仪测定了单个植物的阻风作用以及不同恢复阶段植被内的近地面风速、输沙量;同时调查了不同恢复阶段植被的组成、覆盖度,土壤理化性质。结果表明,油蒿、沙蒿、柠条和花棒的个体空间构型分别是:沙蒿、花棒株型为疏散丛生型;柠条株型为中间丛生型;油蒿株型为紧密丛生型;近地面0~50 cm层的阻风阻沙作用效果由强到弱依次为油蒿>沙蒿>柠条>花棒。演替更新过程中,柠条、花棒、沙蒿逐渐衰退,到顶级群落阶段已完全从群落中退出,油蒿形成单一优势种顶级群落。由于优势种群的变化,从初始阶段→发展阶段→相对稳定阶段（顶级群落阶段）的演替更新过程中,近地面粗糙度从0.003 cm、6.039 cm增加到17.726 cm;在流动沙丘2 m高度风速为6.5 m·s-1时,相对稳定阶段没有出现风蚀,发展阶段输沙量只达到1.83 g·cm-1·h-1,占到初始阶段的3.2%。在3 m高度风速相同时,发展阶段近地面风速较初始阶段降低了54.29%,沙结皮厚度达到1~3 mm,所占面积比例达到91%,已经基本实现防风固沙;相对稳定阶段近地面风速较初始阶段降低了83.68%,沙结皮厚度达到5~6 mm,所占面积比例达到98%,完全实现防风固沙。     

黄土丘陵区坡面形态和植被组合的土壤侵蚀效应研究

以位于陕北黄土丘陵区的羊圈沟流域为重点研究区,针对不同坡面类型（坡长、坡形、坡度）和植被组合进行野外土壤采样,利用¹³⁷Cs元素示踪方法评估坡面的土壤侵蚀效应。研究发现：① 坡面形态对土壤侵蚀具有重要影响。自坡顶至坡脚,“直-凹”组合的坡型一般具有相对较低的土壤侵蚀模数,整体上起到“汇”的作用;但“凹-直/凸”组合的坡型具有相对较高的土壤侵蚀模数,在土壤侵蚀方面起到“源”的作用;其他坡型,如直坡、凸坡、“直-凸”和复杂性坡型的土壤侵蚀模数介于两者之间。② 坡面不同植被空间配置对土壤侵蚀的影响具有明显差异。研究发现,坡面植被组合（自坡顶至坡脚）为荒草地-果园、有林地-其他植被类型组合和荒草地-其他植被类型的坡面具有相对较低的土壤侵蚀模数,起到了一定“汇”的功能,但人为干扰较为强烈的景观坡面（无水土保持措施）具有相对较高的土壤侵蚀模数,整体上表现为土壤侵蚀的“源”区。     

不同畦面结构下畦灌过程和效果评估

在畦灌过程中,畦田地形或微地形条件对灌溉效果影响很大.保护性耕作技术在华北平原的大面积推广改变了畦田地表结构状态.本研究提出畦面结构这一概念,并深入分析了三种畦面结构下的畦灌:平作畦灌(BSI),微垄沟灌(BFI),细沟灌(RI);田间试验和WinSRFR3.1模型相结合评估了不同畦面结构对畦灌水流过程和效果的影响,探索畦面结构对畦灌的影响机制.结果表明,WinSRFR3.1模型可以用来模拟微垄沟灌和细沟灌,平作畦灌、微垄沟灌和细沟灌的水流过程和灌溉效果各不相同.平作畦灌入渗速率最快而微垄沟灌入渗速率最慢;平作畦灌田面水流推进最慢而微垄沟灌田面水流推进最快;这两个过程综合作用导致平作畦灌灌溉效果最差而微垄沟灌灌溉效果最佳.不同畦面结构是灌溉效果差异的主要原因.畦面结构是畦灌系统中影响畦灌效果的重要因子.     

近10 a中亚低涡背景下新疆短时强降水环境场分析

为更好地把握中亚低涡造成新疆短时强降水天气过程的机理特征,为新疆短时强降水预报预警提供参考和依据,利用FNL资料、探空资料等,运用天气学原理、动力诊断分析方法等,研究了中亚低涡系统不同部位发生的三类短时强降水的环境场特征及环流配置。结论表明：（1）短时强降水发生在500 hPa中亚低涡前部西南气流下为最多。（2） A指数在新疆地区短时强降水降水预报中意义不大。（3）中亚低涡背景下新疆短时强降水天气的配置一般属于高空冷平流强迫类。（4）三类短时强降水形势配置的共性：在低涡背景下,对流层中高层都有显著气流存在,低空有切变线存在,近地面往往有辐合线,700 hPa左右往往有湿舌。异性：第I类短时强降水湿度条件较好,第Ⅱ类短时强降水高低空温差较大,第Ⅲ类短时强降水垂直风切变较强。     

中国区域交通优势度评价:网络密度、邻近性及可达性(英文)

Transport infrastructure plays an important role in shaping the configuration of spatial socio-economic structures and influences regional accessibility.This paper defines transport dominance from three aspects:quality,quantity,and advantage,measured by density,proximity,and accessibility indices.County is the basic unit for analysis.The results reveal:(1)Transport dominance statistically follows a partial normal distribution.A very few counties,1.4%of the total,have extremely high transport dominance which...     

Experimental study on the sampling efficiency of the whirl type separation sand sampler in a wind tunnel

A performance test was conducted in a wind tunnel by changing the principal configuration parameters of a sampler such as the diameter of the container, inlet width and cone height. The results show that the average sand collection rate is from 80% to 90% when any one of the configuration parameter levels is changed. However, the variation of a parameter level results in different ef-fects on the sand collection rate for each soil sample within a certain size range of sand grains. The results show that for various sand grain sized soil sample at each wind speed, the sand collection rate decreases when the diameter of the container changes from 50 mm to 40 mm, the sand collection rate increases by about 2%-3% when the inlet width changes from 10 mm to 8 mm, and the sand collection rate increases by about 3%-4% when cone height is altered from 100 mm to 125 mm. The average sand collection rate is enhanced by 2%-4% for the soil sample of different sized sand grains when the diameter of the container is 50 mm, the inlet width is 8 mm, and cone height is 125 mm.     

SHORT COMMUNICATION DISPLAY ASPECTS IN HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING

Ultrametric inter-object distances found by hierarchical clustering may be used to generate an appropriateconstellation of points in a plane.A configuration of points which reproduce the ultrametric distancesin a low-dimensional space as closely as possible can be found by Torgerson's method of multidimensionalscaling.The resulting display supports the cognition of clusters very well,and for this purpose it seemsto be superior to,for instance,the frequently applied principal components display.In certain sitt,ationsdedrograms are expected to become simpler to interpret when such complementary 'cluster display' is alsoconsulted.An example from analytical chemistry is presented.     

空间视角下旅游休闲场所的主客关系——以广州白天鹅宾馆大堂为例

利用空间句法理论对广州市白天鹅宾馆大堂的空间组构规律进行分析,并结合深度访谈、参与式观察等质性分析方法,探究空间因素在主客交往过程中的作用机制。结果发现：1）酒店大堂呈现“视觉整合统一,空间分割互补”的空间构型特征,该特征与游客需求相适应。2）大堂中的主客关系表征出接触时间短、受限于特定时空间、地位不平衡等特点,游客在主客关系中的地位高于酒店员工,酒店的盈利性是塑造主客关系不平衡性的主要原因。3）空间对不平衡主客关系的塑造和维持具有重要意义：大堂空间“迎合”了各类旅游休闲者的需求,促进其旅游休闲体验的提升,同时“规训”了酒店员工的行为;空间对部分酒店员工产生了正向的“外溢”作用;空间是展现酒店服务水平的“门面”和“舞台”,酒店管理者试图通过大堂的空间设计维持不平衡的主客关系。4）酒店管理者及员工有意图地为游客营造“家”的感受,提升其满意度及出行体验。“家”的建构与游客现代性背景下的情感有关,在特定的空间构型下可外化为舒适性、便利性等诸多体验,并作用于其消费等行为。