An unsaturated soil water flow problem and its numerical simulation

1.IntroductionUnsaturatedsoilwaterflowisaflowwherewaterisnotfullofsoilhole,whichisanimportantformofflowinporousmedia.Predictionofanunsaturatedflowisprovidedwithsignificanceinmanybranchesofscienceandengineering.Theseincludeatmosphericscience,soilscien...     

On the dispersion of particles in the atmosphere

The method of moments is used to predict the spatial and temporal dispersion of a cloud of particles released in the atmosphere. The moment equations involve an eddy diffusivity, and a turbulence parameterization is developed to obtain the tensor eddy diffusivity which takes into account the anisotropy of the flow. The parabolic equations for the moments of the distribution are solved by a finite element method. The differences between the data requirements for Lagrangian statistical models and those for eddy diffusivity models are discussed in relation to the comparison of model predictions with observations.     

正压原始方程有限区域谱模式的预报试验

本文包括四方面内容; (1)给出一个单向嵌套的有限区域浅水波方程谱模式的具体方案及其预报试验结果。这个模式基于文献。其特点是:基本展开函数为“修正的双傅氏级数”,它由两部分组成:正交双博氏级数及非正交的线性函数,这两部分之间互不正交。 (2)对同一实例,比较了谱方法,差分法,假谱法24h,48h预报结果。甚至同格距缩小一半的差分法相比,谱方法预报效果仍优于差分法预报效果。 (3)试验了谱模式的固定边界、刚体边界、侧边界条件随时间变化但不加松弛处理,以及侧边界条件随时间变化加松弛处理四种方案。结果表明,合理的边界条件及有效的边界处理方法对谱模式来说是至关重要的。 (4)提出并试验了谱模式的一种地形区计算方案,有助于谱模式中对陡峭地形的处理。     

有限元集中质量法在非饱和土壤水流中的应用

利用Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ有限元集中质量法,讨论了非饱和土壤水流动的数值计算模型,用以模拟均质土壤,地下水埋藏很深且在不同的初始和边界条件下的水分运动。通过将第一类边界条件齐次化,而对于第二类非线性边界条件采用变分的办法将其直接转化为已知边界通量的计算,从而容易且较好地处理了带通量约束边界条件。对于入渗或蒸发问题,用通常的离散方法容易产生振荡非物理解。我们采用有限元集中质量法,将质量矩阵的非对角元集中到主对角元,避免了这种非物理解的产生。利用该方案统一地模拟如下情况：稳定入渗和蒸发、蒸发一段时间后达到风干率,以及波动入渗蒸发时土壤水势的变化状况。模拟表明,在已知有关土壤参数的情况下,该模型能较好地模拟非饱和流水势及含水量分布。     

A One-Dimensional Finite-Element Boundary-Layer Model with a Vertical Adaptive Grid

A one-dimensional atmospheric boundary-layer model is developed using the finite element method and a 1.5-order e-l turbulence closure scheme. A vertical adaptive strategy is implemented, based upon an heuristic error estimator that depends upon properties of the layer, such as the stratification. The model is used to simulate a moderately stratified stable boundary layer as described in the GABLS (GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Study, where GEWEX is the Global Water and Energy Cycle Experiment) First Intercomparison Project, and then a more complicated diurnal cycle, as used in the GABLS Second Intercomparison Project. In the stable boundary-layer experiment, it is shown that including the adaptive strategy can improve the performance of the model such that the error in the model is significantly less (greater than an order of magnitude with an effective resolution of 8 m) than that of the model without adaptivity. The model’s turbulence closure scheme and the adaptivity strategy also successfully simulate the different stability regimes present in the diurnal cycle simulation, and represented all of the expected features.     

An accurate multimoment constrained finite volume transport model on Yin-Yang grids

A global transport model is proposed in which a multimoment constrained finite volume (MCV) scheme is applied to a Yin-Yang overset grid. The MCV scheme defines 16 degrees of freedom (DOFs) within each element to build a 2D cubic reconstruction polynomial. The time evolution equations for DOFs are derived from constraint conditions on moments of line-integrated averages (LIA), point values (PV), and values of first-order derivatives (DV). The Yin-Yang grid eliminates polar singularities and results in a quasi-uniform mesh. A limiting projection is designed to remove nonphysical oscillations around discontinuities. Our model was tested against widely used benchmarks; the competitive results reveal that the model is accurate and promising for developing general circulation models.     

地形对边界层影响的有限元数值模式

本文在定常和中性层结条件下应用有限元法初步建立了一个能够处理二线复杂地形上边界层问题的数值模式。模式使八节点抛物型等参元,有限元方程组用“波前法”求解。应用模式计算了几种典型地形上的近地层流动。模拟出了风速、气压、湍流动量通量以及湍流交换系数等气象要素的主要分布特征,并将计算结果与有关的观测事实做了比较。     

上海市气象场与SO2浓度数值模拟

采用地形坐标系下适合于复杂地形且满足地-气耦合的静力学三维中-β尺度气象预报模式,使用08时的实测流场经变分法初始化后得到的初始流场,模拟研究了上海地区的局地流场时空演变特征。模式较细致地考虑了湍流、长短波辐射、凝结、蒸发、地表热力平衡等因子,在此基础上,使用有限元法数值求解一阶闭合的三维欧拉平流扩散方程,模拟了上海地区的SO₂浓度分布。结果表明:上海的局地流场具有明显的日变化特征,受海陆温差的影响明显,日间风速较夜间风速大,风向呈顺时针旋转;在不稳定层结情况下,高架点源排放的高空污染物对地面的污染物浓度有贡献,会造成地面污染物浓度升高。     

一个模拟SO2浓度分布的数值模式研究

初步发展了一个空气污染准业务数值模式，该模式将修改过的二维Mass风场模式预报的风场据实测风廓线推广到三维，用有限元法求解欧位平流扩散方程，在此基础上，预报上海地区SO2指数和浓度分布。通过半年的试验，其结果与实测值基本一致，初步可用于业务预报使用。通过模拟表明，上海市的浓度高值区一般位于市区和郊区宝山，一天中早晨的浓度最大，傍晚次之，中午最小。     

一种新的有限区域曲面拟合方法

本文提出一种在有限区域内对物理量进行曲面拟合的新方法(NMOCSF),该法根据滤波原理进行多重拟合,每次拟合时,拟合函数的最大、最小值点位置与原函数的一致。对比试验表明,NMOCSF的拟合精度比有限元法高,能够分辨出尺度为220km左右的天气系统,且拟合函数在计算区域内连续、光滑、方法稳定。因此在诊断分析中的实际使用价值高于有限元法。     

人体热量平衡模型及其在人体舒适度预报中的应用

人对外界冷热的调节和舒适感，不能根据气温或其他单一的气象要素来评价。要真正全面表述环境对人体的影响必须运用人体热量平衡模型，人体热量平衡模型全面考虑了所有相关的气象要素、行为参数（活动和服装）和人体参数。运用上海有限域数值在气预报和热量平衡模型计算了体感温度，以衡量人体在环境中的热舒适状况。     

综合多级相似预报技术在暴雨短期预报中的检验

选取我国浙东南沿海特定预报区为研究范围, 对该地区不同型 (冷锋型、台风型、准静止锋型、气旋型、倒槽型等) 天气过程引发的暴雨进行研究, 开发出一种新的暴雨预报方法———综合多级相似技术。该技术采用减空法和极值剔除法对因子进行筛选, 采用多种气象要素和多种物理因子场综合, 进行各级相似试验和预报, 较前人普遍采用的单因子求相似离度和分级试验更进一步。提出相似判据在描述样本之间相似程度时随相似因子、相似区域的不同而有较大差异的思想, 并采取如下办法解决这个技术难题:在因子筛选过程中采用因子组合方法, 全面考虑各种优势因子及其组合, 对描述样本之间的相似程度发挥了较好的作用。此外, 通过双时次滚动预报减少漏报, 提高对灾害性天气的预警能力。每一种暴雨类型试验的CSI历史拟合值都在0.40以上, 最高值超过0.60, 试报CSI平均值为0.37, 试验结果说明该技术具有较强的平均预报能力。     

陆面过程模式中地下水位的参数化及初步应用

田间研究表明地表水和地下水有重要的相互作用,它与土壤含水量密切相关.土壤含水量不仅在陆气相互作用系统水和能量平衡中,而且在干旱、洪水预报、水资源管理、生态系统研究中起十分重要的作用.因此,研究地表水和地下水的相互作用,建立陆面模式中地下水位的动态表示,对于气候与水资源研究具有重要意义.将地下水位的动态表示问题归结为饱和与非饱和流问题,发展了其数值计算方案,建立了地下水位的动态表示,并与陆面过程模型耦合,建立了陆气相互作用中地下水位的动态表示,并进行了数值模拟研究.     

An ensemble of dynamically identical thermals and vertical profiles of turbulent moments in the convective surface layer of atmosphere

An ensemble of convective thermals is distinguished from the surface layer of penetrative turbulent convection over a heated horizontally uniform surface. For an isolated convective element, an integral model of a quasi-stationary spontaneous jet is proposed which admits an exact analytical solution. A simple statistical model is constructed for an ensemble of dynamically identical thermals. In this model, convective thermals ascend in a static environment, their dynamic parameters are described by the equations of an isolated quasi-stationary jet, and their diameters are stochastic. It is shown that the ensemble of thermals rising in a horizontally homogeneous environment forms surface-layer turbulent moments. The analytical relationships for higher turbulent moments of vertical velocity and temperature are compared with experimental data from the second to the forth order inclusive.     

青藏高原东北侧的湿柱和干暖盖

本文通过揭示雹暴发生前12小时降雹区出现湿柱与干暖盖的天气学事实,探讨其基本成因,利用有限区域细网格计算分析它们的物理结构,给出湿柱的概念模型。     

测温传感器响应特性及其在资料同化中的应用

利用时域中的卷积积分法求解测温传感器响应方程，对其响应特性尤其是自动平均能力进行了数学描述，发现每个时刻测温传感器输出值，是此时刻之前一段时间内外界温度输入值的不等权平均值，其权重随着与输出时刻的接近呈指数增加。进一步应用这个结论讨论了不同来源温度资料的同化问题，对资料同化技术的提高有一定的指导意义。     

Optimal estimation of Eddy viscosity and friction coefficients for a Quasi‐three‐dimensional numerical tidal model

Abstract

It is shown that the parameters in a quasi‐three‐dimensional numerical tidal model can be estimated accurately by assimilation of data from current meters and tide gauges. The tidal model considered is a semi‐linearized one in which advective nonlinearities are neglected but nonlinear bottom friction is included. The parameters estimated are the eddy viscosity, bottom friction coefficient, water depth and wind drag coefficient, the first three of which are allowed to be position‐dependent. The adjoint method is used to construct the gradient of a cost function defined as a certain norm of the difference between computed and observed current and surface elevations. On the basis of a number of tests, it is shown that very effective estimation of the nodal values of the parameters can be achieved using the current data either alone or in combination with elevation data. When random errors are introduced into the data, the estimated parameters are quite sensitive to the magnitude of the errors, and in particular the eddy viscosity is unstably sensitive. The sensitivity of the viscosity can be stabilized by incorporating an appropriate penalty term in the cost function or alternatively by reducing the number of estimated viscosity values via a finite element approximation. Once stabilized, the sensitivity of the estimates to data errors is significantly reduced by assimilating a longer data record.     

Propagation of Envelope Solitons in Baroclinic Atmosphere

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大气中孤立波的相互作用

本文讨论无限深上层流体和有限深下层流体的两层流体系统，该系统是大气的一种近似模型。采用拉格朗日坐标系，从无粘不可压流体力学方程式出发，利用摄动方法获得了所讨论系统中界面孤立波迎撞的摄动解。结果表明，在迎撞前后每个波独立地由Benjamin-Ono方程所描述，即波的形状不发生变化，迎撞的效应由相移来体现。