Geological features and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Xinken oil field, Tarim Basin

Recently,a large-scale Ordovician oil and gas pool has been discovered in Xinken,north of the Tarim Basin,and it has strongly heterogeneous reservoirs and complicated fluid distribution.Through analyzing oil,gas and water samples collected from this area,in combination of field production and testing data,this study reveals that the Xinken oil pool contains dominantly normal oil characterized by low viscosity,low sulphur,and high wax.It has a low content of natural gas,which presents typical characteristics of wet gas and is oil-associated gas.Oil-gas correlation shows that the oil was from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks and the charge and accumulation of oil and gas took place in the Late Hercynian Period.Controlled by paleogeomorphology,sedimentary facies,ancient karstification,faults,and other factors in the Caledonian Period,the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are dominated by dissolved pores,cavities and fractures.The reservoir body of fractures and cavities is distributed in the shape of strip and laminate along faults and excellent reservoirs are mostly in the range of 70–100 m below the top of the Yijianfang Formation.As a whole,the Xinken oil pool is a fracture-cavity pool controlled by interbedded karst reservoirs and is a complex composed of stacked karst fractures and cavities of various sizes.It contains oil in large areas horizontally,which is quasi-laminated in distribution,and the accumulation of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development degree of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs.The study shows that this area has abundant resources and a great exploration potential for oil and gas.     

碳酸盐岩油气藏的断裂改造作用——以塔里木盆地为例

多旋回盆地油气藏形成后多经历复杂的构造改造作用,并对油气的保存与分布具有重要的控制作用。结合塔里木盆地油气藏实例分析,将碳酸盐岩油气藏断裂改造作用划分为断裂切割改造、断裂抬升改造、断裂褶皱改造、断裂再活动改造与断裂成岩封闭改造等5种类型。断裂改造方式主要有圈闭变化、盖层减薄、水力作用、压力变化与成岩变化等,并造成油气逸散与补充、水洗与降解及流体性质的变化等,从而导致碳酸盐岩油气藏与油气分布的复杂性。断裂改造作用研究对多旋回油气盆地勘探开发具有重要借鉴意义。     

碳酸盐岩油气藏的断裂改造作用——以塔里木盆地为例

多旋回盆地油气藏形成后多经历复杂的构造改造作用,并对油气的保存与分布具有重要的控制作用。结合塔里木盆地油气藏实例分析,将碳酸盐岩油气藏断裂改造作用划分为断裂切割改造、断裂抬升改造、断裂褶皱改造、断裂再活动改造与断裂成岩封闭改造等5种类型。断裂改造方式主要有圈闭变化、盖层减薄、水力作用、压力变化与成岩变化等,并造成油气逸散与补充、水洗与降解及流体性质的变化等,从而导致碳酸盐岩油气藏与油气分布的复杂性。断裂改造作用研究对多旋回油气盆地勘探开发具有重要借鉴意义。     

Gas systems in the Kuche Depression of the Tarim Basin: Source rock distributions, generation kinetics and gas accumulation history

Six petroleum source beds have been developed in the Kuche Depression (also known as “Kuqa Depression”) of the Tarim Basin, including three lacustrine source rocks (Middle and Upper Triassic Kelamayi and Huangshanjie formations, and Middle Jurassic Qiakemake Formation) and three coal measures (Upper Triassic Taliqike Formation, Lower Jurassic Yangxia Formation, and Middle Jurassic Kezilenuer Formation). While type I–II organic matter occurs in the Middle Jurassic Qiakemake Formation (J₂q), other source beds contain dominantly type III organic matter. Gas generation rates and stable carbon isotopic kinetics of methane generation from representative source rocks collected in the Kuche Depression were measured and calculated using an on-line dry and open pyrolysis system. Combined with hydrocarbon generation history modelling, the formation and evolution processes of the Jurassic–Triassic highly efficient gas kitchens were established. High sedimentation rate in the Neogene and the fast deposition of the Kuche Formation within the Pliocene (5 Ma) in particular have led to the rapid increase in Mesozoic source rock maturity, resulting in significant dry gas generation. The extremely high gas generation rates from source kitchens have apparently expedited the formation of highly efficient gas accumulations in the Kuche Depression. Because different Mesozoic source rocks occur in different structural belts, the presence of both lacustrine and coaly gas kitchens during the Cenozoic time can be identified in the Kuche Depression. As shown by the chemical and stable carbon isotope compositions of the discovered gases, the formation of the giant gas pools in the Kela 2, Dina 2, Yaha and Wucan 1 have involved very different geological processes due to the difference in their gas source kitchens.     

流体包裹体微量元素在油气勘探中的应用——以塔里木盆地塔中地区为例

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测试分析技术,对塔中地区10口井16个志留系沥青砂岩包裹体微量元素进行了分析,探讨了包裹体微量元素分布特征及变化规律,并深入分析了其所指示的地质意义。结果表明,所测得的微量元素丰度差异明显,同一井区内或不同井区之间,各井主要的微量元素分布规律表现出从构造低部位向构造高部位方向,微...     

Thermal cracking history by laboratory kinetic simulation of Paleozoic oil in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China, implications for the occurrence of residual oil reservoirs

The thermal stability of Paleozoic oil in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China was investigated through laboratory kinetic simulation experiments. Laboratory cracking of a selected marine oil sample from Ordovician strata in well LG-1 of Tarim Basin was performed by confined, dry pyrolysis system at T = 300–650 °C, P = 50 MPa. Results indicated the oil required higher temperature for cracking. At laboratory heating rates, oil cracking started at 390–400 °C and the laboratory cracking was completed at around 650 °C. At geological heating rates, the onset temperature is about 148–162 °C for cracking start and was completed at 245–276 °C. The oil-cracking history was recovered using the acquired kinetic parameters and the geothermal history of TD-2, and the threshold temperature for oil cracking under geological conditions was calculated. The oil cracking started at 165 °C (R_o = 1.45%) and stopped in early Devonian (390 Ma), and the oil-cracking rates in the strata of -O₁ reached 60–70% at the end of Silurian. The calculated oil generation and oil cracking windows overlapped to some extent and were completed rapidly. The possible geological controls for the occurrence of residual oil reservoirs in Eastern Tarim basin have been discussed, including the high stability of the Paleozoic oil in Tarim Basin, the fast heating rate and longer duration time for oil cracking, the slight biodegradation in later uplift, the good preservation of the paleo-reservoirs and the moderate structural adjustment, which were critical for the exploration of residual oil and gases in this area.     

塔里木盆地和田河气田天然气地球化学研究

本文就和田河气田天然气组分组成、碳同位素组成和天然气成因类型进行了分析,着重分析了其东西部差异。研究发现:和田河气田天然气甲烷含量很高,达64.19%～86.86%,平均含量79.36%,C2+含量0～3.75%,干燥系数为95.52～99.4,平均值为97.34,CO2含量高。和田河气田东西部天然气差异明显,其主要表现为多期成藏、TSR反应东西运移的结果。天然气的成因分别是东部为原油裂解气,玛2井为原油裂解气和干酪根裂解气混合气,西部为干酪根裂解气。     

水溶天然气运移地球化学示踪——以塔里木盆地和田河气田为例

文中选择田河气田作为研究实例,对气田东、西部天然气进行系统的天然气地球化学对比研究,结合气田成藏的地质背景,认为和田河气田具有较好的水溶气运移成藏地质条件和明显的水溶气运移地球化学证据,提出了天然气是水溶气成因的新观点。寒武系烃源岩生成的天然气在高温、高压状态下大量溶解于水,在压力的驱使下,水溶气自寒武系运移至气田东部圈闭,然后再由气田东部的高压区沿不整合面往西部的低压区运移。根据气田天然气地球化学横向变化特征,提出了ln(C1/C2)、ln(C2/C3)、CO2/CH4、CH4/N2、N2/C2H6等一系列操作性较强的水溶气运移的地球化学示踪新指标,对研究天然气成藏机理和成藏过程都有重要意义。     

大型火山岩气田成藏控制因素研究——以松辽盆地大型火山岩气田成藏控制因素研究——以松辽盆地庆深气田为例

松辽盆地大型火山岩气藏的发现,揭开了我国火山岩油气藏全面勘探的序幕。本文以油气钻探实践结果为基础,应用地质、地球物理和地球化学相结合的分析方法,探讨了松辽盆地大型火山岩气藏的成藏控制因素。结果表明,气源岩发育区控制气藏的宏观分布范围,气藏与源岩区的横向距离一般小于8km,源岩与火山岩厚度比大于2的区域对成藏尤为有利; 大断裂控制火山岩体呈条带状或串珠状展布,延断裂带火山岩厚度大,最大厚度超过1600m; 火山岩相和火山旋回控制储层发育状况,火山口或近火山口叠合相储层发育,储层厚度一般100~200m,有利储层常发育于火山旋回的顶部; 火山机构中心部位具有局部构造高、储层物形较好、断裂发育等特点,在气源条件优越时,是短距离垂向运移成藏的最有利地区。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷油气成藏的若干特征

库车坳陷发育2大类6套烃源岩，生气强度大，为库车坳陷天然气成藏提供了充足的气源；构造运动派生出的一系列断裂，沟通了深部的气源岩，为天然气往储储层运移提供了有力的通道；受多种因素的影响，库车坳陷油气相态的分布很不均一；库车坳陷发生过多期成藏，但最重要的是最后一期成藏，气藏的形成均比较晚；库车坳陷以生气为主，部分油藏或油气藏是残余油藏或油气藏，是天然气大量散失的结果；库车坳陷和吐哈盆地保存条件的差别导致吐哈盆地倾油，库车坳陷倾气。     

中国海相油气多期充注与成藏聚集模式研究——以塔里木盆地轮古东地区为例

中国海相盆地经历了早古生代末(加里东期)、晚古生代-早中生代(海西期)和晚新生代(喜山期)三期重大构造变动,深刻影响了海相油气生成、运移与聚集,使得油气分布规律变得非常复杂。中国海相盆地一般发育多套烃源岩,由于它们发育的时代和位置多不相同,生、排烃时间往往不同步,存在多源多期充注的特点。因此,多期油气成藏是海相盆地的一个重要特点。多期成藏是在多期构造运动的影响下,多套烃源层多期成熟排烃的结果。塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮古东地区是一个典型的多期充注型油气藏,目前已确定的主要成藏期包括晚加里东期、晚海西期和晚喜马拉雅期三期。轮古东碳酸盐岩非均质储层形成的缝洞圈闭体系,形成早,后期构造作用使圈闭没有发生大的变化,因此保留了这三期充注的油气;油气地球化学分析资料进一步证实了这三次油气充注成藏过程。通过地质分析,再现了油气充注成藏过程,建立了海相油气多期充注与成藏聚集模式。     

塔里木盆地西部阿克莫木气藏地层压力特征

阿克莫木气田目前已有多口井完钻,各井在钻揭白垩系砂岩储层前,对地层压力纵向上的变化规律认识不清,在什么层位及深度下7″套管意见仍不统一。本文根据目前研究现状和生产面临问题,对白垩系各组地层分布规律、压力特征进行了详细研究,认为白垩系克孜勒苏群、库克拜组分布稳定,压力窗口相近,白垩系东巴组与上覆古近系阿尔塔什组压力窗口相近。建议今后该区钻探7″套管应下至库克拜组顶部-东巴组底部,减少地层漏失和油气勘探风险。     

塔里木盆地热液流体活动及其对油气运移的影响

塔里木盆地奥陶系灰岩孔洞和裂缝中都可以见到大量的方解石充填,可以分为三种类型,即孔中方解石胶结物、CⅠ方解石脉和CⅡ方解石脉.CⅡ方解石脉具有较高的87Sr/86Sr比值,位于0.709103 ～0.710593之间,平均值为0.709538;较轻的碳氧同位素组成,其δ13CPDB值位于-5.67‰～-1.70‰之间,平均值为-2.95‰,δ18OPDB值位于-14.28‰～-7.88‰之间,平均值为-10.39‰.CⅡ方解石脉中的流体包裹体具有较高的均一温度,各样品平均值位于120.O～ 180.0℃之间.孔中方解石胶结物和CⅠ方解石脉在同位素组成和流体包裹体均一温度上较为一致,但都与CⅡ方解石脉有着显著的差别.综合比较各项分析测试结果,认为CⅡ方解石脉的形成与深部热液流体作用有关,而孔中方解石和CⅠ方解石脉则是从地层水中沉淀形成的.从热液流体中沉淀形成的CⅡ方解石脉中可见一定数量的油气包裹体,并且包裹体气相成分中除含有CO2外,还含有一定量的CH4和C2H6等有机组分.这些特征表明了热液流体在从深部向浅部活动过程中携带并促使了油气向浅部地层的运移.CⅡ方解石脉所具有的较轻的碳同位素组成是有机成因的CO2/CO32-在热液流体溶解携带油气时混入进了热液流体中的结果.热液流体主要通过降低原油粘度、减小油水界面张力来减小油气运移阻力,并能携带部分油气,从而促使油气沿断裂裂缝体系向浅部地层运移.     

扎格罗斯盆地油气成藏特征及分布规律

扎格罗斯盆地是我国油气公司海外勘探的重要区域。基于最新油气田资料,系统分析了盆地的油气地质特征,总结了油气分布规律,并探讨了其主控因素。结果表明扎格罗斯盆地主要发育志留系、三叠系、侏罗系和白垩系四套主力烃源岩及古近系次要烃源岩,其中白垩系烃源岩贡献最大。碳酸盐岩是盆地的主要储层类型,从二叠系至中新统均有分布,其中上白垩统班吉斯坦(Bangestan)群和渐新统-下中新统阿斯马里组(Asmari)是主力产层;碎屑岩为次要储层,大部分位于土耳其境内的托罗斯褶皱带内。受造山运动挤压褶皱作用控制,盆地主要发育背斜构造圈闭,且油气总体上表现出垂向运移的特征。分析认为迪兹富勒坳陷、基尔库克坳陷和帕卜德赫坳陷蕴含了盆地绝大多数的油气资源,且新生界和白垩系的油气最为富集,其分布规律主要受控于烃源岩展布、圈闭分布、断层和裂缝发育程度及区域盖层的共同作用。     

塔里木盆地塔中Ⅰ号气田井筒腐蚀影响因素

塔里木盆地塔中Ⅰ号气田为典型的酸性气田,生产井井筒面临严重的腐蚀隐患。结合塔中Ⅰ号气田的生产情况,对影响井筒腐蚀的各种因素(CO2及H2S含量、温度和流速等)进行了系统研究,并确定了:①塔中Ⅰ号气田各井的井筒腐蚀受硫化氢和二氧化碳的共同影响,以硫化氢腐蚀为主,约占70%;②90℃±是井筒腐蚀发生最严重的温度区域;③塔中Ⅰ号气田各井的流速多数1m/s,存在垢下腐蚀,个别井流速达4.9m/s,存在冲刷腐蚀。根据井筒腐蚀的各主要影响因素,提出了应对井筒腐蚀的防护方法和建议。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格大气田天然气成藏地球化学研究

苏里格大气田位于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡西北部,属于典型的低渗砂岩气田。对天然气组分和同位素组成研究表明,苏里格大气田上古生界天然气以干气为主、湿气为辅,甲烷含量为82.729%~98.407%,干燥系数为84.7%~98.8%,δ¹³C₁值为-36‰~-30‰,δ¹³C₂值为-26‰~-21‰,属于高成熟度的煤成气;气田范围内各井区天然气组分和碳同位素组成变化较小,暗示其来源和成藏过程的一致性。根据储层流体包裹体镜下观察、包裹体均一温度、含烃包裹体丰度、颗粒荧光定量(QGF)、包裹体激光拉曼分析,苏里格大气田上古生界储层发育盐水包裹体、气体包裹体、液态烃包裹体、CO₂包裹体等不同类型流体包裹体,主要产于石英次生加大边、微裂隙及胶结物中;包裹体均一温度分布呈连续的单峰态,分布范围为80~180℃,主峰温度为100~145℃;上古生界砂岩储层样品的含烃包裹体丰度不高(多为1%~5%),QGF强度较低(1~10pc)。研究认为,苏里格大气田天然气充注可能是一个连续的过程,主要经历了一期成藏,其主要成藏期为晚侏罗世-早白垩世。通过生气动力学与碳同位素动力学的研究表明,苏里格大气田天然气主要来源于苏里格地区及周缘的石炭-二叠系煤系烃源岩,为近源充注、累积聚气成藏。     

The generation kinetics of natural gases in the Kela-2 gas field from the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, northwestern China

The Kela-2 gas field, found in the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin, northwestern China, is a large-sized dry gas field (C1 /C1-5 =0.992 0.999) and characterized by ultra-high pressure (pressure factor up to 2.0 2.2). The pyrolysis experiment was carried out under isothermal gold-tube closed system, with samples collected from the Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone in the Kuqa Depression. The result of gas yield showed that the Middle and Lower Jurassic source rocks have higher gas generation potential than the Triassic source rocks. The kinetic modeling of gas generation and methane carbon isotope fractionation suggested that the Kela-2 gases belong to the products of high-over mature stages and were mainly derived from the Middle and Lower Jurassic coal-bearing strata. The Triassic source rocks made a minor contribution to the Kela-2 gases. The Kela-2 gases chiefly generated from coal-bearing source rocks with R o values from 1.3% to 2.5%, and thus primarily accumulated after 5 Ma.     

Methane microseepage from different sectors of the Yakela condensed gas field in Tarim Basin,Xinjiang, China

Methane microseepage is the result of natural gas migration from subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations to the Earth’s surface, and it is quite common in commercial petroleum fields. While the role of microseepage as a pathfinder in petroleum exploration has been known for about 80 a, its significance as an atmospheric CH₄ source has only recently been studied, and flux data are currently available only in the USA and Europe. With the aim of increasing the global data-set and better understanding flux magnitudes and variabilities, microseepage is now being extensively studied in China. A static flux chamber method was recently applied to study microseepage emissions into the atmosphere in four different sectors of the Yakela condensed gas field in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, and specifically in: (a) a faulted sector, across the Luntai fault systems; (b) an oil–water interface sector, at the northern margin of the field; (c) an oil–gas interface sector, in the middle of the field; (d) an external area, outside the northern gas field boundaries. The results show that positive CH₄ fluxes are pervasive in all sectors and therefore, only part of the CH₄ migrating from the deep oil–gas reservoirs is consumed in the soil by methanotrophic oxidation. The intensity of gas seepage seems to be controlled by subsurface geologic settings and lateral variabilities of natural gas pressure in the condensed gas field. The highest CH₄ fluxes, up to ∼14 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ (mean of 7.55 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) with higher spatial variability (standard deviation, σ: 2.58 mg m⁻² d⁻¹), occur in the Luntai fault sector. Merhane flux was lower in the oil–water area (mean of 0.53 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) and the external area (mean of 1.55 mg m⁻² d⁻¹), and at the intermediate level in the gas–oil sector (mean of 2.89 mg m⁻² d⁻¹). These values are consistent with microseepage data reported for petroleum basins in the USA and Europe. The build-up of methane concentration in the flux chambers is always coupled with an enrichment of ¹³C, from δ¹³C₁ of −46‰ to −42.5‰ (VPDB), which demonstrates that seeping methane is thermogenic, as that occurring in the deep Yakela reservoir. Daily variations of microseepage are very low, with minima in the afternoon, corresponding to higher soil temperature (and higher methanotrophic consumption), and maxima in the early morning (when soil temperatures are lowest). A preliminary and rough estimate of the total amount of CH₄ exhaled from the Yakela field is in the order of 10² tonnes a⁻¹.     

塔东古生界储层中流体包裹体特征

塔东地区不同构造带上代表性钻井下古生界储层的流体包裹体拉曼光谱成分表明,大量液态烃、气液两相烃、含烃盐水及沥青存在于下古生界储层中,表明英吉苏凹陷曾经有过油气的生成,古城鼻隆和塔东低凸起曾经有过油气的充注。米兰1井与古城4井含烃流体包裹体拉曼成分的不同,说明它们可能具有不同的油气来源。古城4井寒武系与奥陶系储层中流体包裹体成分的明显差异,表明二者间存在流体封隔层。     

塔里木盆地迪那2大型凝析气田的地质特征及其成藏机制

塔里木盆地库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田是中国目前发现的储量规模最大的凝析气田,含气层位为古近系苏维依组与库姆格列木群;储集岩以粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,属于低孔低渗储层,近似于致密砂岩气.气藏储量丰度大于15亿方/km2,气油比为8100～12948m3/m3,凝析油含量60～80g/m3;储层温度129 ～ 138℃,地温梯度为2.224℃/1OOm;地层压力为105 ～106MPa,压力梯度为0.39MPa/1OOm,压力系数为2.06～2.29,属于常温超高压凝析气藏.天然气以湿气为主,碳同位素较重,属于典型的煤成气;原油碳同位素较重,生物标志化合物体显出陆相油特征.研究认为,油气主要来自阳霞凹陷侏罗系煤系烃源岩;圈闭形成时间较晚,根据热史、埋藏史、烃源岩热演化史、流体包裹体等资料以及天然气碳同位素动力学拟合的油气充注成藏时间都表明,迪那2凝析气田的成藏时间是在2.5Ma以来,是一个典型的晚期快速充注成藏的大型凝析气田.晚期前陆逆冲挤压作用在形成超压的同时,发生了储层的致密化和烃类的充注,储层致密化过程与烃类充注同步.