北极涛动与北大西洋涛动的差异

根据北极涛动和北大西洋涛动指数的时间序列,选取两者差异较大的13个年份进行合成分析。结果表明：除北太平洋地区外,北极涛动与北大西洋涛动差异最显著的区域是西欧-地中海区域和亚洲东北部地区。北极涛动高指数阶段,对流层中层为纬向二波的驻波型,分别对应于极地-欧亚遥相关型和太平洋-北美遥相关型。同时,纬向平均纬向风偶极型使西风急流向极地偏移,与增强的中纬度经圈环流相互作用,引导对流层上层异常信号向下传播,形成高低空耦合机制。进一步分析发现,这种中纬度经圈环流异常和高低空耦合形势的差异主要表现在欧亚大陆地区;在北大西洋区域差异并不显著。     

北极涛动与我国北方强沙尘暴的关系

使用1954—2003年北极涛动指数、500hPa纬向环流指数和沙尘暴等气候观测资料,针对我国北方春季沙尘暴年际和年代际变化趋势,分析了以北极涛动为代表的大气环流异常变化的气候特征,揭示了其与我国春季沙尘暴相关的事实。结果表明：近50年北极涛动指数表现出由负位相向正位相转变的趋势,当冬季(12月～2月)北极涛动为负位相时,相应的纬向环流指数为负距平,中高纬度西风气流偏弱,有利于极地冷空气向南输送,西伯利亚高压偏强,我国北方春季易多发区域性沙尘暴;反之则不易发生区域性沙尘暴。     

2013年海洋和大气环流异常及对中国气候的影响

本文对2013年海洋和大气环流异常特征进行分析,讨论这些异常特征对中国气温和降水的主要影响。结果表明：2012/2013年冬季,北极涛动持续维持负位相,500 hPa位势高度场上,欧亚大陆中高纬环流呈“两槽一脊”的环流形势,乌拉尔山的高压脊持续偏强,而东亚槽也异常偏强,导致全国平均气温较常年同期偏低。季内,西伯利亚高压强度变化显著,与之相对应,我国气温季内阶段性变化大,前冬冷、后冬暖。进一步研究表明,前秋北极海冰的大幅偏少是造成东亚冬季风偏强的重要原因。2013年冬季至夏季,赤道中东太平洋海温异常偏低而海洋性大陆至西太平洋海温异常偏高,受此影响,夏季西太平洋副热带高压位置明显偏北,导致我国北方夏季多雨。与此同时,受西太平洋副热带高压下沉气流的控制,我国南方大部高温持续。2013年南海夏季风爆发偏早两候,结束偏晚4候,强度偏弱。     

北半球大气环流的纬向对称模态

运用自然正交分解方法（EOF）提取了北半球冬季热带外地区标准化纬向平均纬向风场的前两个模态。第1模态（方差贡献为34%）表现为中高纬带的西风（东风）异常和中纬带的东风（西风）异常,与之相联系的海平面气压场的异常表现为极区与中高纬度地区海平面气压场的反位相变化,即北极涛动（AO）;第2模态（方差贡献为21%）表现为中纬带的西风（东风）异常和中低纬带的东风（西风）异常,与之相联系的海平面气压场的异常表现为副极地地区与副热带地区海平面气压场的反位相变化,即副热带涛动STO（sub-tropical oscillation）。副热带涛动的水平结构表现出较强的纬向对称性,垂直方向上表现出相当正压性;与副热带涛动正位相相联系的纬向平均温度场表现为中高纬度地区负异常和副热带地区正异常,而且费雷尔环流加强南移。副热带涛动不仅在冬季有所表现,而且在整个冬半年（11月—翌年4月）都有所表现,但在夏半年则不存在。     

2016/2017年冬季北半球大气环流及对我国冬季气温的影响

2016/2017年冬季(2016年12月至2017年2月),东亚冬季风强度较常年同期异常偏弱,西伯利亚高压偏弱。北极涛动(AO)在冬季以正位相为主。冬季北半球500 hPa高度距平场上,亚洲中高纬地区以纬向环流为主,我国为异常正高度距平控制。受其影响,我国各地气温普遍较常年同期偏高,全国平均气温为-1.5℃,较常年同期(-3.4℃)偏高1.9℃,为1961年以来最暖的冬季。季内各月冬季风指数和西伯利亚高压均偏弱,相应我国气温各月均偏高。冬季风的异常偏弱与夏季北极地区大气环流异常状态有关。2016年夏季北极大气环流的热力和动力状态影响了秋季北极海冰偏少的滞后影响效果,不利于冬季风的偏强。     

近45a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873－1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料，定义了北大西洋涛动指数。用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系。指出，北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切。强涛动年，冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征；夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低。还表明，强涛动年冬季，西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱，大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征，对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近。     

高原上空纬向环流的季节突变现象

利用1951—2012年NCEP/NCAR全球2.5 °×2.5 °日平均再分析风场及温度场资料,分析高原季风区纬向环流的季节突变现象,并探讨季节突变的主要成因。结果表明：(1) 由冬季环流型向夏季环流型转变时,纬向环流表现为零速度线突然北跳,东风带持续加强北进,西风急流突然消失;反之亦然。(2) 600 hPa零速度线指数可作为纬向环流冬夏转换的判据。20 °N为临界值,零线于20 °N以北,高原上空为夏季环流型,20 °N以南则为冬季环流型。冬夏转换的突变时间分别为31候和59候。(3) 纬向环流季节突变的主要原因是高原的热力作用,随着6月高原加热增强,高原及其南部上升气流增强,形成了高原至低纬地区的季风环流圈,使得高原南部东风气流加强,迫使西风急流北退,完成了冬季环流型向夏季环流型的转变。10月高原加热作用减弱,高原至低纬地区的Hadley环流重新出现,西风急流逐渐增强,纬向环流转变为冬季环流型。     

北极涛动年代际变化对华北地区干旱化的影响

华北地区夏季降水在20世纪70年代中期以后进入年代际偏少阶段,表现出明显的干旱化趋势。华北干旱加剧具有特殊的大气环流背景,主要表现为在20世纪70年代中期以后亚洲大陆东部的热低压减弱,同时对流层低层到高层东亚夏季风环流减弱。这种异常的大气环流背景主要是由海陆热力差异和北极涛动的年代际变化造成的。近二十几年来,北极涛动维持在高指数位相是导致东亚地区大气环流异常的重要原因,并由此造成了华北干旱的加剧。     

近45 a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873～1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料,定义了北大西洋涛动指数.用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系.指出,北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切.强涛动年,冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征;夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低.还表明,强涛动年冬季,西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱,大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征,对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近.     

两次加拿大型增温的动力诊断分析

通过资料分析,挑选了1965年12月和1968年11月的两次强加拿大型增温作为研究对象来研究加拿大型增温过程中环流的变化及异常.两次加拿大型增温过程中平流层高层的增温不明显,只是在平流层中低层有较弱的增温过程,并且增温过程中所形成的纬向东风较弱,持续的时间较短.从距平场来看,两次加拿大型增温使得平流层极涡环流减弱,但加拿大型增温所造成的环流异常明显要比强爆发性增温所造成的异常强度弱.另外,两次加拿大增温过程中没有发现爆发性增温前的“预先”过程.一般而言,上传的行星波是冬季平流层环流扰动的重要影响因素,两次加拿大型增温过程中第0天前后都有行星波上传的增加,这与爆发性增温有明显的不同.北极涛动指数随时间和高度的变化显示由两次加拿大型增温所造成极涡异常能够形成北极涛动异常的下传,但两次加拿大型增温过程中的北极涛动异常都没有能够到达对流层低层.     

夏季纬向平均气流变动的主要模态及其与AO和ENSO的联系

使用NCEP-NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究了夏季纬向平均气流变动的主要模态及其与北极涛动(AO)和ENSO的联系,探讨了夏季[μ]主要模态维持的可能机制.结果表明,北半球夏季纬向平均[μ]的异常分布表现为两个主要模态.EOF1反映了与AO相对应的纬向平均[μ]的分布,EOF2反映了与ENSO相对应的纬向平均[μ]的分布.周期分析显示了EOF1、EOF2分别具有与AO及ENSO相似的周期.滞后相关分析表明,除了夏季之外的其他季节EOF1与ENSO存在显著相关,而EOF2与AO亦存在显著相关.夏季,EOF1与ENSO、EOF2与AO的同期相关量值小且不显著.这些说明,北半球夏季纬向平均气流变化的主要模态可以有效分离,其分别代表了AO和ENSO有关的信号.这对于更好地理解AO和ENSO的全球影响具有重要意义.利用准地转无加速定理,发现EOF1和EOF2对应的时间系数高低值年的E-P通量散度的合成差值场分别与纬向平均[μ]的EOF1、EOF2分布表现出很好的对应关系,其中行星波对纬向平均气流主要模态的维持起着主要作用.余差环流与E-P通量散度分布型相似,量值相当,但符号相反.在一些地区,大气涡动的摩擦耗散也起着一定的作用.这些平衡了波动的能量输送作用,使纬向平均[μ]的结构得以维持.     

To what extent can the 2002 Antarctic major stratospheric warming be explained by horizontal advection of the vortex from the pole?

Summary The importance of horizontal and vertical advection of temperature for the Antarctic major stratospheric warming in September 2002 has been investigated, by applying the thermodynamic energy equation to ECMWF temperature and wind data. The analysis, which is carried out for the one-week period 19–26 September, shows that the large temperature increase in this period in the polar stratosphere is mainly due to horizontal advection of temperature. In addition, it has been investigated to what extent the observed temperature increase, as well as the change in the zonal wind, can be simulated with a simple conceptual model of a moving polar vortex. The model consists of a horizontal, circular vortex whose centre moves with constant meridional velocity off from the South Pole. The temperature and zonal wind fields are prescribed, stationary and zonally symmetric (relative to the vortex centre). Despite its simplicity, the model simulates several important aspects of the observations, such as the zonal-mean temperature increase and zonal-mean zonal wind reversal poleward of 60° S, and the zonal-mean temperature decrease at middle latitudes.     

The Relationship between the Meridional Profile of Zonal mean Geostrophic Wind and Station Wave at 500 hPa

The sea-level pressure (SLP), 500 hPa height, zonal-mean 500 hPa height ([Z500]), stationary wave ed dy component of the 500 hPa height (Z*500) and zonal-mean 500 hPa geostrophic wind [Ug ] fields poleward of 20°N are examined for the period 1958-1997, with emphasis on the winter season. The relationships be tween the Arctic Oscillation (AO)index and algebraic difference of the zonal-mean wind in 55°N and 35°N (Ut) index were investigated, making use the Monte Carlo procedure, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and regression method. The leading modes of empirical orthogonal function (EOF＇s) of SLP are more robust than the 500 hPa height EOF＇s, not only in the ratio of the two largest eigenvalues, but in more zonally symmetric. Comparing the meridional profiles of zonal-mean wind amplitude associated with the AO and Ut index, the profiles for the two indexes are very similar, both with respect to amplitude and the placement of the maximum and minimum. Comparing the station wave component of 500 hPa height field regressed upon the AO and Ut index, there is one-to-one correspondence between all the major centers of action in the two maps, especially in the North Atlantic and Eurasian continent. The pattern is unlike the prominent teleconnection patterns, they have hemispheric ex tent and cannot be interpreted in term of the individual wavetrains.     

南极涛动和北半球大气环流异常的联系

使用ECMWF逐日再分析资料分析研究了北半球冬季南极涛动和北半球大气环流异常之间的联系。资料的分析结果表明, 南极涛动和滞后其25～40天位于北大西洋地区的一个弱的类似于北大西洋涛动 (North Atlantic Oscillation, 简称NAO) 的偶极子模态, 以及伴随这一偶极子模态而出现的北半球中纬度纬向风异常之间存在着统计上的联系。处于正 (负) 位相的南极涛动对应着滞后25～40天后, 北大西洋高纬极区出现位势高度负 (正) 异常, 副热带大西洋出现位势高度正 (负) 异常; 同时, 在北半球中高纬度地区(45°N～65°N) 出现西 (东) 风异常, 中低纬度地区(25°N～40°N)出现东 (西) 风异常。文中也对资料分析结果进行了简单的动力学分析, 表明与南极涛动相联系的涡动动量异常是驱动北半球纬向平均纬向风异常的主要原因。     

Seasonal Variations of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet and the Thermal Mechanism

The seasonal variations of the intensity and location of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EAWJ) and the thermal mechanism are analyzed by using NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data from 1961 to 2000. It is found that the seasonal variation of the EAWJ center not only has significant meridional migration, but also shows the rapid zonal displacements during June-July. Moreover, there exists zonal inconsistency in the northward shift process of the EAWJ axis. Analysis on the thermal mechanism of the EAWJ seasonal variations indicates that the annual cycle of the EAWJ seasonal variation matches very well with the structure of the meridional difference of air temperature, suggesting that the EAWJ seasonal variation is closely related to the inhomogeneous heating due to the solar radiation and the land-sea thermal contrast. Through investigating the relation between the EAWJ and the heat transport, it is revealed that the EAWJ weakens and shifts northward during the warming period from wintertime to summertime, whereas the EAWJ intensifies and shifts southward during the cooling period from summertime to wintertime. The meridional difference of the horizontal heat advection transport is the main factor determining the meridional temperature difference. The meridional shift of the EAWJ follows the location of the maximum meridional gradient of the horizontal heat advection transport. During the period from April to October, the diabatic heating plays the leading role in the zonal displacement of the EAWJ center. The diabatic heating of the Tibetan Plateau to the mid-upper troposphere leads to the rapid zonal displacement of the EAWJ center during June-July.     

Weakening of Interannual Variability in the Summer East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet since the Mid-1990s

In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific(WNP) since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia(WNP-EA) before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.     

The impact of natural versus anthropogenic aerosols on atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model

The equilibrium response of atmospheric circulation to the direct radiative effects of natural or anthropogenic aerosols is investigated using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3) coupled to two different ocean boundary conditions: prescribed climatological sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and a slab ocean model. Anthropogenic and natural aerosols significantly affect the circulation but in nearly opposite ways, because anthropogenic aerosols tend to have a net local warming effect and natural aerosols a net cooling. Aerosol forcings shift the Intertropical Convergence Zone and alter the strength of the Hadley circulation as found in previous studies, but also affect the Hadley cell width. These effects are due to meridional gradients in warming caused by heterogeneous net heating, and are stronger with interactive SST. Aerosols also drive model responses at high latitudes, including polar near-surface warming by anthropogenic aerosols in summer and an Arctic Oscillation (AO)-type responses in winter: anthropogenic aerosols strengthen wintertime zonal wind near 60°N, weaken it near 30°N, warm the troposphere, cool the stratosphere, and reduce Arctic surface pressure, while natural aerosols produce nearly opposite changes. These responses are shown to be due to modulation of stratospheric wave-driving consistent with meridional forcing gradients in midlatitudes. They are more pronounced when SST is fixed, apparently because the contrast in land-ocean heating drives a predominantly wavenumber-2 response in the northern hemisphere which is more efficient in reaching the stratosphere, showing that zonal heating variations also affect this particular response. The results suggest that recent shifts from reflecting to absorbing aerosol types probably contributed to the observed decadal variations in tropical width and AO, although studies with more realistic temporal variations in forcing would be needed to quantify this contribution.     

与北极涛动或北半球环状模相关的纬向对称的正规模态

作为一个全球气候变率的重要模态,北极涛动或北半球环状模态 (AO/NAM)一般由北半球海平面气压变率的EOF1来表示。但是通常认为EOF1仅有统计学意义而并不能够表明它是否是一种实际的物理模态。另一方面,现有的波-流相互作用理论也仅能给出纬向风的纬向平均状况,而不能够保证沿着某一纬圈的变化,所以它并不意味着一个具有半球尺度的纬向对称的相干结构能够组织起来。因此AO/NAM的形成机制仍然是一个具有争议的问题。文章提出纬向对称的或环状的正规模态与基本气候态附近的线性（进而非线性）动力学之间有着最直接的联系,因而可能在AO/NAM动力学的理解中扮演重要角色。为了深入探讨AO/NAM的动力学本质,使用p坐标球面原始方程计算了冬季北半球及全球气候基本态附近的线性动力系统纬向对称的正规模态,发现在半球尺度上的纬向对称正规模态具有AO/NAM的经向偶极子及垂直方向近似正压的空间结构特征。而这些纬向对称正规模的时间变化尺度取决于与其他非纬向对称正规模间的相互作用。从而说明了AO/NAM可能是半球尺度上纬向对称正规模态的动力学行为的反映。     

El Niño事件发生对南北半球大气环流异常的对称及非对称性影响及其机理分析

利用合成分析方法, 分析了1971～2003年间7个El Niño事件发生时南、北半球大气环流异常的对称与反对称特性。分析结果表明, El Niño事件发生期间, 在热带地区15°S～15°N大气环流异常以对称性为主, 但也有一定的反对称分量: 高度场异常和纬向风异常的对称性较强, 而经向风异常的反对称较强; 同时在El Niño事件演变的各阶段, 高度场异常和纬向风异常的变化较明显, 而经向风的变化较小, 高度场和风场异常在低层 (700 hPa) 和高层 (200 hPa) 呈明显的反位相分布。并且, 为探讨El Niño事件对南、北半球大气环流异常的非对称性影响的机理, 本研究进一步利用ERA－40逐日资料, 应用Hough函数分析了El Niño事件发生期间这些赤道波动的演变特征。结果表明, El Niño事件发生期间, 热带地区大气环流异常对称性较强的主要原因是对称性Rossby波异常较强, 而Rossby重力混合波异常对经向风场的反对称分量有重要作用; 并且, 研究结果还表明, 在El Niño事件发生期间, 热带东太平洋的海温正异常能够激发由对称性Rossby波和Kelvin波组成的Gill型环流异常。此外, 分析表明Hough函数在分析热带大气波动的对称性及反对称性上具有明显的优越性。