加筋条件和含水率对加筋土抗压强度和应力应变的影响

由滨海盐渍土的盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化引起的土的低强度和大变形问题,可通过麦秸秆加筋的方法予以应对。加筋土的抗压强度及应力应变特性与麦秸秆的加筋长度、加筋率和土的含水率有关。加筋土的抗压强度试验结果证实：0.25%加筋率的加筋土抗压强度最大,0.20%和0.30%的次之;50 mm加筋长度加筋土的抗压强度最大,70 mm的最小。0.25%加筋率的加筋土应力应变曲线的峰值最大;随加筋长度的增加,加筋率对应力应变的影响程度降低。随加筋长度的增加,加筋土的应力应变曲线由应变软化型渐变为应变硬化型,以70 mm加筋长度的最为明显。低于最优含水率,应力应变曲线存在峰值;高于最优含水率,加筋土逐渐转向塑性变形。总结麦秸秆加筋土的抗压强度和应力应变的变化规律,为后期的三轴抗剪强度及其偏应力应变特性研究提供借鉴。     

麦秸秆加筋盐渍土重型击实效果的影响因素分析

为解决因滨海盐渍土的盐胀和溶陷而引起土的强度降低问题,可采用麦秸秆加筋的方法处理盐渍土,以提高土的强度和抗变形能力。将盐渍土与一定长度和数量的防腐麦秸秆均匀拌和在一起,按照一定的碾压功将其碾压密实,此时土的含水率、麦秸秆的质量加筋率和加筋长度是影响加筋土重型击实效果的3个因素。试验结果揭示,（1）加筋土的最大干密度均小于盐渍土的,最优含水率变化不大。（2）与盐渍土一样,随着含水率的增加,加筋土的干密度先升后降。（3）随质量加筋率和加筋长度的增加,加筋土的最优含水率变化不明显,最大干密度持续下降,但降幅较小。（4）0.2%质量加筋率加筋土的干密度最大,0.3%质量加筋率的最小。（5）30 mm加筋长度加筋土的干密度最大,70 mm加筋长度的最小。建议按0.2%质量加筋率和30 mm加筋长度的防腐麦秸秆制备三轴压缩试样,以研究麦秸秆加筋滨海盐渍土的抗剪强度和应力-应变特性。     

以抗压强度确定麦秸秆加筋盐渍土的加筋条件

滨海盐渍土具有盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化等不良工程地质问题,未经固化处理不能满足工程建设的强度和变形要求。借鉴合成纤维加筋土和草根土的研究成果,初步确定包括加筋长度、质量加筋率、加筋形状和石灰掺加量等因素的麦秸秆加筋盐渍土的加筋条件。通过抗压强度试验和Taguchi正交试验设计优化方法,确定最优加筋条件为：加筋长度为10 mm、加筋率为0.25 %、形状为1/4圆弧状和石灰掺加量为8 %。以麦秸秆作加筋与石灰共同加筋固化滨海盐渍土,其抗压强度试验结果表明,石灰+麦秸秆加筋盐渍土的抗压强度、抗变形能力和水稳性均优于石灰土和盐渍土。初步的研究成果对今后系统研究麦秸秆加筋滨海盐渍土的抗压强度、抗剪强度和变形特性等具有指导意义。     

四种因素对纤维加筋盐渍土抗压性能的影响

滨海盐渍土的盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化等不良特性导致其抗压性能的降低。选择含水率13%、15%、17%,干密度1.77、1.80、1.84 g/cm3,加筋长度为6、12、19、25、31 mm,质量加筋率为0.1%、0.15%、0.2%、0.25%、0.3%四种影响因素,开展聚丙烯纤维加筋土的无侧限抗压试验。试验表明,抗压强度随含水率的增加而减小,随干密度的增大而增大,随加筋长度和质量加筋率的增加先增大后减小,在加筋长度为19 mm和质量加筋率为0.2%时强度达到峰值;应力-应变曲线均呈应变软化型,含水率对应力-应变的影响程度最大。多元非线性逐步回归分析得出4种因素对抗压性能的影响程度大小依次为含水率、干密度、质量加筋率和加筋长度,纤维加筋可明显提高滨海盐渍土的抗压强度及抗变形性能。     

棕榈加筋上海黏土强度特性试验研究

采用棕榈作为加筋材料对上海黏土进行直剪慢剪试验,通过改变筋材的加筋率及尺寸研究棕榈对上海黏土强度特性的影响。试验表明,（1）与素土相比,加筋土的抗剪强度和黏聚力明显提高,但内摩擦角的变化较小;（2）加筋土的最优加筋率为0.6%;（3）棕榈尺寸为6 mm×12 mm的抗剪强度优于6 mm×6 mm和6 mm×18 mm的抗剪强度;（4）垂直压力为100 kPa时,应力-应变曲线呈应变软化型,随着垂直压力的增加,应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型;（5）与素土相比,加筋土残余强度降低幅度减小,土体的抗变形能力提高,同时分析了加筋的抗剪强度作用机制,阐述了棕榈加筋材料在黏土中的作用,棕榈可作为加固上海黏土的一种有效方法。     

麦秸秆的力学性能及加筋滨海盐渍土的抗压强度研究

为开展天然草本纤维材料防腐前后的力学性能及加筋滨海盐渍土的抗压强度增长规律研究,本文探讨了麦秸秆的微结构特征及防腐方法、测试并对比了防腐前后的麦秸秆的质量增加率、吸水率、极限拉力和极限延伸率,证实用SH胶浸泡麦秸秆不仅能起到防腐作用,还可提高麦秸秆的力学性能。完成了不同加筋长度、不同加筋率及浸胶后呈不同状态麦秸秆的加筋滨海盐渍土无侧限抗压强度试验,结果证实:掺加长10mm麦秸秆优于掺加长20 mm麦秸秆;适宜加筋率为0.3%~0.4%;掺加浸泡SH胶后呈潮湿状态的麦秸秆优于掺加浸泡SH胶后呈干燥状态的;麦秸秆加筋盐渍土的抗压强度高于素盐渍土。初步的研究结果表明,麦秸秆适宜作加筋材料使用。     

以强度增长率评价麦秸秆加筋盐渍土的加筋效果

采用麦秸秆与石灰共同加筋固化滨海盐渍土,可解决由于盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化引起的土体强度下降问题。首先,制备盐渍土、石灰土、麦秸秆加筋盐渍土和麦秸秆加筋石灰土试样（整体均匀加筋、上部均匀加筋和下部均匀加筋）;进而,进行? 50 mm试样、? 152 mm重型击实试样和? 102 mm轻型击实试样的无侧限抗压强度试验,以及? 61.8 mm试样三轴压缩试验;最后,分析抗压强度增长率、主应力差比值和黏聚力增长率的变化规律,以评价麦秸秆的加筋效果。结果表明：① 麦秸秆加筋增强了土的抗压强度和抗变形能力。② 麦秸秆加筋提高了土的黏聚力,在试样下部加筋,加筋效果更好。③ 加筋石灰土的强度由麦秸秆和石灰共同承担,加筋石灰土的浸水稳定性来源于石灰的固化作用。④ 低围压时,加筋对土的侧向变形约束较强;高围压时,加筋和围压共同限制土的侧向变形。采用麦秸秆加筋是滨海盐渍土的一种有效处理方法     

冻融作用下三类纤维加筋固化土的抗压抗拉性能

合成纤维、矿物纤维和植物纤维加筋土,增强了土的强度和抗变形性能。开展冻融作用下的无侧限抗压试验和劈裂抗拉试验,研究聚丙烯纤维、玄武岩纤维和棕榈纤维加筋石灰固化土的抗压和抗拉性能随冻融次数的变化规律。结果表明：未冻融和冻融环境下,聚丙烯纤维加筋固化土、玄武岩纤维加筋固化土和棕榈纤维加筋固化土的最优质量加筋率分别为0.2%、0.2%和0.4%。随冻融次数增加,三类纤维加筋固化土的抗压强度和抗拉强度均呈阶段性下降,纤维加筋固化土的破坏应变均大于石灰固化土。冻融作用下,聚丙烯纤维加筋固化土的抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗变形性能均优于另两类加筋固化土。纤维与土颗粒间的界面作用力和纤维对土的空间约束作用,增强了土的冻融耐久性。对比三类纤维加筋固化土的试验结果,聚丙烯纤维加筋固化土的抗冻融性能最优。     

土工带加筋碎石土的抗剪强度特性研究

大型三轴固结排水剪切试验表明：土工带加筋后土体的破坏强度和破坏应变均得到提高。从加筋土和未加筋土的强度包线看出,加筋前后土体的强度曲线基本平行,摩擦角相等,粘聚力提高。通过分析加筋土的应力-应变关系试验曲线,研究土工带加筋素碎石土的抗剪强度特性,提出土工带加筋土的抗剪强度表达式。为进一步研究土工带素碎石土加筋机理提供试验基础。     

随机分布剑麻纤维加筋土力学性能试验研究

把剑麻纤维剪切为0.5、1.0、1.5cm,并分别按0.2%、0.4%、0.6%的质量百分含量掺入到粘土中,对剑麻纤维加筋土进行无侧限抗压试验和直接剪切试验,并与未掺入剑麻纤维的初始土样的无侧限抗压强度与直接剪试验结果进行对比。试验结果表明,剑麻纤维的掺入可以有效提高粘性土的无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度;当剑麻纤维的含量和长度达到一定值后,其中1组的无侧限抗压强度值和抗剪强度值要大于另3组对应的无侧限抗压强度值和抗剪强度值。
     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.