国土资源部国家发展和改革委员会国家统计局联合出台《单位GDP和固定资产投资规模增长的新增建设用地消耗考核办法》

日前,国土资源部、国家发展和改革委员会、国家统计局联合制定发布《单位GDP和固定资产投资规模增长的新增建设用地消耗考核办法》（以下简称《考核办法》）。《考核办法》规定,自本年度起,就单位GDP和固定资产投资规模增长的新增建设用地消耗,对各省（区、市）政府进行评价考核。考核采用量化方法,设置集约用地水平区域位次指标和集约用地水平年度变化指标,前者为位次考核指标,分值为65分,旨在考核该地区节约集约用地的水平;后者为激励考核指标,分值为35分,旨在考核该地区节约集约用地措施的力度。考核结果分别作为分解下达年度土地利用计划指标和干部主管部门对省级人民政府领导干部进行综合考核评价的依据。     

基于主成分分析法的集体经营性建设用地入市驱动力研究——以海南省为例

集体经营性建设用地入市是盘活农村闲置建设用地、提高农民收入、促进城乡统筹发展的重要途径。基于海南省农村集体经营性建设用地入市现状,采用主成分分析法定量分析农村集体经营性建设用地入市的驱动力影响因素。研究表明:经济发展外部驱动和农民生存与发展需求内部驱动是影响农村集体经营性建设用地入市的主要驱动力,其中经济发展驱动最为突出,其累计方差贡献率为69%,主要包括GDP、固定资产投资、房地产投资和建设用地面积等因素;其次是农民生存与发展需求驱动,主要包括非农产业水平、非农就业率、农民人均可支配收入和农村最低生活保障率等因素。为此,大力发展地区经济、完善农村社会保障体系,促进农民增收应成为今后推进集体经营性建设用地入市的工作重点。     

邹平县土地利用时空变化及驱动力分析

采用土地利用动态度分析方法和GIS技术,通过建立土地利用空间数据库,构建土地利用时空变化模型,分析上一轮规划以来邹平县土地利用时空变化特征及驱动力。研究结果表明,从1996到2005年近10年间,邹平县土地利用／覆被变化明显。其中耕地和未利用地面积减少量最大,耕地面积逐年减少的主导原因为城镇工矿及交通水利等建设用地的逐年增加,这与邹平县城镇化水平不断提高及经济快速发展密不可分,而城镇工矿用地与GDP、非农业人口存在很强的线性相关关系;未利用转出地类主要为农用地,这一定程度上缓减了因建设占用农用地所引发的农用地规模不断下降的压力。     

加快落实＂人地挂钩＂政策的意见和建议

对于“人地挂钩”政策,值得深思、研究和创新的东西很多,譬如：“人地挂钩”的内涵及人地关系理论;河南人口数量、分布、迁移规律,以及与建设用地增减的关系;河南城镇、农村建设用地数量、规模、布局和用地的地区差异,以及与经济社会发展（固定资产投资、GDP等）的关系;     

山东省城市建设用地与宏观经济的关联度分析

该文采取灰色系统的灰色关联度分析了山东省2001—2008年城市建设用地与固定资产、GDP和城市化率的关联程度,得出城市建设用地与GDP最相关,二者的关联度达到0.92,其次是城市化率,二者的关联度为0.88,在3个指标中,与固定资产投资的关联程度最低,二者的关联度为0.70。说明经济发展是城市建设用地扩张的主要驱动力。     

鄄城县全力做好农村建设节约用地

1鄄城县节约用地取得的成绩 近年来,鄄城县认真落实科学发展观,推进农村土地集约利用,建设资源节约型社会。1996-2006年,鄄城县GDP平均每年增长11．47％,工业总产值平均每年增长23．23％,固定资产投资平均每年增长101．09％,财政总收入平均每年增长13．51％,而建设用地平均每年只增加0．67％,走出了一条土地资源节约型的新路子。全县在经济社会快速发展的同时,耕地总量保持了动态平衡,建设用地总量没有出现无序增长,实现了节约集约用地和科学发展。     

猫跳河流域土地覆被变化及其驱动力定量研究

应用RS、GIS以及GPS集成技术,以黔中喀斯特地区的猫跳河流域为对象,研究了这一地区从1973—2002年间土地利用／覆被的变化过程,并利用典型相关分析法研究了形成这种变化的驱动因素。研究表明,从1973—1990年,猫跳河流域耕地、建设用地、有林地、水域以及裸岩地呈增长趋势,而灌木林和灌草地趋于减少,流域生态环境质量下降。进入20世纪90年代后,有林地、灌草地、建设用地、水域持续增加,灌草地总量变化不大,耕地总量和裸岩地减少,流域生态环境质量趋于好转。定量分析表明,1990年以前,驱动建设用地变化的因素是总人口的变化,1990年以后则是农业产值;1990年以前驱动耕地变化的是农业人口的增长,1990年以后则和粮食产量的提高有关。      

旅游对经济增长的溢出效应分析——以大西安旅游圈为例

在大西安旅游圈旅游客源市场基本情况和经济情况的分析基础上,详细分析了区域旅游收入与经济的关系。利用2000年以来10年的旅游统计资料,利用计量经济学模型,定量分析了区域旅游外汇收入对GDP增长的溢出效应。结果表明,旅游业对大西安旅游圈GDP的溢出结果显著,根据区域的空间距离,资源富裕度、基础设施等提出了促进大西安旅游圈发展的建议。     

印象榔梨

榔梨,地处省会长沙东郊浏阳河畔,镇域总面积34平方公里,辖5村3社区,总人口6万人,其中集镇建成区面积5平方公里。2010年,全镇168家工业企业完成企业总产值40亿元,其中50家规模企业完成企业总产值35亿元。实现镇域财政收入8.2亿元,其中镇级财政收入4亿元,同比增长63%。是全市2009年度＂十强乡镇＂、＂城乡一体化试点镇＂。     

中国建设用地省际分布的统计分析

建设用地的扩张是中国耕地减少的最重要因素，通过建立建设用地分布的定量关系，揭示建设用地增长的动力学基础。通过居民点和工矿用地、交通用地、建设用地总量（前二者之和）的省际分布与人口、人均耕地的省际分布的单因素和双因素统计分析发现：这三者的分布与这两个因素存在很强的二元线性相关；人口分布对居民点和工矿用地总量分布的影响要比对交通用地总量分布的影响大，人均耕地分布对这二者的人均值分布的影响，则恰恰相反。     

Extensions to Spatial Factor Methods with an Illustration in Geochemistry

Many applications involving spatial data require several layers of information to be simultaneously analyzed in relation to underlying geography and topographic detail. This in turn generates a need for forms of multivariate analysis particularly oriented to spatial problems and designed to handle spatial structure and dependency both within and between spatially indexed multivariate responses. In this paper we focus on one group of such methods sometimes referred to as spatial factor analysis. Use of these techniques has so far been mostly restricted to applications in the geosciences and in some forms of image processing, but the methods have potential for wider use outside these fields. They are concerned with identifying components of a multivariate data set with a spatial covariance structure that predominantly acts over a particular spatial range or zone of influence. We review the various forms of spatial factor analysis that have been proposed and emphasize links between them and with the linear model of coregionalization employed in geostatistics. We then introduce extensions to such methods that may prove useful in exploratory spatial analysis, both generally and more specifically in the context of multivariate spatial prediction. Application of our proposed exploratory techniques is demonstrated on a small but illustrative geochemical data set involving multielement measurements from stream sediments.     

建平幅1:25万地质图数据库建立

地质图空间数据库的建立是我国从纸制地质图件向多源地学空间信息数据库转变的一个标志,为多源地学信息综合分析和解释提供了充足的数据源。将建平幅以往大量的数据纸介质整理后进行属性数据、图形数据采集,建立了一个能够随意提取、可以不断更新的地质图件库,分析讨论了地质图数据库的特点、功能,并进行了应用。     

Oracle Spatial几何类型字段解析

Oracle Spatial是Oracle数据库中管理空间数据的模块,它采用SDO_GEOMETRY字段存储空间数据。Oracle Spatial更深层次的功能,如索引、查询等,都建立在SDO_GEOMETRY的存储机制上。这里详细介绍了Oracle Spatial中空间对象字段SDO_GEOMETRY的组成及其各个组成对象的定义方法,解析了点(包括复合点)、线(包括复合线)、多边形(包括复合多边形)等空间实体在SDO_GEOMETRY中的存储方式,为其它编程语言访问Oracle Spatial空间对象提供了参考。     

Sensitivity of Spatial Analysis Neural Network Training and Interpolation to Structural Parameters

A Spatial Analysis Neural Network (SANN) algorithm was applied for the analysis of geospatial data, on the basis of nonparametric statistical analysis and the concepts of traditional Artificial Neural Networks. SANN consists of a number of layers in which the neurons or nodes between layers are interconnected successively in a feed-forward direction. The Gaussian Kernel Function layer has several nodes, and each node has a transfer or an activation function that only responds (or activates) when the input pattern falls within its receptive field, which is defined by its smoothing parameter or width. The activation widths are functions of the model structural parameters, including the number of the nearest neighbor points P and a control factor F. The estimation method is based on two operational modes, namely, a training-validation mode in which the model structure is constructed and validated, and an interpolation mode. In this paper we discuss the effect of varying F and P upon the accuracy of the estimation in a two-dimensional domain for different input field sizes, using spatial data of wheat crop yield from Eastern Colorado. Crop yield is estimated as a function of the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates (easting and northing). The results of the research led to the conclusion that optimal values of F and P depend on the sample size, i.e., for small data sets F=1.5 and P=7 while for large data sets F=2.5 and P=9. In addition, the accuracy of the interpolated field varies with the sample size. As expected for small sample sizes, the interpolated field and its variability may be significantly underestimated.     

嵌入式空间索引策略

嵌入式GIS的移动终端设备被有限的资源所束缚.使得需要使用合适的策略去解决这些问题如有限存储与大数据量之间的矛盾以及适应实时的需求.分别总结了移动终端和GIS空间数据的特点, 如移动终端的效率性和空间数据的复杂性等.将嵌入式GIS应用划分为3类: 电子地图浏览、导航系统和野外数据采集.综合描述已有的索引算法: R树、四叉树、Buddy树, 同时提出了基于主题导向的空间索引策略.实践证明, 该索引策略对已有的索引算法扬长避短, 大大提高嵌入式GIS数据存取、内存使用和CPU性能方面的效率.      

Spatial continuity measures for probabilistic and deterministic geostatistics

Geostatistics has traditionally used a probabilistic framework, one in which expected values or ensemble averages are of primary importance. The less familiar deterministic framework views geostatistical problems in terms of spatial integrals. This paper outlines the two frameworks and examines the issue of which spatial continuity measure, the covarianceC (h) or the variogram (h), is appropriate for each framework. AlthoughC (h) and (h) were defined originally in terms of spatial integrals, the convenience of probabilistic notation made the expected value definitions more common. These now classical expected value definitions entail a linear relationship betweenC (h) and (h); the spatial integral definitions do not. In a probabilistic framework, where available sample information is extrapolated to domains other than the one which was sampled, the expected value definitions are appropriate; furthermore, within a probabilistic framework, reasons exist for preferring the variogram to the covariance function. In a deterministic framework, where available sample information is interpolated within the same domain, the spatial integral definitions are appropriate and no reasons are known for preferring the variogram. A case study on a Wiener-Levy process demonstrates differences between the two frameworks and shows that, for most estimation problems, the deterministic viewpoint is more appropriate. Several case studies on real data sets reveal that the sample covariance function reflects the character of spatial continuity better than the sample variogram. From both theoretical and practical considerations, clearly for most geostatistical problems, direct estimation of the covariance is better than the traditional variogram approach.This paper was presented at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987.     

An Experimental Comparison of Ordinary and Universal Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting

A factorial, computational experiment was conducted to compare the spatial interpolation accuracy of ordinary and universal kriging and two types of inverse squared-distance weighting. The experiment considered, in addition to these four interpolation methods, the effects of four data and sampling characteristics: surface type, sampling pattern, noise level, and strength of small-scale spatial correlation. Interpolation accuracy was measured by the natural logarithm of the mean squared interpolation error. Main effects of all five factors, all two-factor interactions, and several three-factor interactions were highly statistically significant. Among numerous findings, the most striking was that the two kriging methods were substantially superior to the inverse distance weighting methods over all levels of surface type, sampling pattern, noise, and correlation.     

面向实体的空间数据模型

空间数据模型是地理信息系统(GIS) 研究的基础内容.为适应新一代大型GIS的数据量大, 拓扑关系复杂, 数据种类多等特点, 提出了一种新型GIS数据模型---面向地理实体的空间数据模型.它以实体为基本表达对象, 具有较强的空间和语义表现力, 支持语义表达和转换, 便于实现等优点.从空间数据管理, 概念数据模型等方面详细地介绍了该种数据模型.实践表明, 采用该数据模型, 系统对真实世界的实体表现力将大大增强, 数据组织更加合理.      

杭州市滑坡地质灾害危险性区划与评价

基于证据权法构建滑坡地质灾害评价模型,进行杭州市滑坡地质灾害危险性区划研究。主要数据源包括1930－2009年杭州市域采集到的1 905个地质灾害个例以及杭州市地质图、土地利用数据及数字高程模型（DEM）等。利用Arcgis空间分析及信息提取功能,筛选强降水、地层岩性、坡度、坡向、坡高、河网与道路缓冲等证据因子,并运用证据权法客观确定各因子权重, 最后通过Arc-WofE扩展模块对多种优选因子的叠加,计算任意格网单元的滑坡发生概率,实现对潜在滑坡点位的空间预测。经分离样本法验证,区划准确率为88.3%,分析结果与现有滑坡的分布情况比较吻合。据此表明证据权法在多指标评价及其权重确定等方面具有普适性,值得在滑坡地质灾害危险性区划等方面推广应用。