GPS-RTK的技术方法探讨与对策

对GPS-RTK的测量原理、误差分析及参数转换等进行简要阐述,并介绍GPS-RTK高程测量的方法。通过高精度全站仪观测数据与GPS-RTK高程数据进行分析、比较,指出在GPS-RTK高程测量中应该注意的问题,并针对生产实践中存在的作业问题,找出提高GPS-RTK高程测量精度的有效措施,旨在增广GPS-RTK技术的应用前景,提高其测量成果的精度。     

GPS-RTK测定坐标转换到地方独立坐标的方法及其适用性分析

GPS-RTK技术已经广泛应用于测绘工程的各个领域,特别是在城市测量和工程测量的应用中,因其使用的地方独立坐标系统的特殊性,GPS-RTK坐标转换参数求取方法也具有特殊性。本文从实际工作应用的角度出发,论述了GPS-RTK技术在城市测量和工程测量中坐标转换的不同方法及其适用性。     

提高矿区开采沉陷变形监测快速定位精度方法探讨

为提高矿区开采沉陷变形监测GPS-RTK快速定位的精度,通过对GPS-RTK基准站位置的选取和转换参数选择的实验,研究在使用GPS-RTK进行测量的过程中,提高在矿区开采沉陷变形监测中GPS-RTK快速定位测量的数据精度,并用实例与E级GPS网获取的静态定位数据进行对比,实验证明可以达到一级导线的精度要求。     

WGS-84与独立坐标系间转换简易方法的实现与应用

根据地方独立坐标系的独特性,在GPS-RTK测量中,通过对布尔莎七参数模型进行简易改正,实现WGS-84坐标与地方独立坐标的转换,并根据实际应用分析其精确性。     

GPS测量中坐标基准统一方法的研究

GPS目前在测量领域得到了广泛应用,WGS-84是其所采用的坐标系统,而我们目前的测量成果普遍使用的是以北京54、西安80坐标系统或是地方独立坐标系为基础的坐标数据。在实际的应用过程中就需要我们进行坐标基准的转换和统一。目前,坐标基准转换的方法有很多种,本文选择两种转换的方法进行研究,一种是七参数转换法,一种是四参数转换法。论文采用GPS静态测量的方法,实地采集了多组数据,采用四参数和七参数法,实现了WGS-84与地方坐标系的参数转换,并对两种转换方法得出的结果进行了比较。     

七参数坐标转换中一种削弱高程误差影响的新方法

在较大区域中,利用七参数法实现二维坐标至三维坐标转换时,高程精度影响坐标转换精度。本文提出了一种新方法,可解决七参数坐标转换中高程精度影响平面坐标精度的问题。该方法在无高程情况下,对4°×8°的大区域可实现1 cm左右的转换精度。同时,通过真实测量数据和模拟数据阐明了新方法的可行性和适用范围。     

GPS精密单点定位中对流层延迟模型改正法与参数估计法的比较

对GPS对流层延迟改正的两种方法——UNB3模型改正法和参数估计法进行深入的探讨。在精密单点定位程序中,分别利用两种方法对IGS跟踪站数据进行坐标计算。结果表明,参数估计法在高程方向上的精度优于UNB3模型改正法,平面坐标精度相当;UNB3模型改正法在收敛速度上略优于参数估计法。     

GNSS定位测量高程拟合方法的研究与实践

通过介绍GNSS高程拟合的原理,介绍了固定差改正法、曲线拟合法、曲面拟合法3种高程拟合的方法,以具体的工程测量任务为实例,采用GNSS固定差改正高程拟合法与四等水准测量的两种方法,解算出测区内点的高程,并对点位高程坐标进行了精度分析,得到了可靠的结论,为测量工作提供参考依据.     

GPS-RTK联合全站仪在沿黄公路施工放样中的应用

GPS-RTK技术同全站仪配合使用,能克服各自存在的不足,可在满足放样精度的要求下大幅度提高放样速度,实现优势互补,是当前工程测量中普遍采用的一种作业方式。结合公路工程应用实例,给出了GPS-RTK与全站仪联合作业流程,对两种放样方式和结果进行分析比较,得出了一些有益的结论,以供实际使用参考。     

GPS-RTK实时动态定位结合支导线在地形测量中的应用

为了解决在GPS信号传输严重受阻、RTK接收机失锁严重的地区进行地形测量时影响正常测量精度的问题,结合某市融江西岸整治综合项目,使用GPS-RTK技术结合全站仪支导线法布设图根点的方法,对测量的点位精度进行分析,探究精度是否满足大比例尺地形图测量的精度要求。结果表明：该方法灵活实用,降低了外业劳动强度,极大提高了测量效率。尤其GPS-RTK布设的图根点没有累计误差的存在,提高了测量的精度,对信号受干扰地区进行大比例地形测量具有借鉴意义。     

Evolution of the Earth's principal axes and moments of inertia: the canonical form of solution

 Harmonic coefficients of the 2nd degree are separated into the invariant quantitative (the 2nd-degree variance) and the qualitative (the standardized harmonic coefficients) characteristics of the behavior of the potential V ₂(t). On this basis the evolution of the Earth's dynamical figure is described as a solution of the time-dependent eigenvalues–eigenvectors problem in the canonical form. Such a canonical quadratic form is defined only by temporal variations of the harmonic coefficients and always remains finite, even within an infinite time interval. An additional condition for the correction or the determination of temporal variations of the 2nd degree is obtained. Temporal variations of the fully normalized sectorial harmonic coefficients are estimated in addition to ˙Cˉ ₂₀, ˙Cˉ ₂₁, and ˙Sˉ ₂₁ of the EGM96 gravity model. In addition, a non-linear hyperbolic model for Cˉ _2m (t), Sˉ _2m (t) is constructed. The trigonometric form of the hyperbolic model leads to the consideration of the potential V ₂(ψ) instead of V ₂(t) within the closed interval −π/2≤ψ≤+π/2. Thus, it is possible to evaluate the global trend of V ₂(t), the Earth's principal axes and the differences of the moments of inertia within the whole infinite time interval. Received: 25 September 1998 / Accepted: 28 June 2000     

Analysis of inversion errors of ionospheric radio occultation

The retrieved electron density profile of ionospheric radio occultation (RO) simulation data can be compared with the background model value during the simulation and the inversion error can be obtained exactly. This paper studies the inversion error of ionospheric RO through simulation. The sources of the inversion errors are analyzed. The impacts of measurement errors, such as the errors in phase measurements and satellite orbits, are very small and can be neglected. The approximation of straight-line propagation introduces errors at the height of the F1 layer under solar maximum condition. The spherical symmetry approximation of the electron density distribution is found to be the main source of the inversion error. The statistical results reveal some characteristics of the inversion errors. (1) The relative error increases with enhanced solar activity. (2) It is larger in winter than in equinox season, and it is smallest in summer. (3) For all seasons, it is smaller at middle latitude than at other latitudes. (4) For all seasons and geomagnetic latitudes, it is smaller at daytime than at other times. The NmF2 of the ROs from COSMIC are compared with the measurements of ionosondes, and the relative differences show the same dependencies on season, geomagnetic latitude and local time, as the relative errors of the simulated ionospheric ROs.

Prioritisation of sub-watersheds based on earth observation data of agricultural dominated northern river basin of India

The Upper Tons River Basin of North India has been selected for prioritisation of sub-watersheds (SW) based on morphometric parameters with respect to groundwater derived from topographic sheets and CARTOSAT data. There are 10 SW have been delineated in the region, high stream frequency (F_s) values of SW (1–5) and SW-9 indicated the occurrence of steep slopes, less permeable rocks, greater runoff, less infiltration possibility. Further, these regions have been predicted as poor groundwater potentialities. SW-2 has been identified as poorest groundwater potential zone, whereas SW-4 and SW (6–8) regions possess good permeable bed rocks. The Drainage density (D_d) map demonstrated that the middle south-west region possesses higher D_d whereas northeastern regions contain lower D_d. Further, the areal parameters indicate elongated shape of the basin, hilly region has moderate to steeper ground slope. The outcomes of work have potential to manage groundwater and to ameliorate the flash flood and droughts.     

接收机天线相位中心改正对IGS/IGMAS站的影响

针对天线相位中心改正影响GPS数据解算以及处理软件不能识别接收机天线类型的问题,该文提出了利用近似型号的天线进行数据处理的方法。首先利用IGS站精确确定天线相位中心改正对数据解算造成的影响,再利用IGMAS站验证方法的可靠性。该文选取部分IGS、IGMAS站的数据,利用GAMIT软件进行试验并分析。结果表明,当不使用天线相位改正模型时,增大了单天基线解的NRM_S值,并增加15.5%的基线误差,对精密定位能带来平均2cm的影响;当将处理软件不识别的天线换成近似能识别的天线时,基线解效果要比不使用天线改正效果好,水平和垂向的定位精度均在3.9mm左右,比使用原装能识别天线的定位精度稍差。该方法既保证了精度,也较为简单快捷。     

Accuracy of GPS-derived relative positions as a function of interstation distance and observing-session duration

 Ten days of GPS data from 1998 were processed to determine how the accuracy of a derived three-dimensional relative position vector between GPS antennas depends on the chord distance (denoted L) between these antennas and on the duration of the GPS observing session (denoted T). It was found that the dependence of accuracy on L is negligibly small when (a) using the `final' GPS satellite orbits disseminated by the International GPS Service, (b) fixing integer ambiguities, (c) estimating appropriate neutral-atmosphere-delay parameters, (d) 26 km ≤ L ≤ 300 km, and (e) 4 h ≤T ≤ 24 h. Under these same conditions, the standard error for the relative position in the north–south dimension (denoted S _n and expressed in mm) is adequately approximated by the equation S _n =k _n /T ^0.5 with k _n =9.5 ± 2.1 mm · h^0.5 and T expressed in hours. Similarly, the standard errors for the relative position in the east–west and in the up-down dimensions are adequately approximated by the equations S _e =k _e /T ^0.5 and S _u =k _u /T ^0.5, respectively, with k _e =9.9 ± 3.1 mm · h^0.5 and k _u =36.5 ± 9.1 mm · h^0.5. Received: 5 February 2001 / Accepted: 14 May 2001     

Fractal characterization of the spatial distribution of geological point processes

Geological point processes can be used to model point patterns occurring frequently in a wide variety of geoscience fields, including the study of mineral deposits, oil producing wells, earthquakes, and landslides. Characterization of the spatial distribution of GPP has implications for understanding the properties of the underlying geological processes and events. Three examples of GPP dealing with (1) metallic mineral deposits, (2) oil producing wells, and (3) aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake (on 12 May 2008, magnitude 8.0) are presented to illustrate that (1) the spatial distribution of geological point processes generally shows clustering implying rejection of the Poisson model because L(r) > L_Pois(r); (2) the clustering statistics of the underlying geological processes are fractal; and (3) the size distribution of geological point processes is scale invariant. These results indicate existence of a fundamental law concerning the fractal nature of the point distributions generated by geological point processes.     

Impact of land-cover layout on particulate matter 2.5 in urban areas of China

ABSTRACT

Urbanization in China is closely connected with ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5). However, the potential for altering PM_2.5 through the urban landscape characteristics is uncertain. In this study, we analyzed the urban PM_2.5 pollution situation for 2014–2016 and investigated the impact of landscape factors on urban PM_2.5 in China at the city level. All the prefecture-level cities were stratified by urban population size into small (<500,000), medium (500,000–1,000,000), and large (>1,000,000), and the other second-level administrative cities were assigned as ‘other’ cities. The multivariate regression model including both urban landscape factors and social-economic variables explained 70.0%, 32.8%, 19.2%, and 12.4% of the arithmetic mean PM_2.5 concentration (AMC-PM_2.5) for the other, small, medium, and large cities, respectively. With regard to the configuration of land cover, agricultural activity is a major contributor of PM_2.5 pollution, for which the explanatory power ranged from 7.6% (for the large cities) to 64% (for the other cities). In addition, grassland aggregation also has a limited but negative effect on urban PM_2.5 pollution, despite the negligible effect on dry deposition. Overall, these findings likely reflect the interaction between urban air quality and urbanization, and will have implications for air quality control strategies.     

Simulation of peri-urban growth dynamics using weights of evidence approach

The study aims to simulate the peri-urban growth dynamics in a growing region of India using Weights of Evidence (WOE) based cellular automata model. The growth process was expressed as a function of four causative variables corresponding to which seven data layers were generated in a Geographic Information Systems environment. The model was calibrated for the period 2000–2005 using Kappa indices and fuzzy set theory based two way comparison method. The Kappa value was 0.7, while the value of K_location and K_histo were 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. The fuzzy similarity values increased for small to large neighbourhood sizes which showed that the model was able to simulate the contiguous and dense growth. However, for dispersed and isolated growth the model showed less accuracy. The model was validated for period 2005–2010 and revealed a Kappa value of 0.88, while value of K_location and K_histo were 0.91 and 0.96, respectively.     

Estimating the parameters of forest inventory using machine learning and the reduction of remote sensing features

Locally computed statistics of image texture and a case-based reasoning (CBR) system were evaluated for mapping of forest attributes. Cluster analysis was preferred to regression models, as a pre-selection method of features. The best stand-based accuracy using satellite sensor images was 74.64 m⁻³ ha⁻¹ (36%) RMSE for stand volume, 1.98 m⁻³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ (49%) for annual increase in stand volume, where κ = 0.23 for stand growth classes and κ = 0.41 for dominant tree species in stands. The top pixel-based accuracy using orthophotos was 76.54 m⁻³ ha⁻¹ (41%) RMSE for stand volume, 1.87 m⁻³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ (44%) for annual increase in stand volume, where κ = 0.24 for stand growth classes and κ = 0.38 for dominant tree species in stands. Mean saturation in 30 m radius was the most useful feature when orthophotos were used, and standard deviation of Landsat ETM 6.2 values in 80 m radius was the best when satellite sensor images were used. The most valuable feature components (radii, channels and local statistics) for orthophotos were: 30 m kernel radius, lightness and the mean of pixel values; for satellite sensor images: 80 m kernel radius, near-infrared channel (ETM 4) and the mean of pixel values. Locally computed statistics.