INSAR技术在海州露天矿边坡变形监测中的应用研究

露天矿边坡的变形监测一直是矿山安全生产的重要工作,运用合成孔径雷达干涉(INSAR)测量技术对边坡进行监测是近年来微波遥感研究的一个重要方向。本文分析了INSAR技术在边坡变形监测中的技术优势及研究的进展情况,并利用海州露天矿传统监测实测数据和INSAR监测进行比较,结果表明,INSAR技术可以实现对大型露天矿边坡有效地监测,具有一定的技术优势和广阔的应用前景。     

结合星载与地基InSAR技术的露天矿地表形变监测

为了保障露天矿区安全生产及运营，针对露天矿区形变区难以及时识别与监测问题，采用星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)和地基InSAR联合监测模式，对露天矿区开展不同阶段、多尺度的形变区域识别与监测，分析形变趋势，研究二者InSAR技术在露天矿区形变区调查、重点形变区确定及监测预警的应用效能。研究结果表明：星载InSAR技术实现对露天矿区的广域地表形变监测，且识别出重点形变区，分析形变发展趋势；地基InSAR实现了对露天矿区重点边坡形变区进行近实时、高频率的监测，根据监测数据变化趋势，判别形变发展阶段；两者InSAR技术结合应用，充分发挥各自优势，星载InSAR实现面域形变区识别与监测，地基InSAR实现重点形变区的高频监测及无法形成有效干涉形变区的补充监测，获取了更为详细、全面的形变信息，为露天矿区形变灾害监测预警提供高效、可靠的监测数据，提升露天矿区防灾减灾的能力。     

露天矿测量

1露天矿测量的特点和基本要求在我国采用露天开来的方式开采有用矿物和建筑材料占有重要的地位,特别是黑色冶金矿山的矿石总产量中约有叨％来自露天矿山。在露天矿山的建设和生产过程中需要进行一系列的测量工作,统称为露天矿测量。在露天矿测量中所运用的基本测量原理、技术方法和仪器设备与地面测量类似。但由于露天矿山本身的条件和生产的特性,使露天矿测量具有下列特点：（显）露天矿测量的主要对象是采矿场,它包括许多采剥台阶和各种工程,它们随着采矿工作的进展而经常变化着;（2）在测量条件方面,由于露天采场高差大、灰尘大、…     

单基站CORS在矿山测量中的应用

露天矿山中需要进行工程控制测量、地形测量、土石方量测量、边坡稳定测量等工作,单基站CORS可以给测量工作带来很大的方便。论文介绍了单基站CORS的建设过程、坐标联测、精度等内容,并总结了单基站CORS在矿山测量中的应用。     

基于测量机器人的露天矿边坡位移监测系统

随着露天矿的不断开采,矿山边坡处于不稳定状态,严重威胁着矿山人员的安全。为保障安全生产,文章结合鞍山市某露天矿边坡位移监测项目,以TM30测量机器人为研究对象,建立边坡监测系统:由监测网、测量机器人系统、数据处理及预警系统组成,比传统全站仪提高了工作效率。外业测量结果证明该系统能够实现数据采集、数据处理及危险预警的"三位一体"化,达到自动化程度高、数据精度高、工作效率高的"三高"目标。     

露天矿山边坡沉降监测方法研究

国内外大型深凹露天矿山边坡监测的发展十分迅速,基于眼前山铁矿边坡的工程地质条件、边坡形态、稳定状态,进行边坡沉降监测非常必要,在此情况下,结合徕卡TM30全站仪,进行眼前山铁矿边坡沉降监测方法的研究与实现,基准网的建立以及通过误差来源分析进行监测点的位置选择与设计,提出一个高效的监测方法。     

无人机三维倾斜摄影技术在露天矿山监测中的实践与探索

无人机三维倾斜摄影测量技术在露天矿山监测工作中的应用,解决了传统常规测量技术无法满足作业任务的难题,通过无人机三维倾斜摄影测量技术可以获得高分辨率、高精度的正射影像图与三维立体模型等倾斜摄影成果,在倾斜摄影成果数据上进行分析,能够计算出露天矿山矿坑和排土场的占地面积、体积等重要数据,为露天矿山开采的环境保护和监督管理提供科学依据。     

某露天铁矿边坡监测周期确定方法

露天矿边坡位移监测对矿山安全生产起着重要的保障作用,并且是一项长期的工作,监测周期确定的合理与否直接影响监测数据的现势性和人力、物力的投入力度。通过对矿山边坡变形进行阶段性分析,推导出不同阶段的周期计算公式,设定合理的观测周期,从而能及时地捕捉滑坡体的形状信息,并更准确地对滑动趋势进行预测。以鞍山某露天铁矿几年的监测数据为数据源,通过分析发现该方法计算的周期与矿山边坡滑动阶段性相符。所以通过该方法能更合理、科学地设定监测周期,避免以往设定周期的盲目性,对矿山监测工作具有指导性作用。     

基于三维WebGIS的边坡地质灾害监测信息系统设计与实现

边坡类地质灾害时刻威胁人民生命与财产安全,实现对地质灾害的实时监测与预警非常必要.本文开发的地质灾害监测信息系统,针对边坡地质灾害发生特点,综合应用传感器技术、无线通信技术、三维WebGIS技术、倾斜摄影测量三维建模技术等,实现了边坡地质灾害监测信息的全天候远程、实时、精准采集和传输,并及时发布预警信息.该系统已成功应...     

联合InSAR与坡向约束的露天矿边坡三维形变监测

针对目前多轨道InSAR融合方法监测的南北向形变误差大,难以科学地识别露天矿边坡滑坡隐患的问题,本文提出了联合InSAR与坡向约束的露天矿边坡三维形变监测方法。首先,将露天矿边坡水平位移主要沿着坡向的先验信息作为约束条件。然后,根据SAR卫星形变投影关系,建立了附加约束条件的露天矿三维形变观测模型,并据此求解三维形变。最后,选用辽宁省阜新市新邱矿区作为研究区域,实现了仅基于升降轨InSAR数据的露天矿边坡三维形变监测。结果表明：本文方法解算的三维形变精度约为1.2 cm,仅占最大形变值的5.6%。本文方法有助于改善目前InSAR露天矿山三维形变监测精度不高的情况,提升露天矿山边坡滑坡隐患识别能力。     

Modeling the length of day and extrapolating the rotation of the Earth

The stochastic behavior of the length of day (LOD) process is analyzed and is modeled within statistical accuracy on a time-scale ranging from weeks to millennia by a three-component model comprising a global Brownian motion process, decadal fluctuations, and a 50-day Madden–Julian oscillation. While the model is intended to be phenomenological, some possible physical models underlying the three components are speculated upon. The model is applied to estimate long-range extrapolation errors. For example, it predicts a standard error of 1 h in the clock-time correction ΔT for extrapolation by 1,500 years from 500 to 2000 BC.     

Influence of the atmospheric masses on the gravitational field of the earth

Seasonal and latitude dependent corrections to the gravity and height anomalies are developed in order to account for the neglect of the atmospheric masses outside the geold, when using Stokes’ equation. It is shown that the atmospheric correction to gravity at sea level is almost constant, equal to0.871 mgals with a variation of2 μ gals whereas the height anomaly correction varies between −0.1 cm and −1.3 cm. Further, when the combined latitudinal/seasonal dependence is neglected in the atmospheric corrections, the maximum error introduced is of the order of40 μ gals for the gravity corrections and0.7 cm for the height anomaly corrections.     

On the existence of solutions for the method of Bjerhammar in the continuous case

The method of Bjerhammar is studied in the continuous case for a sphere. By varying the kernel function, different types of unknowns (u^*) are obtained at the internal sphere (the Bjerhammar sphere). It is shown that a necessary condition for the existence of u^* is that the degree variances (σ _n ² ) of the observations are of an order less than n⁻². According to Kaula’s rule this condition is not satisfied for the earth’s gravity anomaly field (σ _n ² =n⁻¹) but well for the geopotential (σ _n ² =n⁻³).     

Revision of the first order triangulation in the region disturbed by the Nankaido Earthquake of 1946

Zusammenfassung Nach dem Erdbeden von Nanka?do im Jahre 1946 hat man das Dreiecksnetz I. Ordnung in einem Gebiet von etwa 300 km Umkreis wiederbeobachtet, und zwar auf 47 Punkten insgeasamt 68 Winkel. Die letzte Triangulation fand in den Jahren 1885–96 statt.—Nach der Ausgleichung des Netzes wurden Punkverschiebungen bis zu 1,69 m festgestellt.

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Resumen Después del temblor de tierra de 1946, en Nanka?do, se ha vuelto a observar la red de triangulación de 1_H orden en un radio de 300 kilómetros aproximadamente. Los puntos de nuevo observados son 47 y los triángulos 68. La triangulaciín precedente se remontaba a los a?os 1885–96. Después de compensar la red, se han deducido los desplazamientos experimentados por los puntos sobre el terreno, que llegaron a ser de 1,69 metros.

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Résumé Après le tremblement de tèrre de 1946 à Nankaido, on a réobservé le réseau de triangulation de premier ordre dans un rayon de 300 km environ. Les points réobservés sont au nombre de 47, et les triangles en nombre de 68. La triangtlation précédente remontait aux années 1885–96. La compensation du réseau effectuée, on en a déduit les déplacements subis par les points sur le terrain, qui importent jusqu’à 1,69 m.

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Sommario Dopo il terremoto di Nankaido del 1946, è stata riosservata la rete di prim’ordine entro un raggio di circa 300 km. La precedente triangolazione risaliva agli anni 1885–96. Effettuata la compensazione, il confronto fra l’anticae la nuova triangolazione ha rivelato spostamenti nei vertici ammontanti fino a m 1,69.

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Communication présentée à l’Assemblée Générale de Bruxelles en 1951     

On the separation of gravitation and inertia and the determination of the relativistic gravity field in the case of free motion

Summary The authors explored the possibility of separating gravitation from inertia in the frame of general relativity. The Riemann tensor is intimately related with gravitational fields and has nothing to do with inertial effects. One can judge the existence or nonexistence of a gravitational field according as the Riemann tensor does not vanish or vanishes. In the free fall case, by using a gradiometer on a satellite, gravitational effects can be separated from inertia completely. Furthermore, the authors put forward a general method of determining the relativistic gravity field by using gradiometers mounted on satellites. At the same time the following two statements are proved: in the case of using gradiometers on a satellite, with some kind of approximation the Riemann tensorR can be found; in the case of free motion, if the measured Riemannian componentsR _(i0j0) are equal to zero, the Riemann tensorR equals zero.     

Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world

Abstract

Cultures throughout the world are associating with the rivers. People depend upon the rivers and their tributaries for food, water, transport, and many other aspects of their daily lives. Unfortunately, human beings have not calculated the accurate lengths for the great rivers even today. The lengths of the rivers are very different in popular textbooks, magazines, atlases and encyclopedias, etc. To accurately determine the lengths of the principal rivers of the world, the combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions is proposed in this paper. The lengths of the Nile, Amazon, Yangtze, Mississippi, Yellow, Ob, Yenisey, Amur, Congo and Mekong, with lengths over or close to 5000 km, were calculated using the proposed method. The results may represent the most reliable and accurate lengths of the principal rivers of the world that are currently achievable.     

Combined processing of the IGS and the IGEX network

 Since the beginning of the International Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Experiment, IGEX, in October 1998, the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) has acted as an analysis center providing precise GLONASS orbits on a regular basis. In CODE's IGEX routine analysis the Global Positioning System (GPS) orbits and Earth rotation parameters are introduced as known quantities into the GLONASS processing. A new approach is studied, where data from the IGEX network are combined with GPS observations from the International GPS Service (IGS) network and all parameters (GPS and GLONASS orbits, Earth rotation parameters, and site coordinates) are estimated in one processing step. The influence of different solar radiation pressure parameterizations on the GLONASS orbits is studied using different parameter subsets of the extended CODE orbit model. Parameterization with three constant terms in the three orthogonal directions, D, Y, and X (D = direction satellite–Sun, Y = direction of the satellite's solar panel axis), and two periodic terms in the X-direction, proves to be adequate for GLONASS satellites. As a result of the processing it is found that the solar radiation pressure effect for the GLONASS satellites is significantly different in the Y-direction from that for the GPS satellites, and an extensive analysis is carried out to investigate the effect in detail. SLR observations from the ILRS network are used as an independent check on the quality of the GLONASS orbital solutions. Both processing aspects, combining the two networks and changing the orbit parameterization, significantly improve the quality of the determined GLONASS orbits compared to the orbits stemming from CODE's IGEX routine processing. Received: 10 May 2000 / Accepted: 9 October 2000     

Evaluation of deflections of the vertical on the sphere and the plane: a comparison of FFT techniques

This paper presents a set of efficient formulas to evaluate the deflections of the vertical on the sphere using gridded data. The Vening-Meinesz formula, the topographic indirect effect on the deflections of the vertical as well as the terrain corrections are expressed as both 2D and 1D convolutions on the sphere, and consequently can be evaluated by the 2D and the 1D fast Fourier transform (FFT). When compared with the results obtained from pointwise integration, the use of the 1D FFT gives identical results, and therefore these results were used as control values in this paper. The use of the spherical 2D FFT improves significantly the computational efficiency with little sacrifice of accuracy (0.6^″ rms difference from the 1D FFT results). The planar 2D FFT, which is as efficient as the spherical 2D FFT, gives worse results (1.2^″ rms difference from the 1D FFT results) because of the extra approximations. Received: 27 February 1996; Accepted: 24 January 1997     

用潮汐重力仪探测引力吸收效应的可能性

用潮汐重力仪探测引力吸收效应的工作始于本世纪150年代,但至今仍然没有得到证实。一个可能的原因是引力吸收效应比理论预言值小得多。究竟情况如何,还有待更精密的实验。本文首先推导出了引力吸收效应方程及引力定律,结果与Harrison(1963)给出的一致;然后就如下几种情况对用潮汐重力仪探测引力吸收效应的可能性进行了探讨:1)利用地球作屏蔽;2)利用月球作屏蔽;3).利用太阳作屏蔽;4)利用人造地球卫星的摄动。     

On the absolute deflection of the vertical at Potsdam

Summary After a numerical comparison of geoidal surfaces, the author finds confirmed the values of the deflection of the vertical at Potsdam, as given by ProfessorLedersteger. These values should, however, not be considered as definitive before the value determined by means of the profile of the gravimetrically obtained geoid, will be in sufficient agreement with the amount computed by means of theVening Meinesz-Integral. According to the present state, a discrepancy in the north-south direction of more than 2″ seems to exist between both. Definitive statements might not be possible before the supply of the gravity material by means of additional observations.

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Zusammenfassung Die von Professor Dr.Ledersteger ermittetten Werte für die Lotabweichung in Potsdam findet der Verfasser auf Grund einer numerischen Vergleichung von Geoidfl?chen best?tigt. Jedoch dürften die Werte der Lotabweichungskomponenten für Potsdam erst dann als endgültig anzusehen sein, wenn der aus dem Profil des gravimetrisch ermittellen Geoides bestimmte Wert mit dem nach dem Integral vonVening Meinesz berechneten Betrag hinreichend übereinstimmt. Nach dem augenblicklichen Stand scheint zwischen beiden in Nordsüdrichtung noch eine Differenz von über 2′ zu bestehen. Endgültige Aussagen wird man erst nach Vervollst?ndigung des Schwerematerials durch neue Beobachtungen treffen k?nnen.

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Resumen Según una comparación numérica de superficies sobre el geoide, confirma el autor los valores de la desviación de la vertical en Potsdam, dados por el professorLedersteger. Dichos valores no pueden, sin embargo, ser considerados como definitivos sino después de su comparación con los datos gravimétricos que parecen dar una discordancia del órden de 2″ para la componente Norte-Sur.

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Résumé D'après une comparaison numérique de surfaces sur le géo?de, l'auteur confirme les valeurs de la déviation de la verticale à Potsdam données par le ProfesseurLedersteger. Elles ne pourront toutefois être considérées comme définitives qu'après comparaison avec les dennées gravimétriques qui semblent donner une discordance de l'ordre de 2″ pour la composante Nord-Sud.

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Sommario Fondandosi su di un confronto numerico, l'Autore conferma i valori della deviazione della verticalè a Potsdam dati dal prof.Ledersteger. Questi valori si potranno considerare tuttavia come definitivi soltanto dopo confronto con i risultati gravimetrici, che sembrano mostrare una discordanza dell'ordine di 2″ per la componente meridiana.